STREAM Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp 1-18. January-March 2003

CONTENTS: Learning insights from the Fisheries Resource Management Project, by Tee-Jay A San Diego. An orientation on the SIAD approach and participatory local development planning, by Elizabeth M. Gonzales. Group-building, production success and the struggle to prevent capture of the resource, by B.K. Sahay, K.P. Singh and S.N. Pandeya. Urban agriculture, water reuse and local economies: case study of coastal riverine Settlements of Ondo State, Nigeria, by Yemi Akegbejo-Samsons. Livelihoods analysis: actual experience from using PRA, by Pham Minh Tam and Trinh Quang Tu. A sustainable livelihoods approach to fisheries development for poverty alleviation in southeastern Vietnam, by Nguyen Van Tu and Nguyen Minh Duc

STREAM Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp 1-18. July-September 2003

CONTENTS: Livelihood Improvements through fisheries in the Pode community in Pokhara, Nepal, by Tek Bahadur Gurung and Jay Dev Bista. Women’s participation in coastal resources management and livelihoods in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, by Nguyen Thu Hue, Than Thi Hien, Pham Thi Phuong Hoa, Nguyen Viet Vinh and Dao Viet Long. Supporting people’s efforts and interactions in coastal resources management in Indonesia, by Tabitha Yulita. Planning for a community fisheries M&E system, by Heather Airlie and Haiko Meelis. Identifying needs and recommendations for efficient stakeholder communications through an information access survey, by Elizabeth M. Gonzales, Malene Felsing and Erwin L Pador. IEC seminar-workshop in support of fisheries ordinance implementation in Roxas City, Philippines, by Belinda M. Garrido and Elizabeth M. Gonzales.

STREAM Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp 1-17. April-June 2004

CONTENTS: BFAR moves on in Region 6, by Janice N. Tronco. Livelihoods initiatives in Sapian Bay, by Tee-Jay A. San Diego. Improving access to information through Barangay Learning Resource Centers, by Elizabeth M. Gonzales. The Philippines Fisheries Information System, by Agnes C. Solis. The contributions of planning activities in the participatory process, by Rommel P. Guarin. Inter-LGU alliance building: a key to sustaining the Integrated Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Council (IFARMC), by Josephine P. Savaris.

O Federalista

Coletânea de artigos, a maior parte deles, cinquenta e um, escritos por Alexander Hamilton, quatorze, por James Madison, cinco, por John Jay, e outros doze compostos por Hamilton e Madison. Foram primeiramente publicados em um jornal de Nova York. Em 1787, foi publicada em livro. No Brasil, a primeira edição em português é de 1840.

Interpreting spotted dolphin age distributions

Previous work has determined the age distribution from a sample of spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) killed in the eastern Pacific tuna purse-seine fishery. In this paper we examine the usefulness of this age distribution for estimating natural mortality rates. The observed age distribution has a deficiency of individuals from 5-15 years and cannot represent a stable age distribution. Sampling bias and errors in age interpretation are examined as possible causes of the "dip" in the observed age structure. Natural mortality rates are estimated for the 15+ age classes based on the assumption that these are sampled representatively. The resulting annual survival rate

Maturation of Nineteen Species of Finfish off the Northeast Coast of the United States, 1985-1990

Observations on maturation stages of nineteen species of economically important finfish off the Northeast coast of the USA were analyzed to examine relationships between fish size or age, and maturity. Maturation schedules and median lengths (L50) and ages (A50) at maturation were derived by fitting the logistic model to the observed proportions. Analyses were generally restricted to observations from 1985 to 1990 obtained during stratified random bottom trawl surveys conducted in spring and autumn by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries in waters of the continental shelf from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Butterfish, Peprilus triacanthus, attained sexual maturity at the smallest median length (11.4 cm, males) and pollock, Pollachius virens, at the highest (41.8 em, males). Median length at maturity for gadiforms ranged from 22.2 to 41.8 em. Within the pleuronectiforms, median length at maturity ranged from 19.1 to 30.4 cm. Median lengths for the pelagic and miscellaneous demersal species were in the same ranges as the pleuronectiforms. Butterfish also attained sexual maturity at the youngest median age (0.9 yr, both sexes) whereas redfish, Sebastes fasciatus, were the latest to mature (5.5 yr, both sexes). For gadids, the median age at maturity ranged from 1.3 to 2.3 yr. Within the pleuronectiforms, median age at maturity ranged from 1.3 to 4.4 yr and, for pelagic species, from 0.9 to 3.0 yr. Median lengths and ages for many species are lower than those reported in earlier studies of the same general region of the Northwest Atlantic. (PDF file contains 72 pages.)

Review of geographical stocks of tropical dolphins (Stenella spp. and Delphinus delphis) in the eastern Pacific

Information on geographical variation is reviewed for Stenella attenuata, S. longirostris, S. coeruleoalba, and Delphinus delphis in the eastern tropical Pacific, and boundaries for potential management units are proposed. National Marine Fisheries Service and Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission sighting records made from 1979 to 1983 which were outside boundaries used in a 1979 assessment were examined for validity. Tagging returns and morphological data were also analyzed. Several stock ranges are expanded or combined. Three management units are proposed for S. attenuata: the coastal, northern offshore, and southern offshore spoiled dolphins. Four management units are proposed for S. longirostris: the Costa Rican, eastern, northern whitebelly, and southern whitebelly spinner dolphins. Two provisional management units are proposed for S. coeruleoalba: the northern and southern striped dolphins. Five management units (two of which are provisional) are proposed for D. delphis: the Baja neritic, northern, central, southern, and Guerrero common dolphins. Division into management units was based on morphological stock differences and distributional breaks. (PDF file contains 34 pages.)

Nearly free molecular heat transfer from a sphere

Consider a sphere immersed in a rarefied monatomic gas with zero mean flow. The distribution function of the molecules at infinity is chosen to be a Maxwellian. The boundary condition at the body is diffuse reflection with perfect accommodation to the surface temperature. The microscopic flow of particles about the sphere is modeled kinetically by the Boltzmann equation with the Krook collision term. Appropriate normalizations in the near and far fields lead to a perturbation solution of the problem, expanded in terms of the ratio of body diameter to mean free path (inverse Knudsen number). The distribution function is found directly in each region, and intermediate matching is demonstrated. The heat transfer from the sphere is then calculated as an integral over this distribution function in the inner region. Final results indicate that the heat transfer may at first increase over its free flow value before falling to the continuum level.

On the local Tamagawa number conjecture for Tate motives

There is a wonderful conjecture of Bloch and Kato that generalizes both the analytic Class Number Formula and the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. The conjecture itself was generalized by Fukaya and Kato to an equivariant formulation. In this thesis, I provide a new proof for the equivariant local Tamagawa number conjecture in the case of Tate motives for unramified fields, using Iwasawa theory and (φ,Γ)-modules, and provide some work towards extending the proof to tamely ramified fields.

Neutron slowing down with inelastic scattering

The emphasis in reactor physics research has shifted toward investigations of fast reactors. The effects of high energy neutron processes have thus become fundamental to our understanding, and one of the most important of these processes is nuclear inelastic scattering. In this research we include inelastic scattering as a primary energy transfer mechanism, and study the resultant neutron energy spectrum in an infinite medium. We assume that the moderator material has a high mass number, so that in a laboratory coordinate system the energy loss of an inelastically scattered neutron may be taken as discrete. It is then consistent to treat elastic scattering with an age theory expansion. Mathematically these assumptions lead to balance equations of the differential-difference type.

The steady state problem is explored first by way of Laplace transformation of the energy variable. We then develop another steady state technique, valid for multiple inelastic level excitations, which depends on the level structure satisfying a physically reasonable constraint. In all cases the solutions we generate are compared with results obtained by modeling inelastic scattering with a separable, evaporative kernel.

The time dependent problem presents some new difficulties. By modeling the elastic scattering cross section in a particular way, we generate solutions to this more interesting problem. We conjecture the method of characteristics may be useful in analyzing time dependent problems with general cross sections. These ideas are briefly explored.

Electronic and kinetic processes in the Cu/CuCl double pulse laser

Kinetic and electronic processes in a Cu/CuCl double pulsed laser were investigated by measuring discharge and laser pulse characteristics, and by computer modeling. There are two time scales inherent to the operation of the Cu/CuCl laser. The first is during the interpulse afterglow (tens to hundreds of microseconds). The second is during the pumping pulse (tens of nanoseconds). It was found that the character of the pumping pulse is largely determined by the initial conditions provided by the interpulse afterglow. By tailoring the dissociation pulse to be long and low energy, and by conditioning the afterglow, one may select the desired initial conditions and thereby significantly improve laser performance. With a low energy dissociation pulse, the fraction of metastable copper obtained from a CuCl dissociation is low. By maintaining the afterglow, contributions to the metastable state from ion recombinations are prevented, and the plasma impedance remains low thereby increasing the rate of current rise during the pumping pulse. Computer models for the dissociation pulse, afterglow, pumping pulse and laser pulse reproduced experimentally observed behavior of laser pulse energy and power as a function of time delay, pumping pulse characteristics, and buffer gas pressure. The sensitivity of laser pulse properties on collisional processes (e.g., CuCl reassociation rates) was investigated.

A generalized Hausdorff dimension for functions and sets

Let E be a compact subset of the n-dimensional unit cube, 1_n, and let C be a collection of convex bodies, all of positive n-dimensional Lebesgue measure, such that C contains bodies with arbitrarily small measure. The dimension of E with respect to the covering class C is defined to be the number

d_C(E) = sup(β:H_{β, C}(E) > 0),

where H_{β, C} is the outer measure

inf(Ʃm(C_i)^β:UC_i Ↄ E, C_i ϵ C) .

Only the one and two-dimensional cases are studied. Moreover, the covering classes considered are those consisting of intervals and rectangles, parallel to the coordinate axes, and those closed under translations. A covering class is identified with a set of points in the left-open portion, 1’_n, of 1_n, whose closure intersects 1_n - 1’_n. For n = 2, the outer measure H_{β, C} is adopted in place of the usual:

Inf(Ʃ(diam. (C_i))^β: UC_i Ↄ E, C_i ϵ C),

for the purpose of studying the influence of the shape of the covering sets on the dimension d_C(E).

If E is a closed set in 1₁, let M(E) be the class of all non-decreasing functions μ(x), supported on E with μ(x) = 0, x ≤ 0 and μ(x) = 1, x ≥ 1. Define for each μ ϵ M(E),

d_C(μ) = lim/c → inf/0 log ∆μ(c)/log c , (c ϵ C)

where ∆μ(c) = v/x (μ(x+c) – μ(x)). It is shown that

d_C(E) = sup (d_C(μ):μ ϵ M(E)).

This notion of dimension is extended to a certain class Ӻ of sub-additive functions, and the problem of studying the behavior of d_C(E) as a function of the covering class C is reduced to the study of d_C(f) where f ϵ Ӻ. Specifically, the set of points in 1₁,

(*) {d_B(F), d_C(f)): f ϵ Ӻ}

is characterized by a comparison of the relative positions of the points of B and C. A region of the form (*) is always closed and doubly-starred with respect to the points (0, 0) and (1, 1). Conversely, given any closed region in 1₂, doubly-starred with respect to (0, 0) and (1, 1), there are covering classes B and C such that (*) is exactly that region. All of the results are shown to apply to the dimension of closed sets E. Similar results can be obtained when a finite number of covering classes are considered.

In two dimensions, the notion of dimension is extended to the class M, of functions f(x, y), non-decreasing in x and y, supported on 1₂ with f(x, y) = 0 for x · y = 0 and f(1, 1) = 1, by the formula

d_C(f) = lim/s · t → inf/0 log ∆f(s, t)/log s · t , (s, t) ϵ C

where

∆f(s, t) = V/x, y (f(x+s, y+t) – f(x+s, y) – f(x, y+t) + f(x, t)).

A characterization of the equivalence d_C1(f) = d_C2(f) for all f ϵ M, is given by comparison of the gaps in the sets of products s · t and quotients s/t, (s, t) ϵ C_i (I = 1, 2).

Surface effects in simple molecular systems

This thesis examines two problems concerned with surface effects in simple molecular systems. The first is the problem associated with the interaction of a fluid with a solid boundary, and the second originates from the interaction of a liquid with its own vapor.

For a fluid in contact with a solid wall, two sets of integro-differential equations, involving the molecular distribution functions of the system, are derived. One of these is a particular form of the well-known Bogolyubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon equations. For the second set, the derivation, in contrast with the formulation of the B.B.G.K.Y. hierarchy, is independent of the pair-potential assumption. The density of the fluid, expressed as a power series in the uniform fluid density, is obtained by solving these equations under the requirement that the wall be ideal.

The liquid-vapor interface is analyzed with the aid of equations that describe the density and pair-correlation function. These equations are simplified and then solved by employing the superposition and the low vapor density approximations. The solutions are substituted into formulas for the surface energy and surface tension, and numerical results are obtained for selected systems. Finally, the liquid-vapor system near the critical point is examined by means of the lowest order B.B.G.K.Y. equation.

Distribution, growth, and mortality of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) larvae in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Ichthyoplankton surveys were conducted in shelf and slope waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico during the months of May–September in 2005 and 2006 to investigate the potential role of this region as spawning and nursery habitat of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus). During the two-year study, 2426 sailfish larvae were collected, ranging in size from 2.0 to 24.3 mm standard length. Mean density for all neuston net collections (n=288) combined was 1.5 sailfish per 1000 m2, and maximum density was observed within frontal features created by hydrodynamic convergence (2.3 sailfish per 1000 m2). Sagittal otoliths were extracted from 1330 larvae, and otolith microstructure analysis indicated that the sailfish ranged in age from 4 to 24 days after hatching (mean=10.5 d, standard deviation [SD]=3.2 d). Instantaneous growth coefficients (g) among survey periods (n=5) ranged from 0.113 to 0.127, and growth peaked during July 2005 collections when density within frontal features was highest. Daily instantaneous mortality rates (Z) ranged from 0.228 to 0.381, and Z was indexed to instantaneous weight-specific growth (G) to assess stage-specific production potential of larval cohorts. Ratios of G to Z were greater than 1.0 for all but one cohort examined, indicating that cohorts were gaining biomass during the majority of months investigated. Stage-specific production potential, in combination with catch rates and densities of larvae, indicates that the Gulf of Mexico likely represents important spawning and nursery habitat for sailfish.

Reproductive biology of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the western Pacific Ocean

The reproductive biology of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) was assessed from 1001 fish (ranging from 121 to 275 cm in eye-to-fork length; EFL) caught by Taiwanese offshore longliners in the western Pacific Ocean from September 2000 to December 2001 and from 843 gonad samples from these fish, The overall sex ratio of the catch was approximately 1:1 dur ing the sampling period, but blue marlin are sexually dimorphic; females are larger than males. Reproductive activity (assessed by histology), a gonadosomatic index, and the distribution of oocyte diameters, indicated that spawning occurred predominantly from May to September. The estimated sizes-at-maturity (EFL50) were 179.76 ±1.01 cm (mean ±standard error) for females and 130 ±1 cm EFL for males. Blue marlin are multiple spawners and oocytes develop asynchronously. The proportion of mature females with ovaries containing postovulatory follicles (0.41) and hydrated oocytes (0.34) indicated that the blue marlin spawned once every 2–3 days on average. Batch fecundity (BF) for 26 females with the most advanced oocytes (≥1000 μm), but without postovulatory follicles, ranged from 2.11 to 13.50 million eggs (6.94 ± 0.54 million eggs). The relationships between batch fecundity (BF, in millions of eggs) and EFL and round weight (RW, kg) were BF = 3.29 × 10 –12 EFL5.31 (r2 = 0.70) and BF = 1.59 × 10–3 RW 1.73 (r2= 0.67), respectively. The parameters estimated in this study are key information for stock assessments of blue marlin in the western Pacific Ocean and will contribute to the conservation and sustainable yield of