L'implication des convertases de pro-protéines dans la maturation de nouveaux substrats membranaires aux motifs de clivage atypiques

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Caractérisation des motifs permettant la mobilisation vers les endosomes et la présentation par les molécules du CMH de classe II chez gp100 : un antigène du mélanome

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

MC-Map, un nouvel outil d'intégration de motifs

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Les motifs de migration pour études des universitaires internationaux en région intermédiaire au Québec

Le nombre d’étudiantes et étudiants participant à une mobilité internationale étudiante a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières années. Dans le contexte de la mondialisation, les activités d’internationalisation sont devenues une priorité des établissements d’enseignement (Association des collèges communautaires du Canada, 2010a). Le recrutement des étudiantes et étudiants étrangers apporte plusieurs avantages au pays et à l’établissement d’accueil (Ibid.). De ce fait, pour favoriser ce recrutement et la mobilité internationale étudiante, les gouvernements ont mis en place des politiques d’immigration et les universités ont signé différentes alliances et accords bilatéraux entre elles. Toutefois, si les mobilités se font principalement vers les pays industrialisés (Lerot, 2001), le Canada est en retard sur sa proportion de personnes étudiantes effectuant une mobilité internationale étudiante dans ses collèges et universités (Association des collèges communautaires du Canada, 2010b). De même que le Québec qui voit sa proportion de l’effectif total de ses étudiantes et étudiants étrangers diminuer, alors que celle-ci augmente dans les autres régions du Canada (McMullen et Élias, 2011). À cet effet, les universitaires représentent la majorité des étudiantes et étudiants étrangers au Québec (Gouvernement du Québec, 2014a), mais la proportion globale d’universitaires internationaux diffère selon le type de région. En ce sens, celle-ci est la moins élevée dans les régions intermédiaires et la plus élevée dans les régions centrales (Gouvernement du Québec, 2013, 2014b, 2015), alors que ces régions sont toutes deux des grands centres de population. Ainsi, pour contribuer à mieux saisir ce que recouvre cette moins grande attractivité des régions intermédiaires, la question générale de recherche est : quels sont les motifs de choix, à chacune des dimensions du choix du lieu d’étude, d’effectuer une mobilité internationale étudiante dans une université située en région intermédiaire au Québec ? Pour répondre à cette question, et en se basant sur un cadre d’analyse à deux dimensions et sur l’état de connaissances à ce sujet, quatre objectifs spécifiques sont définis : 1) décrire les motifs de migration pour études, 2) examiner les associations entre les motifs de choix dans chaque catégorie pour y déceler d’éventuels regroupements sous-jacents, 3) examiner les associations entre ces regroupements de motifs et les caractéristiques des personnes étudiantes (âge, sexe, pays d’origine, domaine d’études, etc.), 4) déterminer si le choix de l’établissement d’accueil se fait avant ou après le choix du pays d’accueil. Pour y répondre, une recherche quantitative descriptive corrélationnelle, utilisant une analyse d’interdépendance (analyse factorielle), est menée, à l’aide d’un questionnaire anonyme disponible en ligne qui intègre plusieurs échelles de mesure, auprès des universitaires internationaux inscrits pour la première fois à l’Université de Sherbrooke à l’automne 2014. Au total, l’échantillon se compose de 141 universitaires internationaux. Ils sont âgés de 17 à 29 ans, proviennent des différents domaines, cycles et régimes d’études et il y a autant d’hommes que de femmes qui composent l’échantillon. De plus, les trois quarts de l’échantillon sont originaires de la France. L’analyse des données recueillies dans le questionnaire montre que l’importance accordée aux items du questionnaire représentant les motifs de migration pour études varie selon les dimensions du choix du lieu d’étude et qu’il existe des écarts dans les résultats. Synthétisés en facteurs, les résultats font ressortir trois facteurs liés au pays d’origine qui interviennent dans le choix d’étudier à l’international : 1) PO_La pauvreté de l’enseignement, 2) PO_Les contextes politiques et économiques, 3) PO_Les politiques d’éducation, et quatre facteurs personnels qui interviennent dans ce choix : 1) PER_le désir d’exploration, 2) PER_Le désir de changement, 3) PER_Les considérations familiales, 4) PER_Les aspirations personnelles et professionnelles. Aussi, il y a sept facteurs de choix du pays d’accueil : 1) PA_Les perspectives d’avenir, 2) PA_L’information disponible, 3) PA_Le dépaysement, 4) PA_Les considérations culturelles, 5) PA_Les liens au pays d’origine et la sécurité, 6) PA_Le cadre financier et environnemental, 7) PA_Les relations sociales. Puis, les résultats décrivent quatre facteurs de choix de l’établissement d’accueil : 1) EA_Les services de l’établissement, 2) EA_La qualité de la formation offerte, 3) EA_L’accessibilité et l’ouverture, 4) EA_Les possibilités d’emploi et les partenariats. Parmi l’ensemble de ces facteurs, seul deux d’entre eux, PER_Le désir d’exploration et PA_Le dépaysement, ont en moyenne une importance élevée dans le choix des universitaires internationaux d’étudier en région intermédiaire au Québec, alors que les facteurs liés au pays d’origine ont quant à eux, de manière générale, peu ou pas d’influence. Toutefois, il existe des écarts parmi les personnes répondantes à l’étude et les résultats montrent la présence d’associations entre certains facteurs et des caractéristiques des personnes étudiantes, soit la nature de l’expérience à international, la durée du séjour et la provenance des répondantes et répondants selon la typologie économique et sociale des pays du monde, ce qui laisse supposer la présence de groupe parmi les personnes répondantes à l’étude. Ainsi, les différents résultats de l’étude pourraient servir de guide aux conseillers et conseillères d’orientation du Québec, intervenant auprès des universitaires internationaux en région intermédiaire dans cette province, ainsi qu’aux universités situées dans ces régions. En effet, ces résultats pourraient influencer la pratique des conseillers et conseillères d’orientation du Québec quant au principal défi des universitaires internationaux, et les universités pourraient adapter leurs stratégies de recrutement selon l’importance accordée aux différents facteurs de migration pour études et ainsi attirer un plus grand nombre d’étudiantes et étudiants étrangers.

Detecting Motifs in System Call Sequences

The search for patterns or motifs in data represents an area of key interest to many researchers. In this paper we present the Motif Tracking Algorithm, a novel immune inspired pattern identification tool that is able to identify unknown motifs which repeat within time series data. The power of the algorithm is derived from its use of a small number of parameters with minimal assumptions. The algorithm searches from a completely neutral perspective that is independent of the data being analysed and the underlying motifs. In this paper the motif tracking algorithm is applied to the search for patterns within sequences of low level system calls between the Linux kernel and the operating system’s user space. The MTA is able to compress data found in large system call data sets to a limited number of motifs which summarise that data. The motifs provide a resource from which a profile of executed processes can be built. The potential for these profiles and new implications for security research are highlighted. A higher level system call language for measuring similarity between patterns of such calls is also suggested.

Synchronization of Heteroclinic Circuits Through Learning in Chains of Neural Motifs

The synchronization of oscillatory activity in networks of neural networks is usually implemented through coupling the state variables describing neuronal dynamics. In this study we discuss another but complementary mechanism based on a learning process with memory. A driver network motif, acting as a teacher, exhibits winner-less competition (WLC) dynamics, while a driven motif, a learner, tunes its internal couplings according to the oscillations observed in the teacher. We show that under appropriate training the learner motif can dynamically copy the coupling pattern of the teacher and thus synchronize oscillations with the teacher. Then, we demonstrate that the replication of the WLC dynamics occurs for intermediate memory lengths only. In a unidirectional chain of N motifs coupled through teacher-learner paradigm the time interval required for pattern replication grows linearly with the chain size, hence the learning process does not blow up and at the end we observe phase synchronized oscillations along the chain. We also show that in a learning chain closed into a ring the network motifs come to a consensus, i.e. to a state with the same connectivity pattern corresponding to the mean initial pattern averaged over all network motifs.

Development And Characterization Of 32 Microsatellite Loci In Genipa Americana (rubiaceae).

• Microsatellite primers were developed for the tree species Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) for further population genetic studies. • We identified 144 clones containing 65 repeat motifs from a genomic library enriched for (CT)8 and (GT)8 motifs. Primer pairs were developed for 32 microsatellite loci and validated in 40 individuals of two natural G. americana populations. Seventeen loci were polymorphic, revealing from three to seven alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.24 to 1.00 and from 0.22 to 0.78, respectively. • The 17 primers identified as polymorphic loci are suitable to study the genetic diversity and structure, mating system, and gene flow in G. americana.

Chicken skeletal muscle-associated macroarray for gene discovery

Macro- and microarrays are well-established technologies to determine gene functions through repeated measurements of transcript abundance. We constructed a chicken skeletal muscle-associated array based on a muscle-specific EST database, which was used to generate a tissue expression dataset of similar to 4500 chicken genes across 5 adult tissues (skeletal muscle, heart, liver, brain, and skin). Only a small number of ESTs were sufficiently well characterized by BLAST searches to determine their probable cellular functions. Evidence of a particular tissue-characteristic expression can be considered an indication that the transcript is likely to be functionally significant. The skeletal muscle macroarray platform was first used to search for evidence of tissue-specific expression, focusing on the biological function of genes/transcripts, since gene expression profiles generated across tissues were found to be reliable and consistent. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed consistent clustering among genes assigned to 'developmental growth', such as the ontology genes and germ layers. Accuracy of the expression data was supported by comparing information from known transcripts and tissue from which the transcript was derived with macroarray data. Hybridization assays resulted in consistent tissue expression profile, which will be useful to dissect tissue-regulatory networks and to predict functions of novel genes identified after extensive sequencing of the genomes of model organisms. Screening our skeletal-muscle platform using 5 chicken adult tissues allowed us identifying 43 'tissue-specific' transcripts, and 112 co-expressed uncharacterized transcripts with 62 putative motifs. This platform also represents an important tool for functional investigation of novel genes; to determine expression pattern according to developmental stages; to evaluate differences in muscular growth potential between chicken lines, and to identify tissue-specific genes.

The four hexamerin genes in the honey bee: structure, molecular evolution and function deduced from expression patterns in queens, workers and drones

Background: Hexamerins are hemocyanin-derived proteins that have lost the ability to bind copper ions and transport oxygen; instead, they became storage proteins. The current study aimed to broaden our knowledge on the hexamerin genes found in the honey bee genome by exploring their structural characteristics, expression profiles, evolution, and functions in the life cycle of workers, drones and queens. Results: The hexamerin genes of the honey bee (hex 70a, hex 70b, hex 70c and hex 110) diverge considerably in structure, so that the overall amino acid identity shared among their deduced protein subunits varies from 30 to 42%. Bioinformatics search for motifs in the respective upstream control regions (UCRs) revealed six overrepresented motifs including a potential binding site for Ultraspiracle (Usp), a target of juvenile hormone (JH). The expression of these genes was induced by topical application of JH on worker larvae. The four genes are highly transcribed by the larval fat body, although with significant differences in transcript levels, but only hex 110 and hex 70a are re-induced in the adult fat body in a caste-and sex-specific fashion, workers showing the highest expression. Transcripts for hex 110, hex 70a and hex70b were detected in developing ovaries and testes, and hex 110 was highly transcribed in the ovaries of egg-laying queens. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that HEX 110 is located at the most basal position among the holometabola hexamerins, and like HEX 70a and HEX 70c, it shares potential orthology relationship with hexamerins from other hymenopteran species. Conclusions: Striking differences were found in the structure and developmental expression of the four hexamerin genes in the honey bee. The presence of a potential binding site for Usp in the respective 5' UCRs, and the results of experiments on JH level manipulation in vivo support the hypothesis of regulation by JH. Transcript levels and patterns in the fat body and gonads suggest that, in addition to their primary role in supplying amino acids for metamorphosis, hexamerins serve as storage proteins for gonad development, egg production, and to support foraging activity. A phylogenetic analysis including the four deduced hexamerins and related proteins revealed a complex pattern of evolution, with independent radiation in insect orders.

Characterization of subgraph relationships and distribution in complex networks

A network can be analyzed at different topological scales, ranging from single nodes to motifs, communities, up to the complete structure. We propose a novel approach which extends from single nodes to the whole network level by considering non-overlapping subgraphs (i.e. connected components) and their interrelationships and distribution through the network. Though such subgraphs can be completely general, our methodology focuses on the cases in which the nodes of these subgraphs share some special feature, such as being critical for the proper operation of the network. The methodology of subgraph characterization involves two main aspects: (i) the generation of histograms of subgraph sizes and distances between subgraphs and (ii) a merging algorithm, developed to assess the relevance of nodes outside subgraphs by progressively merging subgraphs until the whole network is covered. The latter procedure complements the histograms by taking into account the nodes lying between subgraphs, as well as the relevance of these nodes to the overall subgraph interconnectivity. Experiments were carried out using four types of network models and five instances of real-world networks, in order to illustrate how subgraph characterization can help complementing complex network-based studies.

Recurrence quantification analysis of turbulent fluctuations in the plasma edge of Tokamak Chauffage Alfveacuten Breacutesilien tokamak

Recurrences are close returns of a given state in a time series, and can be used to identify different dynamical regimes and other related phenomena, being particularly suited for analyzing experimental data. In this work, we use recurrence quantification analysis to investigate dynamical patterns in scalar data series obtained from measurements of floating potential and ion saturation current at the plasma edge of the Tokamak Chauffage Alfveacuten Breacutesilien [R. M. O. Galva approximate to o , Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 43, 1181 (2001)]. We consider plasma discharges with and without the application of radial electric bias, and also with two different regimes of current ramp. Our results indicate that biasing improves confinement through destroying highly recurrent regions within the plasma column that enhance particle and heat transport.

Casimir interaction between a perfect conductor and graphene described by the Dirac model

We adopt the Dirac model for graphene and calculate the Casimir interaction energy between a plane suspended graphene sample and a parallel plane perfect conductor. This is done in two ways. First, we use the quantum-field-theory approach and evaluate the leading-order diagram in a theory with 2+1-dimensional fermions interacting with 3+1-dimensional photons. Next, we consider an effective theory for the electromagnetic field with matching conditions induced by quantum quasiparticles in graphene. The first approach turns out to be the leading order in the coupling constant of the second one. The Casimir interaction for this system appears to be rather weak. It exhibits a strong dependence on the mass of the quasiparticles in graphene.

Finite-temperature Casimir effect for graphene

We adopt the Dirac model for quasiparticles in graphene and calculate the finite-temperature Casimir interaction between a suspended graphene layer and a parallel conducting surface. We find that at high temperature, the Casimir interaction in such system is just one-half of that for two ideal conductors separated by the same distance. In this limit, a single graphene layer behaves exactly as a Drude metal. In particular, the contribution of the TE mode is suppressed, while the contribution of the TM mode saturates at the ideal-metal value. The behavior of the Casimir interaction for intermediate temperatures and separations accessible in experiments is studied in some detail. We also find an interesting interplay between two fundamental constants of graphene physics: the fine-structure constant and the Fermi velocity.

4-{2-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]ethylidene}benzonitrile

In the crystal of the title compound, C(17)H(16)N(2), molecules are linked by C-H center dot center dot center dot N hydrogen bonds, forming rings of graph-set motifs R(2)(1) (6) and R(2)(2) (10). The title molecule is close to planar, with a dihedral angle between the aromatic rings of 0.6 (1)degrees. Torsion angles confirm a conformational trans structure.