Problems of Bridge Supporting and Expansion Devices and an Experimental Comparison of the Dynamic Behavior of Rigid and Elastomeric Bearings, HR-105, 1965

The design of satisfactory supporting and expansion devices for highway bridges is a problem which has concerned bridge design engineers for many years. The problems associated with these devices have been emphasized by the large number of short span bridges required by the current expanded highway program of expressways and interstate highways. The initial objectives of this investigation were: (1) To review and make a field study of devices used for the support of bridge superstructures and for provision of floor expansion; (2) To analyze the forces or factors which influence the design and behavior of supporting devices and floor expansion systems; and (3) To ascertain the need for future research particularly on the problems of obtaining more economical and efficient supporting and expansion devices, and determining maximum allowable distance between such devices. The experimental portion was conducted to evaluate one of the possible simple and economical solutions to the problems observed in the initial portion. The investigation reported herein is divided into four major parts or phases as follows: (1) A review of literature; (2) A survey by questionnaire of design practice of a number of state highway departments and consulting firms; (3) Field observation of existing bridges; and, (4) An experimental comparison of the dynamic behavior of rigid and elastomeric bearings.

The 2005 Pakistan earthquake revisited: Methods for integrated landslide assessment

Five years after the 2005 Pakistan earthquake that triggered multiple mass movements, landslides continue to pose a threat to the population of Azad Kashmir, especially during heavy monsoon rains. The thousands of landslides that were triggered by the 7.6 magnitude earthquake in 2005 were not just due to a natural phenomenon but largely induced by human activities, namely, road building, grazing, and deforestation. The damage caused by the landslides in the study area (381 km2) is estimated at 3.6 times the annual public works budget of Azad Kashmir for 2005 of US$ 1 million. In addition to human suffering, this cost constitutes a significant economic setback to the region that could have been reduced through improved land use and risk management. This article describes interdisciplinary research conducted 18 months after the earthquake to provide a more systemic approach to understanding risks posed by landslides, including the physical, environmental, and human contexts. The goal of this research is twofold: to present empirical data on the social, geological, and environmental contexts in which widespread landslides occurred following the 2005 earthquake; and, second, to describe straightforward methods that can be used for integrated landslide risk assessments in data-poor environments. The article analyzes limitations of the methodologies and challenges for conducting interdisciplinary research that integrates both social and physical data. This research concludes that reducing landslide risk is ultimately a management issue, based in land use decisions and governance.

Statistical modeling of bowing control applied to violin sound synthesis

Excitation-continuous music instrument control patterns are often not explicitly represented in current sound synthesis techniques when applied to automatic performance. Both physical model-based and sample-based synthesis paradigmswould benefit from a flexible and accurate instrument control model, enabling the improvement of naturalness and realism. Wepresent a framework for modeling bowing control parameters inviolin performance. Nearly non-intrusive sensing techniques allow for accurate acquisition of relevant timbre-related bowing control parameter signals.We model the temporal contour of bow velocity, bow pressing force, and bow-bridge distance as sequences of short Bézier cubic curve segments. Considering different articulations, dynamics, and performance contexts, a number of note classes are defined. Contours of bowing parameters in a performance database are analyzed at note-level by following a predefined grammar that dictates characteristics of curve segment sequences for each of the classes in consideration. As a result, contour analysis of bowing parameters of each note yields an optimal representation vector that is sufficient for reconstructing original contours with significant fidelity. From the resulting representation vectors, we construct a statistical model based on Gaussian mixtures suitable for both the analysis and synthesis of bowing parameter contours. By using the estimated models, synthetic contours can be generated through a bow planning algorithm able to reproduce possible constraints caused by the finite length of the bow. Rendered contours are successfully used in two preliminary synthesis frameworks: digital waveguide-based bowed stringphysical modeling and sample-based spectral-domain synthesis.

Gesture sampling for instrumental sound synthesis: violin bowing as a case study

This paper presents a framework in which samples of bowing gesture parameters are retrieved and concatenated from a database of violin performances by attending to an annotated input score. Resulting bowing parameter signals are then used to synthesize sound by means of both a digital waveguide violin physical model, and an spectral-domainadditive synthesizer.

Lake dwellers occupation gap in Lake Geneva (France-Switzerland) possibly explained by an earthquake-mass movement-tsunami event during Early Bronze Age

High-resolution seismic and sediment core data from the 'Grand Lac' basin of Lake Geneva reveal traces of repeated slope instabilities with one main slide-evolved mass-flow (minimum volume 0.13 km3) that originated from the northern lateral slope of the lake near the city of Lausanne. Radiocarbon dating of organic remains sampled from the top of the main deposit gives an age interval of 1865-1608 BC. This date coincides with the age interval for a mass movement event described in the 'Petit Lac' basin of Lake Geneva (1872-1622 BC). Because multiple mass movements took place at the same time in different parts of the lake, we consider the most likely trigger mechanism to be a strong earthquake (Mw 6) that occurred in the period between 1872 and 1608 BC. Based on numerical simulations, we show the major deposit near Lausanne would have generated a tsunami with local wave heights of up to 6 m. The combined effects of the earthquake and the following tsunami provide a possible explanation for a gap in lake dwellers occupation along the shores of Lake Geneva revealed by dendrochronological dating of two palafitte archaeological sites.

Location-independent and location-linked representations of sound objects.

For the recognition of sounds to benefit perception and action, their neural representations should also encode their current spatial position and their changes in position over time. The dual-stream model of auditory processing postulates separate (albeit interacting) processing streams for sound meaning and for sound location. Using a repetition priming paradigm in conjunction with distributed source modeling of auditory evoked potentials, we determined how individual sound objects are represented within these streams. Changes in perceived location were induced by interaural intensity differences, and sound location was either held constant or shifted across initial and repeated presentations (from one hemispace to the other in the main experiment or between locations within the right hemispace in a follow-up experiment). Location-linked representations were characterized by differences in priming effects between pairs presented to the same vs. different simulated lateralizations. These effects were significant at 20-39 ms post-stimulus onset within a cluster on the posterior part of the left superior and middle temporal gyri; and at 143-162 ms within a cluster on the left inferior and middle frontal gyri. Location-independent representations were characterized by a difference between initial and repeated presentations, independently of whether or not their simulated lateralization was held constant across repetitions. This effect was significant at 42-63 ms within three clusters on the right temporo-frontal region; and at 165-215 ms in a large cluster on the left temporo-parietal convexity. Our results reveal two varieties of representations of sound objects within the ventral/What stream: one location-independent, as initially postulated in the dual-stream model, and the other location-linked.

Subgrade Insulation to Prevent Soil Freezing, HR-87, 1965

The basic purpose of this study was to determine if an expanded polystyrene insulating board could prevent subgrade freezing and thereby reduce frost heave. The insulating board was placed between a nine inch P. C. concrete slab and a frost-susceptible subgrade. In one section at the test site, selected backfill material was placed under the pavement. The P. C. pavement was later covered by asphalt surfacing. Thermocouples were installed for obtaining temperature recordings at various locations in the surfacing, concrete slab, subgrade and shoulders. This report contains graphs and illustrations showing temperature distributions for two years, as well as profile elevations and the results of moisture tests.

Role of habitat in the distribution and abundance of marsh birds, 1965

This is Special Report no. 43 that studies habitat changes and the affects on marsh birds. It covers the history of vegetation and birds of two marshes, Little Wall and Goose Lake, in Iowa for a 5-year period beginning in 1958 at the culmination of a series of drought years in central Iowa.

Entre Catalunya i Polònia: Witold Gombrowicz i Gabriel Ferrater: correspondència inèdita (1965-1967)

En el present treball, he intentat respondre la pregunta sobre per què Gabriel Ferrater es va interessar tant per l’obra de Witold Gombrowicz. Segurament, havia conegut la seva literatura en una traducció francesa i més possible encara alemanya, ja que el traductor va estar treballant a Hamburg per l’editorial Rowohlt Verlag com a lector. Devia assabentar-se de l’èxit de les obres de Gombrowicz a França i Alemanya i potser va decidir que era l’hora d’introduir-lo al mercat espanyol. Com comenta Janet Rodney, en el correu electrònic adjunt als apèndixs del treball, potser Ferrater veia algunes semblances entre ell mateix i Gombrowicz. Tots dos tenien problemes per publicar la seva obra sencera als seus països d’origen i, tot i que Gombrowicz ja feia molt de temps que no vivia a Polònia, sempre havia conservat el desig de poder ser publicat, sense censura, al seu país natal. Potser també tots dos escriptors compartien el sentiment d’inferioritat de les seves cultures respecte les de l’Europa Occidental. Tots dos intentaven mostrar en la seva obra literària l’existència d’una realitat potser oculta però tan legítima com les altres, com la “realitat oficial” en la que havien de viure

Avaliação da eficiência de acaricidas isolados e em mistura no controle do ácaro-da-necrose-do-coqueiro Aceria guerreronis Keifer, 1965 (Prostigmata: Eriophyidae) no Vale do São Francisco

Dentre os ácaros que se associam à cultura do coqueiro no Brasil, uma das espécies mais importantes é Aceria guerreronis Keifer, 1965, pelos danos causados às plantas jovens e, sobretudo, pela necrose produzida. O controle químico associado a outras medidas tais como controle cultural e controle biológico natural, podem ser adotados, visando a manter esta espécie em níveis populacionais aceitáveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência agronômica dos vários produtos utilizados no controle de A. guerreronis em coqueiro-anão verde irrigado e foi conduzido de agosto a novembro de 1999, em uma propriedade localizada no Perímetro Irrigado Curaçá, no Vale do São Francisco, em Juazeiro-Bahia-Brasil. Em função dos resultados obtidos na presente pesquisa, pode-se concluir que o produto hexythiazox (Savey PM) na dose de 3 g / 100 l de água associado individualmente aos adulticidas: fenpyroximate (Ortus 50 SC) na dose de 100 ml / 100 de água; ao abamectin (Vertimec 18 CE) na dose de 30 ml / 100 l de água e ao enxofre (Defende) na dose de 500 g / 100 l de água, foram os tratamentos mais eficientes no controle do ácaro-da-necrose-do-coqueiro Aceria guerreronis quando aplicados em coqueiro-anão verde no Vale do São Francisco a partir da abertura da inflorescência e comparados com carbosulfan (Marshal 200 SC) na dose de 50 ml / 100 l de água e não produziram efeitos fitotóxicos à cultura.