798 resultados para Refusal self-efficacy
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Se revisan diferentes formas en que la influencia social puede incidir sobre los comportamientosheterosexuales de prevención de la transmisión del VIH de los jóvenes y se presentanlos resultados de algunos trabajos de las autoras, así como de otros investigadores, en que seanalizan dichas relaciones. Se concluye resaltando: 1) la utilidad clínica de la evaluación de lasexpectativas de autoeficacia para poder intervenir específicamente en aquellas áreas en que losjóvenes se perciban con menores capacidades para ser preventivos, 2) la relación observadaentre el uso de preservativo autoinformado y la creencia en su aceptación por parte de los referentessociales más cercanos y 3) la conveniencia de que los jóvenes posean suficientes habilidadesde comunicación que les permitan negociar con éxito el uso del preservativo y les ayudena compensar posibles influencias sociales en contra de su empleo
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O tratamento de doentes com dor crônica inclui a modificação de crenças, atitudes, valores e com-portamentos pouco adaptativos. Crenças disfuncionais podem se tornar o problema central e determinar os resultados do tra-tamento. Dentre as crenças importantes para a vivência e manejo da dor crônica, a de auto-eficácia merece destaque. Auto-eficácia, de acordo com Bandura, é a crença sobre a habilidade pessoal de desempenhar com sucesso determinadas tarefas ou comportamentos para produzir um resultado desejável. Este estudo é uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre a crença de auto-eficácia relacionada à dor crônica e sobre os métodos para sua avaliação. Estudos existentes nas ba-ses Medline (1992 a 2002), Lilacs e Dedalus (toda a base) foram analisados. Os descritores utilizados foram pain and self-efficacy, dor e auto-eficácia.
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Proactive career behaviors become increasingly important in today's career environment, but little is known about how and when motivational patterns affect individual differences. In a six-month longitudinal study among German university students (Study 1; N = 289) it was demonstrated that motivation in terms of "can do" (self-efficacy and context beliefs), "reason to" (autonomous career goals), and "energized to" (positive affect) significantly predicted career behaviors. Contrary to expectation, negative context beliefs had a positive effect when combined with other motivational states. Study 2 replicated and extended those results by investigating whether "can do" motivation mediates the effect of proactive personality and whether those effects are conditional upon the degree of career choice decidedness. We tested a moderated multiple mediation model with a unique sample of 134 German students, assessed three times, each interval being 6 weeks apart. The results showed that effects of proactivity were partially carried through higher self-efficacy beliefs but not context beliefs. Supporting a moderation model, indirect effects through self-efficacy beliefs were not present for students with very low decidedness.
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Guided by a modified information-motivation-behavioral skills model, this study identified predictors of condom use among heterosexual people living with HIV with their steady partners. Consecutive patients at 14 European HIV outpatient clinics received an anonymous, standardized, self-administered questionnaire between March and December 2007. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and two-step backward elimination regression analyses stratified by gender. The survey included 651 participants (n = 364, 56% women; n = 287, 44%). Mean age was 39 years for women and 43 years for men. Most had acquired HIV sexually and more than half were in a serodiscordant relationship. Sixty-three percent (n = 229) of women and 59% of men (n = 169) reported at least one sexual encounter with a steady partner 6 months prior to the survey. Fifty-one percent (n = 116) of women and 59% of men (n = 99) used condoms consistently with that partner. In both genders, condom use was positively associated with subjective norm conducive to condom use, and self-efficacy to use condoms. Having a partner whose HIV status was positive or unknown reduced condom use. In men, higher education and knowledge about condom use additionally increased condom use, while the use of erectile-enhancing medication decreased it. For women, HIV disclosure to partners additionally reduced the likelihood of condom use. Positive attitudes to condom use and subjective norm increased self-efficacy in both genders, however, a number of gender-related differences appeared to influence self-efficacy. Service providers should pay attention to the identified predictors of condom use and adopt comprehensive and gender-related approaches for preventive interventions with people living with HIV.
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OBJECTIVEEvaluating how professionals of family health teams from three municipalities of Pernambuco perceive and interpret the effects of Hansen's disease training.METHODSA qualitative study using the perspective of Habermas. Six focus groups, totaling 33 nurses and 22 doctors were formed. The guide consisted of: reactions to training, learning, transfer of knowledge and organizational results.RESULTSThere were recurrent positive opinions on instructor performance, course materials, and an alert attitude to the occurrence of cases; the negative points were about lack of practical teaching, a lot of information in a short period of time and little emphasis on basic content. Low perceived self-efficacy and low locus of control, ambiguity, conflict of skills and the lack of support for the learning application. Nurses showed greater dissatisfaction with the organizational support.CONCLUSIONThe low effectiveness of training reveals the need to negotiate structured training from work problematization, considering performance conditions.
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No momento em que se verifica algumas reformas no sistema educativo cabo-verdiano, torna-se necessário analisar a questão da formação dos professores de forma a prepará-los para a função que têm que desempenhar. Com a realização deste estudo, pretende-se diagnosticar percursos e necessidade de formação dos professores na área das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), bem como descrever o sentido de competência (auto-eficácia) dos professores na utilização das tecnologias, concretamente à mobilização dos mesmos no processo ensino e aprendizagem. Tendo em conta os objetivos do estudo, optou-se por utilizar uma metodologia de natureza quantitativa. O estudo integra a participação de 87 professores. Escolheu-se a técnica de inquérito, realizando um inquérito por questionário com questões fechadas aos professores da Escola Secundária Abílio Duarte situada na Cidade da Praia, ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde. A revisão da literatura permitiu verificar que já foram desenvolvidas iniciativas, a nível nacional, para a implementação das TIC nas escolas. Atualmente destaca-se o programa Mundu Novu do governo de Cabo Verde, coordenado pelo Ministério da Educação, que tem como objetivo modernizar o processo de ensino através da utilização das TIC criando um novo paradigma de ensino interativo. Os resultados apontam para a progressiva utilização das TIC nas atividades dos professores que revelam um moderado sentido de auto-eficácia de utilização das TIC. A formação de professores é apontada como o principal obstáculo à integração e utilização educativa das TIC.
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The main objective of our study was to assess the impact of a board game on smoking status and smoking-related variables in current smokers. To accomplish this objective, we conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing the game group with a psychoeducation group and a waiting-list control group. METHODS: The following measures were performed at participant inclusion, as well as after a 2-week and a 3-month follow-up period: "Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale" (ATS-18), "Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire" (SEQ-12), "Attitudes Towards Nicotine Replacement Therapy" scale (ANRT-12), number of cigarettes smoked per day, stages of change, quit attempts, and smoking status. Furthermore, participants were assessed for concurrent psychiatric disorders and for the severity of nicotine dependence with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). RESULTS: A time × group effect was observed for subscales of the ANRT-12, ATS-18 and SEQ-12, as well as for the number of cigarettes smoked per day. At three months follow-up, compared to the participants allocated to the waiting list group, those on Pick-Klop group were less likely to remain smoker.Outcomes at 3 months were not predicted by gender, age, FTND, stage of change, or psychiatric disorders at inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: The board game seems to be a good option for smokers. The game led to improvements in variables known to predict quitting in smokers. Furthermore, it increased smoking-cessation rates at 3-months follow-up. The game is also an interesting alternative for smokers in the precontemplation stage.
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QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: To describe a population-based sample of patients with diabetes and the quality of their care in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, as a baseline measure for the evaluation of the "Programme cantonal Diabète". METHODS: We conducted a self-administered paper-based questionnaire survey. Non-institutionalised adult (aged ≥18 years) patients with diabetes diagnosed for at least 1 year and residing in the canton of Vaud were recruited by community pharmacies. Women with gestational diabetes, people with obvious cognitive impairment or people not sufficiently fluent in French were excluded. Primary outcomes were recommended processes-of-care and outcomes of care (glycosylated haemoglobin [HbA1c], generic and disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL), overall care score in relation to the Chronic Care Model). Other measures included diabetes education, self-management support and self-efficacy, health status, health behaviour and demographics. RESULTS: A total of 519 patients with diabetes were included. Whereas the mean HbA1c level was 7.3% (n = 177, 95% confidence interval 7.1-7.5), diabetes-specific processes-of-care and influenza vaccination were reported by less than two-thirds of the patients. Physical activity and diet recommendations results mirrored patients' difficulties with their management in daily life and diabetes-specific HRQoL was worst in the dimensions relative to diet (eating and drinking) and sex life. A minority of patients reported ever having participated in diabetes education courses (32.8%). Overall, patients were satisfied with their care and the support they received. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a broad picture of the experiences of people living with diabetes in the canton of Vaud. It shall guide the development of targeted interventions within the "Programme cantonal Diabète".
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This study investigated the effectiveness of modules involving standardized patients and role-plays on training communication skills. The first module involved standardized patients and an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE); the second module consisted of peer role-plays and a written examination. A randomized posttest-only control group design with first-year nursing students was used. The intervention group received one-to-one communication training with direct oral feedback from the standardized patient. The control group had training with peer role-playing and mutual feedback. The posttest involved students' rating their self-efficacy, and real patients and clinical supervisors evaluated their communication skills. No significant differences were found between self-efficacy and patient ratings. However, the clinical supervisors rated the intervention group's communication skills to be significantly (p < 0.0001) superior. Assessments by clinical supervisors indicate that communication training modules including standardized patients and an OSCE are superior to communication training modules with peer role-playing.
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Cet article (2006) décrit la démarche qui a fondé le développement de l'instrument d'évaluation de la peur de tomber à travers des "portraits" chez des personnes âgées vivant à domicile "chuteuses ou non chuteuses" (non publiés). Une analyse qualitative originale a été développée dans ce contexte la QUAPA (QUAlitative Pattern Analysis): une analyse des patterns permettant de décrire les différents degrés d'intensité auxquels la peur de tomber est décrites par les personnes âgées elles-mêmes. Cet instrument se base sur une validité "écologique". Il s'ancre dans le vécu des personnes âgées tel qu'il est rapporté et décrit par elles. L'évaluation de la peur de tomber réalisée à l'aide de ces portraits doit être confrontée à celle effectuée à l'aide d'autres instruments validés et largement utilisés dans le domaine de l'évaluation de la peur de tomber: FES, FES-I. Autres références publiées: Piot-Ziegler C (2002). La peur de tomber: comment l'évaluer ? Actualités Psychologiques, 12, 51-68. In C. Piot-Ziegler, (Vol. Ed.), Actualités Psychologiques: Vol. 12. Les chutes chez les personnes âgées: une approche interdisciplinaire (pp. 1-120). Piot-Ziegler C, Cuttelod T et Santiago M (2007). Définir la "peur de tomber" chez les personnes âgées à domicile. Etude qualitative. Bulletin de psychologie, 60(6), nov-déc, 515-525. Références non publiées: Piot-Ziegler C, Cuttelod T (2004). Evaluation de la peur de tomber: portraits issus du vécu des patients (questionnaire-portraits pour évaluer la peur de tomber chez des personnes âgées « chuteuses et non chuteuses ». Piot-Ziegler C, Cuttelod T (2004). Evaluation de la peur de tomber: portraits issus du vécu des patients (Guide de l'utilisateur).L'objectif de cet article (rédigé en 2006) est de dégager un modèle permettant d'évaluer l'intensité de la peur de tomber chez des personnes âgées vivant à domicile sur la base de données qualitatives récoltées dans une première étude (étude publiée: Piot-Ziegler et al. 2007).Dans cette étude qualitative, 58 entretiens semi-structurés ont été réalisés chez des personnes âgées vivant à domicile. Les thèmes abordés par les personnes âgées montrent que la peur de tomber se définit transversalement à travers les conséquences fonctionnelles, sociales et psychologiques consécutives à leur(s) chute(s).Afin d'explorer la possible existence de patterns, permettant de rendre compte de l'intensité de la peur de tomber, une méthode originale d'analyse qualitative (non informatisée) a été développée: la QUAPA (QUAlitative Patterns Analysis).Les résultats de cette analyse montrent l'existence d'une cohérence interne transversale (patterns) dans les trois dimensions définissant la peur de tomber (fonctionnelles, sociales et psychologiques) en fonction de l'intensité de la peur de tomber. Quatre patterns différents ont été mis en évidence. Ils débouchent sur une modélisation rendant compte des différents degrés d'intensité à laquelle la peur de tomber s'exprime chez les personnes âgées.Ce modèle en "patterns" permet d'évaluer la peur de tomber ressentie par une personne âgée en fonction des conséquences fonctionnelles, sociales et psychologiques à long terme consécutives à une ou plusieurs chutes. Ce modèle devra être mis à l'épreuve sur un grand échantillon de personnes âgées vivant à domicile ou dans d'autres espaces de vie (institutions), mais il constitue une alternative originale aux questionnaires utilisés actuellement qui se basent principalement sur le concept d'efficacité personnelle. Surtout il se base sur le vécu tel qu'il est rapporté par les personnes âgées elles-mêmes.Pour obtenir le questionnaire d'évaluation par "portraits" de la peur de tomber (e.mail: Chantal.Piot-Ziegler@unil.ch). Les documents suivants seront mis à disposition.Piot-Ziegler et C, Cuttelod T (2004). Evaluation de la peur de tomber: portraits issus du vécu des patients (questionnaire-portraits pour évaluer la peur de tomber chez des personnes âgées « chuteuses et non chuteuses » (Questionnaire).Piot-Ziegler et C, Cuttelod T (2004). Evaluation de la peur de tomber: portraits issus du vécu des patients (Guide de l'utilisateur).Mots-clés : chute ; peur de tomber ; personne âgée ; domicile ; recherche; approche compréhensive ; évaluation ; méthode qualitative ; pattern, QUAPA.
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This research was conducted in the context of the project IRIS 8A Health and Society (2002-2008) and financially supported by the University of Lausanne. It was aomed at developping a model based on the elder people's experience and allowed us to develop a "Portrait evaluation" of fear of falling using their examples and words. It is a very simple evaluation, which can be used by professionals, but by the elder people themselves. The "Portrait evaluation" and the user's guide are on free access, but we would very much approciate to know whether other people or scientists have used it and collect their comments. (contact: Chantal.Piot-Ziegler@unil.ch)The purpose of this study is to create a model grounded in the elderly people's experience allowing the development of an original instrument to evaluate FOF.In a previous study, 58 semi-structured interviews were conducted with community-dwelling elderly people. The qualitative thematic analysis showed that fear of falling was defined through the functional, social and psychological long-term consequences of falls (Piot-Ziegler et al., 2007).In order to reveal patterns in the expression of fear of falling, an original qualitative thematic pattern analysis (QUAlitative Pattern Analysis - QUAPA) is developed and applied on these interviews.The results of this analysis show an internal coherence across the three dimensions (functional, social and psychological). Four different patterns are found, corresponding to four degrees of fear of falling. They are formalized in a fear of falling intensity model.This model leads to a portrait-evaluation for fallers and non-fallers. The evaluation must be confronted to large samples of elderly people, living in different environments. It presents an original alternative to the concept of self-efficacy to evaluate fear of falling in older people.The model of FOF presented in this article is grounded on elderly people's experience. It gives an experiential description of the three dimensions constitutive of FOF and of their evolution as fear increases, and defines an evaluation tool using situations and wordings based on the elderly people's discourse.
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The presence of a calling and career development are assumed to be closely related. However, the nature of and reason for this relationship have not been thoroughly investigated. We hypothesized the existence of reciprocal effects between calling and three dimensions of career preparation and assessed the change of the presence of a calling, career planning, decidedness, and self-efficacy with three waves of a diverse sample of German university students (N = 846) over one year. Latent growth analyses revealed that the intercepts of calling showed a significant positive correlation with the intercepts of all career preparation measures. The slope of calling was positively related to those of decidedness and self-efficacy but not to planning. Cross-lagged analyses showed that calling predicted a subsequent increase in planning and self-efficacy. Planning and decidedness predicted an increase in the presence of a calling. The results suggest that calling and career preparation are related due to mutual effects but that effects differ for different career preparation dimensions.
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A pilot study was conducted to determine the effect of a 10-week, low intensity, exercise training program on fear of falling and gait in fifty (mean age 78.1 years, 79% women) community-dwelling volunteers. Fear of falling (measured by falls self-efficacy) and gait performance were assessed at baseline and one week after program completion. At follow-up, participants modestly improved their falls self-efficacy and gait speed. To investigate whether this effect differed according to participants' fear of falling, secondary analyses stratified by subject's baseline falls efficacy were performed. Subjects with lower than average falls efficacy improved significantly their falls efficacy and gait performance, while no significant change occurred in the others. Small but significant improvements occurred after this pilot training program, particularly in subjects with low baseline falls efficacy. These results suggest that measures of falls efficacy might be useful for better targeting individuals most likely to benefit from similar training programs.
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The aim of this thesis was to examine emotions in a web-based learning environment (WBLE). Theoretically, the thesis was grounded on the dimensional model of emotions. Four empirical studies were conducted. Study I focused on students’ anxiety and their self-efficacy in computer-using situations. Studies II and III examined the influence of experienced emotions on students’ collaborative visible and non-collaborative invisible activities and lurking in a WBLE. Study II also focused on the antecedents of the emotions students experience in a web-based learning environment. Study IV concentrated on clarifying the differences between emotions experienced in face-to-face and web-based collaborative learning. The results of these studies are reported in four original research articles published in scientific journals. The present studies demonstrate that emotions are important determinants of student behaviour in a web-based learning, and justify the conclusion that interactions on the web can and do have an emotional content. Based on the results of these empirical studies, it can be concluded that the emotions students experience during the web-based learning result mostly from the social interactions rather than from the technological context. The studies indicate that the technology itself is not the only antecedent of students’ emotional reactions in the collaborative web-based learning situations. However, the technology itself also exerted an influence on students’ behaviour. It was found that students’ computer anxiety was associated with their negative expectations of the consequences of using technology-based learning environments in their studies. Moreover, the results also indicated that student behaviours in a WBLE can be divided into three partially overlapping classes: i) collaborative visible ii) non-collaborative invisible activities, and iii) lurking. What is more, students’ emotions experienced during the web-based learning affected how actively they participated in such activities in the environment. Especially lurkers, i.e. students who seldom participated in discussions but frequently visited the online environment, experienced more negatively valenced emotions during the courses than did the other students. This result indicates that such negatively toned emotional experiences can make the lurking individuals less eager to participate in other WBLE courses in the future. Therefore, future research should also focus more precisely on the reasons that cause individuals to lurk in online learning groups, and the development of learning tasks that do not encourage or permit lurking or inactivity. Finally, the results from the study comparing emotional reactions in web-based and face-to-face collaborative learning indicated that the learning by means of web-based communication resulted in more affective reactivity when compared to learning in a face-to-face situation. The results imply that the students in the web-based learning group experienced more intense emotions than the students in the face-to-face learning group.The interpretations of this result are that the lack of means for expressing emotional reactions and perceiving others’ emotions increased the affectivity in the web-based learning groups. Such increased affective reactivity could, for example, debilitate individual’s learning performance, especially in complex learning tasks. Therefore, it is recommended that in the future more studies should be focused on the possibilities to express emotions in a text-based web environment to ensure better means for communicating emotions, and subsequently, possibly decrease the high level of affectivity. However, we do not yet know whether the use of means for communicating emotional expressions via the web (for example, “smileys” or “emoticons”) would be beneficial or disadvantageous in formal learning situations. Therefore, future studies should also focus on assessing how the use of such symbols as a means for expressing emotions in a text-based web environment would affect students’ and teachers’ behaviour and emotional state in web-based learning environments.
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The present study applies a micro-level perspective on how within-individual differences in motivational and social-cognitive factors affect the weekly fluctuations of engagement in proactive career behaviors among a group of 67 German university students. Career self-efficacy beliefs, perceived career barriers, experienced social career support, positive and negative emotions, and career engagement were assessed weekly for 13 consecutive weeks. Hierarchical linear regression analyses showed that above-average levels of career engagement within individuals were predicted by higher than average perceived social support and positive emotions during a given week. Conversely, within-individual differences in self-efficacy, barriers, and negative emotions had no effect. The results suggest that career interventions should provide boosts in social support and positive emotions.