Seismic resistance of earth construction in Portugal

This paper presents an assessment of the potential seismic performance of new earth construction in Portugal. Results of a parametric study on a properly designed rammed earth construction, considering several strengthening solutions, are presented and discussed. It is concluded that single storey houses can have acceptable seismic performance even in high seismicity areas, provided that the structure is adequately strengthened by reinforced concrete columns and beams. Improvement of the characteristics of the structural material (earth) may be necessary to reduce damage.

Projecto de fundações e estrutura de um edifício de 4 pisos em Lisboa, destinado a habitação

O objectivo deste trabalho consiste na elaboração de um projecto de estruturas de um edifício, desde a fase de concepção estrutural até à fase de pormenorização, passando obviamente pelo dimensionamento. O trabalho foi motivo para aplicação dos conhecimentos adquiridos durante o curso, na prática de projecto de estruturas, nomeadamente na utilização da regulamentação europeia de estruturas que está para entrar em vigor. O projecto foi elaborado a partir do projecto base de arquitectura e diz respeito a um conjunto de 4 edifícios de habitação separados por junta de dilatação, a construir em Lisboa. A estrutura em betão armado constituída por lajes fungiformes maciças apoiadas em pilares, paredes de betão e vigas, foi analisada com recurso a um programa de cálculo automático de elementos finitos SAP 200 V14.2.4. Para a execução deste trabalho recorreu-se à regulamentação europeia, nomeadamente o Eurocódigo 0, o Eurocódigo 1, o Eurocódigo 2 e o Eurocódigo 8, na sua versão final de Norma Portuguesa. Os critérios de dimensionamento bem como as disposições construtivas relativas a armaduras de betão são detalhadamente referidos ao longo do trabalho. Embora a análise estrutural tenha sido efectuada para quatro edifícios, os desenhos de pormenorização de betão armado são apresentados relativamente apenas ao edifício Nº1. Optou-se por esta solução em virtude de os edifícios serem semelhantes.

Elastically restrained Bernoulli-Euler beams applied to rotary machinery modelling

Facing the lateral vibration problem of a machine rotor as a beam on elastic supports in bending, the authors deal with the free vibration of elastically restrained Bernoulli-Euler beams carrying a finite number of concentrated elements along their length. Based on Rayleigh's quotient, an iterative strategy is developed to find the approximated torsional stiffness coefficients, which allows the reconciliation between the theoretical model results and the experimental ones, obtained through impact tests. The mentioned algorithm treats the vibration of continuous beams under a determined set of boundary and continuity conditions, including different torsional stiffness coefficients and the effect of attached concentrated masses and rotational inertias, not only in the energetic terms of the Rayleigh's quotient but also on the mode shapes, considering the shape functions defined in branches. Several loading cases are examined and examples are given to illustrate the validity of the model and accuracy of the obtained natural frequencies.

The influence of curing conditions on the mechanical performance of concrete made with recycled concrete waste

Research on the use of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) as recycled aggregate (in particular crushed concrete) for the production of new concrete has by now established the feasibility of this environmentally-friendly use of otherwise harmful waste. However, contrary to conventional concrete (CC), no large applications of concrete made with recycled concrete have been made and there is still a lack of knowledge in some areas of production and performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). One issue concerns curing conditions: these greatly affect the performance of concrete made on site and some potential users of RAC wonder how RAC is affected by far-from-ideal curing conditions. This paper shows the main results of experiments to determine the influence of different curing conditions on the mechanical performance of concrete made with coarse recycled aggregate from crushed concrete. The properties analyzed include compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and abrasion resistance. The general conclusion in terms of mechanical performance is that RAC is affected by curing conditions roughly in the same way as CC. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Development of an injectable grout for concrete repair and strengthening

This paper deals with the coupled effect of temperature and silica fume addition on rheological, mechanical behaviour and porosity of grouts based on CEMI 42.5R, proportioned with a polycarboxylate-based high range water reducer. Preliminary tests were conducted to focus on the grout best able to fill a fibrous network since the goal of this study was to develop an optimized grout able to be injected in a mat of steel fibers for concrete strengthening. The grout composition was developed based on criteria for fresh state and hardened state properties. For a CEMI 42.5R based grout different high range water reducer dosages (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.7%) and silica fume (SF) dosages (0%, 2%, 4%) were tested (as replacement of cement by mass). Rheological measurements were used to investigate the effect of polycarboxylates (PCEs) and SF dosage on grout properties, particularly its workability loss, as the mix was to be injected in a matrix of steel fibers for concrete jacketing. The workability behaviour was characterized by the rheological parameters yield stress and plastic viscosity (for different grout temperatures and resting times), as well as the procedures of mini slump cone and funnel flow time. Then, further development focused only on the best grout compositions. The cement substitution by 2% of SF exhibited the best overall behaviour and was considered as the most promising compared to the others compositions tested. Concerning the fresh state analysis, a significant workability loss was detected if grout temperature increased above 35 degrees C. Below this temperature the grout presented a self-levelling behaviour and a life time equal to 45 min. In the hardened state, silica fumes increased not only the grout's porosity but also the grout's compressive strength at later ages, since the pozzolanic contribution to the compressive strength does not occur until 28 d and beyond. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dosimetric effect by shallow air cavities in high energy electron beams

This study evaluates the dosimetric impact caused by an air cavity located at 2 mm depth from the top surface in a PMMA phantom irradiated by electron beams produced by a Siemens Primus linear accelerator. A systematic evaluation of the effect related to the cavity area and thickness as well as to the electron beam energy was performed by using Monte Carlo simulations (EGSnrc code), Pencil Beam algorithm and Gafchromic EBT2 films. A home-PMMA phantom with the same geometry as the simulated one was specifically constructed for the measurements. Our results indicate that the presence of the cavity causes an increase (up to 70%) of the dose maximum value as well as a shift forward of the position of the depthedose curve, compared to the homogeneous one. Pronounced dose discontinuities in the regions close to the lateral cavity edges are observed. The shape and magnitude of these discontinuities change with the dimension of the cavity. It is also found that the cavity effect is more pronounced (6%) for the 12 MeV electron beam and the presence of cavities with large thickness and small area introduces more significant variations (up to 70%) on the depthedose curves. Overall, the Gafchromic EBT2 film measurements were found in agreement within 3% with Monte Carlo calculations and predict well the fine details of the dosimetric change near the cavity interface. The Pencil Beam calculations underestimate the dose up to 40% compared to Monte Carlo simulations; in particular for the largest cavity thickness (2.8 cm).

Projeto de estrutura variante de um edifício de escritórios em Lisboa

Trabalho de Projecto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Estruturas

Projecto de execução de um viaduto ferroviário em betão armado e pré-esforçado

Trabalho de Projecto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Estruturas

Direcção de obra – obras de arte auto-estrada Transmontana – área 3

Este relatório diz respeito ao trabalho desenvolvido em ambiente de estágio académico numa Empreitada compreendendo Obras de Arte Correntes e Obras de Arte Especiais inseridas em traçado actual do IP4 que está a ser transformado em Auto-Estrada. As Obras de Arte Correntes compreendem Passagens Superiores, Passagens Inferiores e Passagens superiores de Nó. As Obras de Arte Especiais compreendem duas Pontes com vãos distintos. Todas as Obras de Arte referidas neste relatório contemplam uma solução mista de betão armado “in situ” e tabuleiros com vigas e pré-lajes em betão pré-fabricado. Além da descrição de todas as actividades realizadas em betão armado “in situ”, desde as fundações até ao tabuleiro, descreve também a execução dos diversos tipos de trabalhos de acabamentos. Além das actividades de construção civil, é efectuada uma descrição das actividades a cujo processo de realização estão associados trabalhos de concepção e desenvolvimento, como é o caso dos cimbres. Este relatório faz uma descrição abrangente das funções da Direcção de Obra numa Empreitada de Obras de Arte, que para além da execução da obra, com todas as actividades que lhe são inerentes, compreende várias áreas funcionais que fazem parte de uma empresa de construção civil, como a área comercial, financeira, planeamento, aprovisionamento, controlo orçamental, gestão contratual, gestão de subempreitadas e gestão da qualidade, ambiente e segurança.

Avaliação comparativa dos efeitos da introdução dos eurocódigos no cálculo sísmico de edifícios de betão armado

Dissertação de natureza Científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre na Área de Especialização de Estruturas

Re-use assessment of thermoset composite wastes as aggregate and filler replacement for concrete-polymer composite materials: a case study regarding GFRP pultrusion wastes

Glass fibre-reinforced plastics (GFRP), nowadays commonly used in the construction, transportation and automobile sectors, have been considered inherently difficult to recycle due to both the cross-linked nature of thermoset resins, which cannot be remoulded, and the complex composition of the composite itself, which includes glass fibres, polymer matrix and different types of inorganic fillers. Hence, to date, most of the thermoset based GFRP waste is being incinerated or landfilled leading to negative environmental impacts and additional costs to producers and suppliers. With an increasing awareness of environmental matters and the subsequent desire to save resources, recycling would convert an expensive waste disposal into a profitable reusable material. In this study, the effect of the incorporation of mechanically recycled GFRP pultrusion wastes on flexural and compressive behaviour of polyester polymer mortars (PM) was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of GFRP recyclates (0%, 4%, 8% and 12%, w/w), with distinct size grades (coarse fibrous mixture and fine powdered mixture), were incorporated into polyester PM as sand aggregates and filler replacements. The effect of the incorporation of a silane coupling agent was also assessed. Experimental results revealed that GFRP waste filled polymer mortars show improved mechanical behaviour over unmodified polyester based mortars, thus indicating the feasibility of GFRP waste reuse as raw material in concrete-polymer composites.

Moradia no centro histórico do Montijo: reabilitação vs construção nova

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Edificações

Concrete with fine recycled aggregates: a review

This paper presents a review of the literature published so far on the use of fine aggregates from construction demolition waste used as a partial or total replacement of fine natural aggregates in concrete production. The review presents the initial works on this subject and an overview of the existing regulations. It goes on to describe the production, treatment and properties of the fine recycled aggregates (FRA). The most suitable mixing techniques for concrete with this type of aggregates are then discussed. The properties of these concrete mixes are analysed in detail, after which a few examples of structures with this type of concrete are described and compared. The acquisition of fine natural aggregates and the dumping of the fine fraction of construction and demolition waste are two serious environmental problems that can be solved simultaneously by using FRA in concrete production, a subject that is lagging behind the use of the corresponding coarse fraction.

Influence of the use of recycled concrete aggregates from different sources on structural concrete

This paper intends to evaluate the capacity of producing concrete with a pre-established performance (in terms of mechanical strength) incorporating recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) from different sources. To this purpose, rejected products from the precasting industry and concrete produced in laboratory were used. The appraisal of the self-replication capacity was made for three strength ranges: 15-25 MPa, 35-45 MPa and 65-75 MPa. The mixes produced tried to replicate the strength of the source concrete (SC) of the RA. Only total, (100%) replacement of coarse natural aggregates (CNA) by coarse recycled concrete aggregates (CRCA) was tested. The results show that, both in mechanical and durability terms, there were no significant differences between aggregates from controlled sources and those from precast rejects for the highest levels of the target strength. Furthermore, the performance losses resulting from the RA's incorporation are substantially reduced when used medium or high strength SC's. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Performance of concrete made with aggregates recycled from precasting industry waste: influence of the crushing process

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the crushing process used to obtain recycled concrete aggregates on the performance of concrete made with those aggregates. Two crushing methods were considered: primary crushing, using a jaw crusher, and primary plus secondary crushing (PSC), using a jaw crusher followed by a hammer mill. Besides natural aggregates (NA), these two processes were also used to crush three types of concrete made in laboratory (L20, L45 e L65) and three more others from the precast industry (P20, P45 e P65). The coarse natural aggregates were totally replaced by coarse recycled concrete aggregates. The recycled aggregates concrete mixes were compared with reference concrete mixes made using only NA, and the following properties related to the mechanical and durability performance were tested: compressive strength; splitting tensile strength; modulus of elasticity; carbonation resistance; chloride penetration resistance; water absorption by capillarity; water absorption by immersion; and shrinkage. The results show that the PSC process leads to better performances, especially in the durability properties. © 2014 RILEM