Which firms want PhDs? The effect of the university-industry relationship on the PhD labour market

PhD graduates hold the highest education degree, are trained to conduct research and can be considered a key element in the creation, commercialization and diffusion of innovations. The impact of PhDs on innovation and economic development takes place through several channels such as the accumulation of scientific capital stock, the enhancement of technology transfers and the promotion of cooperation relationships in innovation processes. Although the placement of PhDs in industry provides a very important mechanism for transmitting knowledge from universities to firms, information about the characteristics of the firms that employ PhDs is very scarce. The goal of this paper is to improve understanding of the determinants of the demand for PhDs in the private sector. Three main potential determinants of the demand for PhDs are considered: cooperation between firms and universities, R&D activities of firms and several characteristics of firms, size, sector, productivity and age. The results from the econometric analysis show that cooperation between firms and universities encourages firms to recruit PhDs and point to the existence of accumulative effects in the hiring of PhD graduates.

Cytological and isoenzyme analysis of the Bucay and Quevedo cytotypes of the onchocerciasis vector Simulium exiguum (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Ecuador

Four cytotypes of Simulium exiguum occur in Ecuador, where this morphospecies is the primary vector of onchocerciasis. In this paper, we give the first full description of the banding pattern of the larval polytene chromosomes of the Quevedo cytotypes differ from the chromosomal standard sequence (of the Cayapa cytotype) by the fixed inversions IIL-5 and IIL-6. The Quevedo cytotype additionally differs from the standard and Bucay cytotypes by processing a differentiated X chromosome, wich is indicated by the inversion IIS-A. As the degree of reproductive isolation between the Bucay and Quevedo cytotypes has not yet been estabilished, they must be regarded as intraspecific variants of the same species. In fact, isoenzyme characterizations showed that the Bucay and Quevedo cytotypes are differentiated only to the extent expected of incipient species or geographical populations. Moreover, the sibiling species status previously given to the Bucay cytotype needs be reassessed, there being inadequate analysis from areas in Ecuador where Bucay occurs in sympatry with the standard Cayapa cytotype. No isoenzyme electromorphs were discovered that identified all or mostadult females of any one (cytotype-pure) collection.

Acupuncture and rehabilitation of the painful shoulder: study protocol of an ongoing multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial [ISRCTN28687220]

BACKGROUND Although the painful shoulder is one of the most common dysfunctions of the locomotor apparatus, and is frequently treated both at primary healthcare centres and by specialists, little evidence has been reported to support or refute the effectiveness of the treatments most commonly applied. According to the bibliography reviewed, physiotherapy, which is the most common action taken to alleviate this problem, has not yet been proven to be effective, because of the small size of sample groups and the lack of methodological rigor in the papers published on the subject. No reviews have been made to assess the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating this complaint, but in recent years controlled randomised studies have been made and these demonstrate an increasing use of acupuncture to treat pathologies of the soft tissues of the shoulder. In this study, we seek to evaluate the effectiveness of physiotherapy applied jointly with acupuncture, compared with physiotherapy applied with a TENS-placebo, in the treatment of painful shoulder caused by subacromial syndrome (rotator cuff tendinitis and subacromial bursitis). METHODS/DESIGN Randomised controlled multicentre study with blind evaluation by an independent observer and blind, independent analysis. A study will be made of 465 patients referred to the rehabilitation services at participating healthcare centres, belonging to the regional public health systems of Andalusia and Murcia, these patients presenting symptoms of painful shoulder and a diagnosis of subacromial syndrome (rotator cuff tendinitis and subacromial bursitis). The patients will be randomised into two groups: 1) experimental (acupuncture + physiotherapy); 2) control (TENS-placebo + physiotherapy); the administration of rescue medication will also be allowed. The treatment period will have a duration of three weeks. The main result variable will be the change produced on Constant's Shoulder Function Assessment (SFA) Scale; as secondary variables, we will record the changes in diurnal pain intensity on a visual analogue scale (VAS), nocturnal pain intensity on the VAS, doses of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) taken during the study period, credibility scale for the treatment, degree of improvement perceived by the patient and degree of improvement perceived by the evaluator. A follow up examination will be made at 3, 6 and 12 months after the study period has ended. Two types of population will be considered for analysis: per protocol and per intention to treat. DISCUSSION The discussion will take into account the limitations of the study, together with considerations such as the choice of a simple, safe method to treat this shoulder complaint, the choice of the control group, and the blinding of the patients, evaluators and those responsible for carrying out the final analysis.

Musée de l'histoire du costume, France, 1580 [32 rue Beaujon, Hôtel de Madrazo, Paris, 8e arrondissement, ouvert au public le 24 janvier 1920] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57823

Statuts, ordonnances et articles que les marchandes maistresses toillières, lingères, canevassières... de Paris requèrent estre... approuvées par le Roy... [suivis de l'ordonnance royale de janvier 1645]

[Acte. 1645-01-00]

VOLUMES RELIES du Cabinet des titres : recherches de noblesse, armoriaux, preuves, histoires généalogiques. « Les Éloges de tous les premiers Présidens du Parlement de Paris,... par Jean-Baptiste DE L'HERMITE-SOULIERS et François BLANCHARD (Paris, 1645, in-fol).

Exemplaire imprimé, avec notes et table mss. de Pierre Delacour.

A Capacitação Pedagógica Docente e a Qualidade do Processo Ensino-Aprendizagem: Um Estudo de Caso no Liceu Amílcar Cabral

Este trabalho de investigação enquadra-se no contexto das mudanças paradigmáticas que o sector da educação está a conhecer, fruto das dinâmicas sociais em vigor e dos novos avanços a nível da pedagogia e, por conseguinte, de todo o processo ensino-aprendizagem. Consideramos que um dos ângulos a partir do qual se pode observar as referidas mudanças é o da formação docente e a sua relação com o processo ensino-aprendizagem. Assim, o presente trabalho centraliza-se na análise das competências pedagógicas dos docentes do Liceu Amílcar Cabral (LAC) e as suas implicações no processo ensino-aprendizagem de qualidade No quadro de mudanças a cima referidas, consideramos ser de todo importante que a prática educativa valorize o seu percurso para assim o compreender de uma forma evolutiva e holística. Pensamos que é este o melhor caminho para se proceder às mudanças a nível da educação. Isto é, as mudanças devem surgir como resultado de um diagnóstico profundo do processo educativo. De resto, a evocada mudança paradigmática em educação passa necessariamente pela análise constante aos vários agentes que interactuam no processo educativo de forma a saber se estão aptos para o novo desafio da educação no novo século em que vivemos: promover a aprendizagem de qualidade para todos, em prol de um desenvolvimento pessoal, comunitário e global. A presente investigação foi realizada à luz dos enfoques teóricos mais actuais no âmbito da educação. A parte empírica foi realizada no Liceu Amílcar Cabral, situado na cidade da Assomada, ilha de Santiago. Concluímos com esta investigação que a capacitação pedagógica revelada pela amostra estudada não reúne todos os requisitos necessários para a promoção de um processo de aprendizagem de qualidade. Esta conclusão impulsiona-nos a realizar, no âmbito da Tese do Doutoramento, um estudo da mesma natureza abrangendo todo território nacional onde as instâncias de formação dos docentes do Ensino Secundário do país serão também estudadas.

Ordonnance du Roy Louis XIII servant de statuts aux marchands merciers, grossiers, joüailliers de cette ville de Paris. [De janvier 1613. Suivie de l'ordonnance d'août 1645 sur le même sujet et d'un arrêt du Parlement du 7 juillet 1671, interdisant aux marchands d'avoir plus d'un apprenti.]

[Acte. 1671-07-07]