910 resultados para Rockwell Superficial Hardness Tester
Resumo:
O crescimento desordenado das cidades tem gerado muitos problemas de infraestrutura e impactos ao meio ambiente. No que se refere aos recursos hídricos, problemas de abastecimento, poluição e enchentes são cada vez mais constantes. À medida que a cidade se urbaniza e se impermeabiliza, vários são os impactos que vão atuar no sentido de provocar ou agravar as enchentes urbanas. No caso da drenagem urbana é preciso repensar o que vem sendo feito, buscando soluções alternativas às atualmente apresentadas, uma vez que estas não têm se mostrado eficientes. Uma possível solução para estes problemas é a aplicação de medidas de controle do escoamento na fonte, dentre elas o microrreservatório de detenção. Baseando-se na busca de soluções para os problemas citados, este trabalho tem o objetivo geral de verificar experimentalmente o funcionamento de microrreservatórios de detenção no controle da geração do escoamento superficial. Para isso foi construído um módulo experimental nas dependências do IPH, composto por um microrreservatório de 1m3, monitorado através de linígrafos que registram as vazões de entrada e saída, recebendo contribuição de uma área de 337,5m2. O período de monitoramento iniciou em agosto de 2000 e se estendeu até janeiro de 2001. De posse dos dados coletados foi possível fazer uma análise da eficiência deste dispositivo no controle do escoamento superficial, bem como estudar a real necessidade de manutenção da estrutura. Também foi feita uma análise do impacto da presença de sedimentos (folhagens) na água de escoamento nas estruturas de descarga. O trabalho também deixa uma contribuição no que se refere a critérios de projeto e dimensionamento de estruturas desta natureza. Finalmente foi possível concluir que o sistema é eficiente no controle da vazão de pico, porém o reservatório não permitiu um aumento no tempo de resposta da bacia.
Resumo:
A necessidade de desenvolver o processo de manufatura para aplicação de revestimento superficial em peças fundidas de máquinas agrícolas viabilizou a realização deste trabalho junto à indústria. A análise das principais variáveis do processo produtivo foi considerada levando-se em conta recursos necessários, tais como, ferramental e equipamentos, material de adição (arame de soldagem), inspeção das características macroscópicas e, principalmente, as especificações de engenharia do item. A revisão bibliográfica ressaltou os problemas normalmente existentes quando da soldagem de peças fabricadas de ferro fundido, assim como esclareceu os principais cuidados necessários para obtenção de revestimentos superficiais com qualidade. Para definição e aprovação do processo de soldagem a ser usado, foram realizados testes simulando uma soldagem automatizada, controlando os principais parâmetros de soldagem. A análise da qualidade do cordão de solda, sob o ponto de vista de aparência geral, geometria, presença de descontinuidades (porosidade e inclusões de escória), foi feita através de inspeção visual. Devido a necessidade de estruturar o processo de solda afim de possibilitar fornecimento continuada de peças para a linha de montagem, foi analisado e proposto um conceito de gabarito de soldagem. Os ensaios de micrografia mostraram a penetração e aspectos internos do depósito de solda. O exame micrográfico mostrou também que a trinca transversal que ocorre no material não avança para dentro do metal base. Os resultados dos testes e ensaios proporcionaram os subsídios para permitir a aprovação do método proposto a fim de dar continuidade na estruturação do processo de soldagem para revestimento superficial das peças fundidas.
Resumo:
Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de metodologia para avaliação da condição superficial de pavimentos, asfálticos, de paralelepípedos e pedras irregulares, a ser aplicada no inventário do estado da malha viária para implantação do sistema de gerência de pavimentos da cidade de Porto Alegre. Propõe-se o emprego de duas componentes: a avaliação objetiva e a avaliação subjetiva. A avaliação objetiva trata do levantamento quantitativo da degradação existente na superfície. Para tanto, são apresentadas as descrições e níveis de severidade dos tipos de defeitos e os procedimentos para o inventário. A avaliação subjetiva consiste na atribuição de notas pelos avaliadores à condição da superfície. Buscando a homogeneidade nas respostas, foram estabelecidos critérios para auxiliar na definição do estado dos pavimentos. É proposto o emprego de curvas de valores de dedução para determinar o Índice da Condição do Pavimento, de modo análogo ao método PCI elaborado pelo Corpo de Engenheiros do Exército dos Estados Unidos. São apontados os procedimentos a serem empregados para a determinação das curvas de valores de dedução que representem as condições locais. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa para conhecer a opinião dos usuários sobre a condição de tráfego de alguns trechos e sobre a influência dos defeitos na qualidade de rolamento, na segurança e no custo de operação. Complementarmente, foi efetuada uma aplicação da metodologia proposta em trechos amostrais e apresentadas as análises sobre os resultados obtidos.
Resumo:
Técnicas atuais de Gerenciamento da Drenagem Urbana preconizam que a drenagem da água da precipitação seja realizada com o uso de dispositivos de controle que agem na fonte do escoamento superficial. Tais dispositivos têm o objetivo de recuperar a capacidade natural de armazenamento do solo, reduzida devido aos impactos da urbanização. Com o desvio do escoamento das áreas impermeáveis para esses dispositivos, o solo recupera as condições de escoamento anteriores à urbanização. A presente dissertação descreve um experimento inédito no Brasil, onde foi aplicada a técnica do Pavimento Permeável. Foi montado um aparato experimental que possibilita o monitoramento do desempenho do dispositivo, com o objetivo principal de analisar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de um pavimento permeável de baixo custo e tecnologia simples, no controle da geração de escoamento superficial na fonte. Com o trabalho, permitiuse uma maior difusão do conhecimento e propagação da técnica, ainda pouco dominada pelos engenheiros e contratantes. A obra consta de um lote de estacionamento de aproximadamente 264m2, que foi dividido em duas partes iguais, onde foram utilizados os seguintes revestimentos: asfalto poroso, de granulometria aberta; blocos vazados intertravados de concreto. O experimento foi projetado para permitir o monitoramento quali-quantitativo dos escoamentos nos dois tipos de pavimento, com relação à redução no escoamento superficial, quando sujeitos às condições de tráfego encontradas na prática, no lote de estacionamento situado próximo ao bloco de ensino do IPH/UFRGS. São discutidos aspectos relacionados às condições de funcionamento, adequação dos materiais empregados, eficiência do dispositivo e custos envolvidos. A avaliação da eficiência hidráulica-hidrológica do dispositivo foi feita através do monitoramento e análise de dados de precipitação, armazenamento no reservatório, escoamento superficial e umidade no solo subjacente. O pavimento permeável se mostrou uma técnica eficiente de controle na fonte do escoamento superficial. Foram obtidas taxas médias de 5% de escoamento superficial para a superfície com revestimento asfáltico, e de 2,3% para o revestimento em blocos vazados intertravados. Os dados de armazenamento mostraram que em nenhum evento o volume armazenado superou 25% da capacidade máxima do reservatório. Ainda com base nesses dados, verificou-se que a metodologia de dimensionamento utilizada super-dimensionou a estrutura reservatório. A importância do dimensionamento preciso da estrutura é evidenciada pela estimativa dos custos, onde se verifica que o reservatório de britas contribui para uma significativa parcela dos custos totais.
Resumo:
In the research, steel samples tool AISI D2, treated thermally, in the conditions: relief of tension, when maximum, seasoned and seasoned was treated thermally in the temperature of revenimento and revenida had been nitrited in plasma with cathodic cage, in atmosphere of 80%N2:20%H2. One used pressure of 2,5 mbar, 400 and 480°C temperatures with treatment time of 3 and 4 hours, with the objective to evaluate its performance in pipes cut tool. It was compared that the performance of the same steel when only thermally treated, both with tension relief. It was evaluated its hardness. Microstructural aspects (the layer thickness, interface, graisn size, etc) and crystalline phases on the surface. Besides, it was verified accomplishment possibility of nitriding simultaneous to annealing treatment. The tempering samples had presented hardness levels of 600 HV, while in nitrited samples these values had been 1100 HV
Resumo:
The continuous advances in ceramic systems for crowns and bridges infrastructure getting researchers and manufacturers looking for a material that has good mechanical properties and aesthetic. The purpose of this study was to verify in which composition and sintering temperature the ceramic system for infrastructure composed of alumina and zirconia would have the best mechanical properties. With this objective we made in UFRN laboratories 45 test bodies in the form of rectangular bars with the following dimensions: 30mm x 8mm x 3mm, where we separated by the sintering temperature: 1200°C, 1300ºC and 1400ºC, and by comp osition: 33% Zirconia + 67% Alumina; 50% Zirconia + 50% Alumina and 25% Zirconia + 75% Alumina, these test bodies were not infiltrated with glass. Also, were made nine test bodies by a technical from a laboratory with a commercial ceramic system: in the Ceram Zircônia (Vita - Zahnfabrik) with the following dimensions: 20mm x 10mm x 0.5mm, these test bodies following all recommendations of the manufacturer and were infiltrated with glass. Were realized optical and electronic microscopy analyses, hardness testing, resistance to bending in three points, porosity and bulk density. After analysis of the results we verified that with the increasing of sintering temperature, increased the value of resistance to bending, but with the same temperature there was no significant difference between the different compositions, samples made with the commercial ceramic that were infiltrated, presented a resistance to bending six times greater than the samples sintered to 1400°C and which have not been infiltra ted. There was no significant difference between the values of apparent porosity for the samples made in UFRN laboratories, but the samples of commercial ceramic obtained 0% in porosity apparent value. In tests of Rockwell Hardness there is an increase in the value of Hardness, with the increase of sintering temperature for the samples not infiltrated. Samples infiltrated showed similar values as the samples sintered in 1400°C. There was no significant difference between the values of apparent density among samples manufactured in UFRN laboratories and samples made with a commercial ceramic
Resumo:
Discs were grade II cp Ti oxynitride by plasma of Ar - N2 - O2 using different proportions of individual gases. These ratios were established from analysis of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) of plasma species. The proportions that resulted in species whose spectra showed an abrupt change of light intensity were chosen for this study. Nanohardness tests revealed that there was a correlation between the intensity of N2 + species with the hardness, because the treatments where they had a higher intensity, obtained a higher value nanohardness, although the crystalline phases have remained unchanged. With respect to topography, it was observed that in general, the surface roughness is related to the intensities of plasma species, because they may have different values depending on the behavior of the species. Images obtained by optical microscopy revealed a surface with grains of different colors to optical reflectance showed a peak of reflection in the red area. Measures the contact angle and surface tension showed hydrophilic properties and hydrophilic with little variation of polar and dispersive components of surface tension
Resumo:
A polyester film has a vast application field, due some properties that are inherent of this kind of material such as, good mechanical resistance, chemical resistance to acids and bases and low production cost. However, this material has some limitations as low superficial tension, flat surface, low affinity to dyers, and poor adhesion which impede the use of the same ones for some finality as good wettability. Among the existent techniques to increase the superficial tension, plasma as energy source is the more promising technique, because of their versatility and for not polluting the environment. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchers, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, polyester films were treated with oxygen plasma varying the treatment time from 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) varying the percentage of each gas the mixture from 0 to 100%, the treatment time remaining constant to all treatments (10 min). After plasma treatment the samples were characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, with the aim to study the wettability increase of treated polyester films as its variables. In the (O2/N2) plasma treatment of polyester films can be observed an increase of superficial roughness superior to those treated by O2 plasma. By the other hand, the chemical modification through the implantation of polar groups at the surface is obtained more easily using O2 plasma treatment
Resumo:
Nacomposites of polymers and lamellar clayminerals, has generated high scientific and technological interest, for having mechanical properties and gas barriers differentiated of polymers and conventional composites. In this work, it was developed nanocomposites by single screw extruder and injection, utilizing commercial raw material, with the goal to investigate the quality of new developed materials. It was evaluated the influence of the content and the kind of clay in the structure and in the nanocomposites properties. It was used regular and elastomeric poly (methyl methacrylate) (Acrigel LEP 100 and Acrigel ECP800) and six montmorillonites (Cloisite 10A, 11B, 15A, 20A, 25A e 30B) at the concentration of 1% e 3% in weight. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), colorimetric, optical transparency, flexural and tensile tests, Rockwell hardness and esclerometry. It was founded that is possible to obtain intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites PMMA/MMT, and the top results was obtained in the materials with 1%in clay weight organophilizated with 2M2HT (Cloisite 15A and 20A) presented intercalate and hybrid morphology (exfoliated and flocullated). The ones that was produced with organophilizated clay with 2MHTL8 (Cloisite 30B) had excellent visual quality, but the majority presented hybrid morphology. In the materials processed with organophilizated clay with MT2ETOH (Cloisite 30B), there were color change and loss of transparency. It occurs improvement in a few mechanical properties, mainly in the materials produced with PMMA elastomeric (Acrigel ECP800), being more significant, the increase in the resistance to stripping in those nanocomposites
Resumo:
The addition of active silica potentially improves the quality of concrete due to its high reactivity and pore refinement effect. The reactivity of silica is likely related to its charge density. Variations in surface charge alter the reactivity of the material consequently affecting the properties of concrete. The present study aimed at investigating variations in the charge density of silica as a function of acid treatments using nitric or phosphoric acid and different pH values (2.0, 4.0 and 6.0). Effects on concrete properties including slump, mechanical strength, permeability and chloride corrosion were evaluated. To that end, a statistical analysis was carried out and empirical models that correlate studied parameters (pH, acid and cement) with concrete properties were established. The quality of the models was tested by variance analysis. The results revealed that the addition of silica was efficiency in improving the properties of concrete, especially the electrochemical parameters. The addition of silica treated using nitric acid at pH = 4.0 displayed the best cement performance including highest strength, reduced permeability and lowest corrosion current
Resumo:
Nowadays, in the plastic industry are used mills that accomplish the recycling of residues generated in the production of its components. These mills contain cut sheets that suffer accelerated wear, once they are submitted constantly to the tribologic efforts, decreasing its useful life. To reduce this problem, it s used noble steels or takes place superficial treatments. The ionic nitriding process presents some limitations related to the uniformity of the layer in pieces with complex geometry, committing its application in pieces as knives, head offices, engagements, etc. However, the new technique of nitriding in cathodic cage eliminates some problems, as the restrictions rings, inherent to the conventional ionic nitriding. In present work, was studied the use viabilization of steels less noble, as SAE 1020, SAE 4320 and SAE 4340, nitreded by two different techniques, to substitute the AISI 01 steels, usually used in the cut knifes fabrication, seeking to reduce the costs and at the sane time to increase the useful life of these knifes. The steel most viable was the SAE 4340, nitrided in cathodic cage, because it presented uniformity in thickness and in the hardness of the layer, besides of increased 58% in the average its useful life
Resumo:
The heat transfer between plasma and a solid occurs mostly due the radiation and the collision of the particles on the material surface, heating the material from the surface to the bulk. The thermal gradient inside the sample depends of the rate of particles collisions and thermal conductivity of the solid. In order to study that effect, samples of AISI M35 steel, with 9,5 mm X 3,0 mm (diameter X thickness) were quenched in resistive furnace and tempereds in plasma using the plane configuration and hollow cathode, working with pressures of 4 and 10 mbar respectively. Analyzing the samples microstructure and measuring the hardness along the transversal profile, it was possible to associate the tempered temperature evaluating indirectly the thermal profile. This relation was obtained by microstructural analyzes and through the hardness curve x tempered sample temperature in resistive furnace, using temperatures of 500, 550, 600, 650 and 700°C. The microstructural characterization of the samples was obtained by the scanning electron microscopy, optic microscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was verified that all samples treated in plasma presented a superficial layer, denominated affected shelling zone, wich was not present in the samples treated in resistive furnace. Moreover, the samples that presented larger thermal gradient were treated in hollow cathode with pressure of 4 mbar
Resumo:
Among the many types of noise observed in seismic land acquisition there is one produced by surface waves called Ground Roll that is a particular type of Rayleigh wave which characteristics are high amplitude, low frequency and low velocity (generating a cone with high dip). Ground roll contaminates the relevant signals and can mask the relevant information, carried by waves scattered in deeper regions of the geological layers. In this thesis, we will present a method that attenuates the ground roll. The technique consists in to decompose the seismogram in a basis of curvelet functions that are localized in time, in frequency, and also, incorporate an angular orientation. These characteristics allow to construct a curvelet filter that takes in consideration the localization of denoise in scales, times and angles in the seismogram. The method was tested with real data and the results were very good