Distinct Evolutionary Patterns Between Two Duplicated Color Vision Genes Within Cyprinid Fishes

We investigated the molecular evolution of duplicated color vision genes (LWS-1 and SWS2) within cyprinid fish, focusing on the most cavefish-rich genus-Sinocyclocheilus. Maximum likelihood-based codon substitution approaches were used to analyze the evolution of vision genes. We found that the duplicated color vision genes had unequal evolutionary rates, which may lead to a related function divergence. Divergence of LWS-1 was strongly influenced by positive selection causing an accelerated rate of substitution in the proportion of pocket-forming residues. The SWS2 pigment experienced divergent selection between lineages, and no positively selected site was found. A duplicate copy of LWS-1 of some cyprinine species had become a pseudogene, but all SWS2 sequences remained intact in the regions examined in the cyprinid fishes examined in this study. The pseudogenization events did not occur randomly in the two copies of LWS-1 within Sinocyclocheilus species. Some cave species of Sinocyclocheilus with numerous morphological specializations that seem to be highly adapted for caves, retain both intact copies of color vision genes in their genome. We found some novel amino acid substitutions at key sites, which might represent interesting target sites for future mutagenesis experiments. Our data add to the increasing evidence that duplicate genes experience lower selective constraints and in some cases positive selection following gene duplication. Some of these observations are unexpected and may provide insights into the effect of caves on the evolution of color vision genes in fishes.

Relaxed purifying selection of rhodopsin gene within a Chinese endemic cavefish genus Sinocyclocheilus (Pisces: Cypriniformes)

The cyprinid fish genus Sinocyclocheilus, as the most cavefish rich genus, includes many species showing striking adaptation to caves and convergent reduction or even loss of eyes and pigmentation. RH1 is responsible for dim vision. In order to explore the evolution of RH1 gene in this genus, we sequenced the complete gene from 28 individuals of 16 representative species of Sinocyclocheilus, with cave and surface species included. Phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of Sinocyclocheilus and polyphyly of the cave species. Codon models implemented in PAML were used to infer the evolution of RH1. We found that Sinocyclocheilus had a significantly higher evolutionary rate for amino acids than other cyprinid fishes compared, which might be the result of relaxation of purifying selection and could be ascribed to cave habit of this genus. In contrast to previous hypotheses, both cave and surface lineages exhibited a similar rate of molecular evolution, so the RH1 of cave species may still be functional, although these species were highly adapted to cave environment. Two amino acid substitutions (D83G and E122V) that were not reported before were found, which may be useful for site-directed mutagenesis in the future.

Bayesian mixed models and divergence time estimation of Chinese cavefishes (Cyprinidae : Sinocyclocheilus)

The genus Sinocyclocheilus is distributed in Yun-Gui Plateau and its surrounding region only, within more than 10 cave species showing different degrees of degeneration of eyes and pigmentation with wonderful adaptations. To present, published morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of Sinocyclocheilus from prior works are very different and the relationships within the genus are still far from clear. We obtained the sequences of cytochrome b (cyt b) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) of 34 species within Sinocyclocheilus, which represent the most dense taxon sampling to date. We performed Bayesian mixed models analyses with this data set. Under this phylogenetic framework, we estimated the divergence times of recovered clades using different methods under relaxed molecular clock. Our phyloegentic results supported the monophyly of Sinocyclocheilus and showed that this genus could be subdivided into 6 major clades. In addition, an earlier finding demonstrating the polyphyletic of cave species and the most basal position of S. jii was corroborated. Relaxed divergence-time estimation suggested that Sinocyclocheilus originated at the late Miocene, about 11 million years ago (Ma), which is older than what have been assumed.

黄土丘陵沟壑区山坡道路防蚀措施初步研究

山坡道路连接农田、果园 ,对山区经济发展有重要作用。黄土高原山坡道路存在严重的水土流失 ,侵蚀方式主要有沟蚀、泻溜、崩塌、陷穴、悬沟侵蚀与滑坡等。山坡道路网应按照小流域综合治理规划合理布置 ,其主要防护措施 :①修筑梯田 ,防止坡面径流冲刷道路 ;②将路面整修成拱形以分散径流 ;③在道路内侧修蓄水窑窖 ,拦蓄径流 ;④路面及边坡栽植草灌 ,防止雨水冲刷

碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层地球物理响应特征及预测方法研究

Proven by the petroleum exploration activities, the karsts-fissure reservoir in carbonate rocks is significant to find out the large scale oil & gas field. They are made up of the four reservoir types: karsts-cave, karsts-crack, crack-cave and fracture-pore-cave. Each reservoir space and each reservoir bed has different features of reservoir heterogeneity and small scale of pore-crack-cave. The fracture-cave reservoir in carbonate rocks is characteristic by multi-types and long oiliness well. The reservoir shape is controlled by the irregular pore-crack-cave. The development level of fracture and karst-cave is the key element of hydrocarbon enriching, high productivity and stable production. However, most of Carbonate formation are buried deeply and the signal-ration-noise of seismic reflection are very low. It is reason why the fracture-cave reservoir are difficult to be predicted effectively. In terms of surveyed and studied lots of the former research outcome, The author applied the methods of synthetical reservoir geophysical prediction from two ways including macrosopic and microcomic technics in terms of the reservoir-cap condition, geophysics and geology feature and difficulty of prediction in carbonate rocks. It is guiden by the new ideas of stratigraphy, sedimentology, sedimentography, reservoir geology and karst geology. The geophysics technology is key technics. In aspects of macroscopic studies, starting off the three efficiencies of controlling the reservoir distribution including sedimental facies, karst and fracture, by means of comprehensive utilization of geology, geophysics, boring well and well log, the study of reservoir features and karst inside story are developed in terms of data of individual well and multiple well. Through establishing the carbonate deposition model, karstic model and fracture model, the macro-distribution laws of carbonatite are carried out by the study of coherence analysis, seismic reflection feature analysis and palaeotectonics analysis. In aspects of microcosmic studies, starting off analysis in reservoir geophysical response feature of fracture and karst-cave model according to guidance of the macroscopic geological model in carbonate reservoir, the methods of the carbonate reservoir prediction are developed by comprehensively utilization of seismic multi-attribution intersection analysis, seismic inversion restricted by log, seismic discontinuity analysis, seimic spectrum attenuation gradient, moniliform reflection feature analysis and multiparameter karst reservoir appraisement.Through application of carbonate reservoir synthetical geophysics prediction, the author r successfully develops the beneficial reservoir distribution province in Ordovician of Katake block 1in middle Tarim basin. The fracture-cave reservoir distributions are delineated. The prospect direction and favorable aims are demonstrated. There are a set of carbonate reservoir prediction methods in middle Tarim basin. It is the favorable basic technique in predicting reservoir of the Ordovician carbonate in middle Tarim. Proven by exploration drilling, the favorable region of moniliform reflection fracture and pore-cave and cave-fracture in lower-middle Ordovician are coincidence with the region of hydrocarbon show. It’s indicated that the reservoir prediction methods described in the study of Ordovician carbonate formation are feasible practicably.

束鹿凹陷泥灰岩储层综合评价与加砂压裂技术研究与应用

Luo Ning ( Mineralogy, Petrology, Deposit Mineralogy) Directed by Fu Liyun With the increase of the level of exploration and development, North China field, as one of the maturing fields in the east, has gradually turned their prospecting targets to frontiers such as deep zones, lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs, low permeable layers, special lithostromes, etc, which propose new challenges to mating technique of exploration engineering. In it, the special lithostrome of clay carbonate in Shu-Lu cave in Middle Flank exploration area locates in Es_3 generating rock. The area distribution is large, formation thickness is over 100 meters, the oil accumulation condition is excellent, prognostic reserves is over 80,000,000 tons, but how to effectively stimulate the special low permeable and fractured reservoir has become the bottle neck problem of stimulation and stable yields. In this thesis, through comprehensive evaluation and analysis of lithology, lithomechanics, hydrocarbon reservoir characteristics, the characteristics of fluid flow through porous medium and the stimulation measures in the past, we acquire new cognition of clay carbonate reservoirs, in addition, the research and application of first hydraulic fracturing has gained positive effect and formed commensurable comprehensive reservoir evaluation technique and mating engineering technique of hydraulic fracturing. The main cognitions and achievements are as follows: 1.Study of geological information such as lithololy analysis and nuclear magnetic logging, etc, indicates that clay carbonate formation of Shu-Lu cave is anisotropic, low permeable with high shale content, whose accumulation space gives priority to microcracks. 2.The analysis of lithomechanics of clay carbonate indicates that the hardness is moderate, Young’s modulus is between that of sandstone and limestone, clay carbonate presents plastic property and its breakdown pressure is high because of the deep buried depth. 3.The analysis of the drillstem test curves indicates that the flow and build-up pressure curve of clay carbonate of Shu-Lu cave mainly has three types: formation contamination block-up type, low permeable type, formation energy accumulation slowness type; the reservoir characteristics presents double porosity media, radial compounding, uniform flow vertical fracture, isotropy, moniliform reservoir type. The target well Jingu 3 belongs to moniliform reservoir type. 4.Through recognition and re-evaluation of the treatment effect and technologic limitations of acidizing, acid fracturing and gelled acidizing in the past, based on the sufficient survey and study of hydraulic fracturing home and abroad, combined with comprehensive formation study of target well, we launched the study of the optimization of hydraulic fracturing technique, forming the principal clue and commensurable mating technology aimed at clay carbonate formation, whose targets are preventing leak off, preventing sand bridge, preventing embedment, controlling fracture height, forming long fracture. 5. Recognition of stimulation effect evaluation.

北京石花洞滴水沉积的季节变化及影响因素

Because of the high resolution, stalagmite laminae can play an important role in the paleoclimate reconstructions. However, few investigations for the formation mechanisms of stalagmite lamilae have been done. Based on two-year observation on calcite growth rate at the drip sites, three-year monitoring of hydrodynamics, physics and chemistry of drip waters at different drip sites and the surrounding environments inside and outside the Beijing Shihua Cave, the seasonal variations of calcite growth rate are revealed and the results can be concluded as follows: 1. The drip waters inside the Cave are mostly sourced from the summer rain, and its minimal response-time to the atmospheric precipitation is less than one day. There are three types of response relationships between the precipitation and the drip rate variations: rapid response type, time-lag response type and stable response type. For rapid response type, the drip discharge is recharged through the flow routes along intensive fractures and interconnectivities; for time-lag response type, the drip discharge is recharged by double-porosity system composed of a high conductivity, low storage capability conduit network and a low-conductivity high-storage capability rock matrix under variable boundary conditions; for stable response type, the drip discharge is mainly recharged by seepage flow and base flow. 2. The observation shows that, inside the Cave, the growth rate of calcite is generally lower in rainy seasons and higher in dry seasons. During the rainy seasons, the drip water is characterized by a lower pH value, higher [Ca2+], [Mg2+], [SO42-] and electrical conductivity (EC) values. According to the calculations of saturation index of calcite (SIc), pCO2 of the drip water, as well as the synthetical analysis of other possible factors, the calcite growth rate is found to be principally influenced by the drip water saturation index of calcite (SIc). And the drip rate and pCO2 in the drip water and in the cave air play the secondly important roles in this process. The recharge mode of heavy rainfall events in the rainy seasons should probably be the main driving force that controls the physicochemical properties and calcite sediment of the drip waters. The abrupt decrease of sedimentary rate and the sharp peak of DOC in drip water in the rainy season probably forms the thin opaque (luminescent under ultraviolet radiation) layers observed in the stalagmites, whereas the relatively higher sedimentary rate in the dry seasons may be responsible for the thicker bright layers. The investigation elucidated here preliminarily reveals the formation mechanism of the stalagmite laminae in Beijing Shihua Cave.

东北四海龙湾玛珥湖啊1500年来长链烯酮不饱和度温标与古水温重建

The alkenone unsaturation paleothermometer is an important proxy to reconstruct water temperature, and is widely applied to reconstructing sea surface temperature in most oceanographic settings. Recent research indicates that long chain alkenone is preserved in lacustrine sediments, and the alkenone unsaturation has good relationship with mean annual temperature in studied lakes. Thus, the alkenone unsaturation could be used as a temperature proxy to reconstruct temperature in limnic systems. In this study, we analyzed long chain alkenone from the varved sediments in Lake Sihailongwan, northeastern China. Based on the counting varves, we established time scale during the past 1500 years. The distribution pattern in the sediment is similar with the previous study in lacustrine environment. The ratio of C37:4 methyl ketone to the sum of C37 alkenones is high. Based on the published temperature- alkenone unsaturation equation, we reconstructed the mean air temperature and July water temperature during the past 1500 years. Three major cold periods are in AD560-950, AD 1540-1600 and AD1800-1920. Three major warm periods are AD450-550, AD 950-1400 and AD 1600-1800. The Medieval Warm Period was a significant warm periods. However, the traditional “Little Ice Age” was not a persistent cold period, and interrupted by relative longer warm period. The temperature variations in this study show a general similar pattern with the summer temperature reconstruction from Shihua Cave and the winter temperature from historical documents. The temperature variations from long chain alknone record show a good agreement with solar activity (10Be data from ice core and sunspot number from tree rings). It may suggest that solar activity is most important forcing in the studied area.

塔里木盆地奥陶系不整合面岩溶作用特征与油气储层研究

Based on the principle and methods of carbonate sedimentology and reservoir geology, and guided by the theories of carbonate reservoir geology, the palaeokarst of Ordovician carbonate rocks in Tarim Basin has been comprehensively studied with multiple methods from different branches of geology. It is indicated that the features and distribution of palaeokarstification have developed in Ordovician carbonates. The controlling of karstification to Ordovician carbonate reservoirs has been discussed. Regional distribution of carbonate reservoirs controlled by karstification has been predicted within this basin. The main consents and conclusions of the this dissertation is as follows: Nine key indicators to the recognition of palaeokarst are proposed in terms of careful observation upon the well cores, lithological and geochemical analyses, and drilling and logging responses to the karst caves and fractures. The time and environment of cave filling are documented from careful research of lithofacies, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the physical and chemical fillings within karst caves. The caves in Ordovician carbonates were filled in Early Carboniferous in Lunnan area. The muddy filling in upper caves was deposited under subaerial fresh-water setting, while the muddy filling in lower caves was formed in the mixed water body of fresh-water and dominated sea water. Although most chemical fillings are suggested being precipated in the burial diagenetic environment after karstification but mineralogic and geochemical characteristics of some chemical fillings indicates they formed in meteoric environment during the karstification. It is obvious that the palaeokarst has been zoned in vertical profile. It can be divided into four units from top to bottom: surface karst, vadose karst, phreatic and tranquil flow zones. Between two types of limestone karst and dolostone karst are firstly differentiated in Tarim Basin, based on the comparison of features of each karst zone in limestone and dolostone regions. In Tabei area, the lowest depth of karstification is approximately 300 m below the Upper Ordovician unconformity interface, while the bottom depth of karstification in Tazhong area ranges commonly from 300 to 400 m, in rare cases may be up to 750 m below the upper Ordovician unconformity interface. In Lunnan and Tazhong areas, the palaeokarst morphology and the surface hydrosystem are firstly reconstructed based on the top of carboniferous "Shuangfeng limestone bed (Double-Peaks limestone)" as basal. According to the palaeomorphologic feature, karst topography can be divided into three units: karst upland, karst slope, and karst valley. Vadose zone was well developed in karst upland, and it can be found in a quite depth. Both vadose and phreatic zones were well developed in karst slope and upstream valley. In downstream valley, the karstification is not strong, the vadose and phreatic zones are thin in thickness. In Tazhong and Yingmaili areas, karstification is also developed in relict carbonate palaeo-hills which existed as isolated blocks admits clastic strata.

石笋微层序列的断代和信号研究

Based on chronological and climatologic analysis of many young stalagmites in Shihua Cave at Beijing and Water Cave in Benxi, Liaoning Province, this dissertation aims to discuss some key points on quantitative reconstruction of high resolution climate change from micro bands time series in young stalagmites. On chronological aspect of micro bands time series in young stalagmite, the uppermost micro bands were testified formed in the sampling year or the year before sampling from long term and in situ experiment in Shihua Cave at Beijing. Have been observed detailed under microscope, the micro bands were counted and compared with high resolution TIMS-230Th or ICP-MS U series dating, the results show that the micro bands are annual bands. The microscopic characteristics of annual bands in North China is as follows after studying lots of young stalagmites: the interface appears to be carved, and there is a light line adjacent to it, which moves back and forth slightly when adjusting the microscope slide. The cross dating of annual bands from different stalagmites is experimented in this thesis. On climatologically aspect of micro bands times series in young stalagmites, one significant problem is that the deposition trend resulting from the variation of the stalagmite shape. Various deposition trends have been discussed and corrected before climatologically analysis of micro bands series. And the whole year in situ observation and analysis of dripping water in Shihua Cave provide us new evidence for climate information reserved in stalagmites micro bands. The stalagmites in the same cave may contain different climate information due to the micro hydrological condition. The annual bands of young stalagmites collected from North China can be used to reconstruct past climate changes quantitatively. The warm season temperature (May, June, July, August) is reconstructed using two annual bands time series from Shihua Cave, Beijing, which corresponds to the warm/cool periods very well in Chinese history documents. The precipitation record of past 500 years is reconstructed using two stalagmite annual bands series from Shihua Cave, which is consistent to the dryness/wetness records derived from historical documents too.

工程地质三维可视化技术及其工程应用研究

Study of 3D visualization technology of engineering geology and its application to engineering is a cross subject which includes geosciences, computer, software and information technology. Being an important part of the secondary theme of National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) whose name is Study of Multi-Scale Structure and Occurrence Environment of Complicated Geological Engineering Mass(No.2002CB412701), the dissertation involves the studies of key problems of 3D geological modeling, integrated applications of multi-format geological data, effective modeling methods of complex approximately layered geological mass as well as applications of 3D virtual reality information management technology.The main research findings are listed below:Integrated application method of multi-format geological data is proposed,which has solved the integrated application of drill holes, engineering geology plandrawings, sectional drawings and cutting drawings as well as exploratory trenchsketch. Its application can provide as more as possible fundamental data for 3Dgeological modeling.A 3D surface construction method combined Laplace interpolation points withoriginal points is proposed, so the deformation of 3D model and the crossing error ofupper and lower surface of model resulted from lack of data when constructing alaminated stratum can be eliminated.3D modeling method of approximately layered geological mass is proposed,which has solved the problems of general modeling method based on the sections or points and faces when constructing terrain and concordant strata.The 3D geological model of VII dam site of Xiangjiaba hydropower stationhas been constructed. The applications of 3D geological model to the auto-plotting ofsectional drawing and the converting of numerical analysis model are also discussed.3D virtual reality information integrated platform is developed, whose mostimportant character is that it is a software platform having the functions of 3D virtualreality flying and multi-format data management simultaneously. Therefore, theplatform can load different 3D model so as to satisfy the different engineeringdemands.The relics of Aigong Cave of Longyou Stone Caves are recovered. Thereinforcement plans of 1# and 2# cave in phoenix hill also be expressed. The intuitiveexpression provided decision makers and designers a very good environment.The basic framework and specific functions of 3D geological informationsystem are proposed.The main research findings in the dissertation have been successfully applied to some important engineering such as Xiangjiaba hydropower station, a military airport and Longyou Stone Caves etc.

岩溶洞穴系统溶解有机碳的时空演化及其环境意义

洞穴次生沉积物(尤其是石笋)所包含的古环境、古气候信息是当今研究的热点，但它所包含的环境气候信息对外界的响应灵敏度如何，这是最为关注的问题。石笋的微层厚度变化及荧光强度变化是来自洞穴上覆土壤中的有机碳沉积产生的，这些有机碳是由雨季早期冲刷进入洞穴形成的微层，微层厚度变化及荧光强度变化包含了环境(植被)、气候(温度和降水量)信息，它们可作为环境、气候替代指标使用，但需要进行现代环境、气候的校正，以往研究仅从某个侧面进行研究，系统研究有机碳在岩溶洞穴系统的演化过程较少。本论文通过对四个洞穴系统(凉风洞、七星洞、将军洞和犀牛洞)的溶解有机碳及其荧光系统的研究，探讨了溶解有机碳及其荧光的演化及其对环境气候的响应，根据分析论述，得出如下几点认识： 1． 通过对四个岩溶洞穴系统中DOC浓度月际、季节、年际变化研究，洞穴滴水在春季及夏初具有较大的DOC浓度，而在秋季变化最小、浓度也是最低的。滴水点出现DOC峰值的时间不一致，有的在春季、有的则在夏初，一方面反映降水时间的提前或推迟，另一方面也反映了水在洞穴顶板内的运移途径的长短等过程。个别滴水点能在不同时间出现不同的DOC浓度峰值，可能反映了滴水点对降水的响应灵敏，或不同的径流途径在时间上的提前或推迟，水动力条件的不同造成滴水补给源运移路径的差异应该是产生滴水点DOC浓度具有多个峰值的原因。由于洞穴次生沉积物在DOC的参与下形成，季节性的DOC高浓度产生较厚微层，但对降水敏感的滴水点可能产生了不同厚度的微层，不仅具有季节性微层，可能还能产生降水模式的微层。 2． 洞穴系统中溶解有机碳和荧光的空间变化分析上，得出溶解有机碳浓度在各个洞穴系统中纵向和横向上是有变化的。在滴水中滴水点间DOC浓度也有空间变化，而洞穴之间变化差异不明显，可能与土壤有机碳进入洞穴的运移途径有关；在土壤水中溶解有机碳浓度空间变化能反映了土壤有机碳的来源，即表层50cm以上的土壤层是输入土壤的有机碳主要来源。 3． 根据三维荧光光谱，四个岩溶洞穴系统的DOC的荧光类型可分为三个范围，即类富里酸、类蛋白和紫外类富里酸、类腐殖酸、类蛋白的混合荧光类型。在其它洞穴滴水的研究中未发现类腐殖酸类型的荧光峰，四个洞穴系统滴水中也不具有该类型荧光峰。在与植被类型的联系上反映出森林植被下的荧光波长变化较小，而土壤覆盖较连续的荧光强度较稳定。 4． 荧光波长的变化，反映了输入滴水中有机碳物质类型的差异，即有机碳在空间分布上的不均匀性和植被差异导致荧光波长的变化。从土壤水到洞穴滴水，溶解有机碳与荧光强度具有很好的线性相关性，表明洞穴滴水溶解有机碳是土壤有机碳运移至滴水中；土壤有机碳运移过程沿运移途径产生一系列变化，滴水DOC浓度低于土壤溶解有机碳一个数量级。土壤水DOC在将军洞的荧光强度除受外界因素影响，还受到内滤效应导致DOC浓度与荧光的强度线性关系不明显。在溶解有机碳和荧光的空间变化关系上，应联系表层环境对它们的影响，对它们充分认识才能得出合理的空间变化推论。 5． 荧光强度在洞穴滴水的变化趋势，一方面反映表层环境的变化，另一方面可能因水动力条件的不同，产生荧光性物质滤除效应，在DOC浓度变化较小的将军洞表现得最突出。在季节性水流输入的凉风洞和犀牛洞、和有滴水长期输入的七星洞和将军洞塘水，前三个洞穴塘水溶解有机碳及其荧光强度都明显高于滴水的，而后一洞穴塘水的低于滴水的，可能洞内蒸发作用对后者影响小，这样洞穴次生沉积除以表层环境的影响，其洞内环境的变化也可能是影响它的一个因素，但相对于表层环境变化，洞内的变化是微小的。 6． 从四个洞穴系统DOC变化来看，DOC浓度变化对植被类型变化不是很灵敏。从原生性喀斯特森林→灌丛草坡→灌草丛→刺丛草坡的岩溶洞穴系统，虽然土壤水DOC浓度变化较大，反映了输入土壤的及土壤中有机碳的分解难易程度，但在洞穴滴水中DOC浓度变化不是很明显，都显示相近的浓度水平。由于输入土壤的有机碳更新周期长，在水运移过程中受不同时间段降解的有机碳溶解，且来源不同的有机碳混合程度不同，导致不能很好地反映当年输入的有机碳的含量变化，应该是造成洞穴滴水DOC浓度不能很好区分植被类型的原因。 7． DOC浓度变化响应于降水量，也响应于气温。春夏季，当降水量达到一定雨量值(如有效降水量)时，入渗的雨水使表层有机物质溶入土壤水中，土壤水下渗到洞穴滴水中后，滴水DOC浓度较大，荧光强度也较大。降水对DOC浓度有稀释作用，是造成部分月份DOC浓度下降的原因。在7月份以前洞穴滴水DOC就已达到最大浓度，在8～10月份因气温高、降水量偏少，可能对微生物有抑制作用，造成其分解有机碳活动减弱，导致DOC浓度变化差异小。这反映了洞穴滴水DOC浓度与气候关系比较密切，进一步证实利用洞穴次生沉积物微层的厚度变化来反映气候变化是可行的，至少可以作为一个辅助指标来运用。 8． DOC及其荧光受多种因素影响，我们分析了pH、HCO3-、SIC、PPCO2、洞穴盖层厚度和岩石的溶解对它们的影响。分析表明洞穴盖层厚度和Ca2+、Mg2+离子浓度变化对它们的影响较大，pH变化范围小，认为它对DOC及其荧光的影响较小；HCO3-、SIC和PPCO2与DOC和荧光强度分别具有一些较好的线性关系(置信度=90%)，但总的趋势是线性关系不显著，这表明了HCO3-、SIC和PPCO2与DOC和荧光强度联系不明显，指出它们只是影响DOC及其荧光强度的一个次要因素，并不是主要因素。洞穴盖层厚度影响洞穴滴水DOC及其荧光，表明在应用洞穴次生沉积物记录指标反演洞穴环境变化的研究过程中，对于次生沉积物形成点的发生在洞穴顶板内的水文地化学过程应该有一个清晰的了解，才有可能获取完整、正确的信息。

喀斯特洞穴系统中稳定同位素地球化学特征及其环境意义

洞穴次生化学沉积物作为探索区域性、全球性气候变化规律和环境变迁史最重要的“信息库”之一，取得了不少有价值的研究成果。但同时，随着高分辨、短时间尺度气候-环境变化记录研究的开展与数据的进一步积累，也发现此类研究目前存在着一些问题与局限性。事实上，洞穴次生化学沉积物环境替代指标的形成经历了一系列复杂的过程，包含的影响因数相对较多。总的来说，其形成过程从大气降雨开始，穿越土壤层、洞穴盖板层到洞穴内滴水中CO2逸出、过饱和的CaCO3结晶和水中携带的不溶物沉淀。其中在不同的气候与环境条件下水与各层（如土壤层、表层喀斯特和潜水带等）中媒介之间发生的物理化学过程决定了环境替代指标的真实涵义。但目前有关这些替代指标的形成过程及其影响因子、适用性等方面的研究工作相当薄弱，尽管包括本文作者所在课题组在内的一些学者已认识到这一工作的重要性，零星做了一点工作，但还无法形成系统的认识。 在我国西南部，缺少类似我国北方的巨厚黄土堆积，但岩溶发育，且连片分布，其面积居世界首位（东亚喀斯特片区的中心）。因此，在该地区气候环境变迁史研究中，环境记录“档案”——洞穴次生化学沉积物在该方面所起的作用具有与北方黄土一样的重要意义。该研究为利用洞穴次生化学沉积物的地球化学特征恢复古生态环境意义的研究奠定坚实的理论基础。基于此，我们选择我国西南喀斯特发育最为典型的贵州作为研究区域，通过对分布于境内不同地方100多个洞穴进行实地考察和综合评判之后，筛选出一个系列的4个喀斯特洞穴作为研究对象，分别选取一定数量采样点进行采样。在前人研究的基础上，更加深入系统地对该4个洞穴系统中的稳定同位素（碳和氧同位素）进行研究。 分别系统地采集了4个洞穴系统中的大气、植物、土壤、土壤空气、土壤水、基岩、泉水、洞穴滴水、洞穴空气、塘水、潭水和滴水对应的洞穴次生化学沉积物等，现场测试pH值、电导率（Cond.）和气温（T）等，室内分别测试了稳定同位素和其他相关指标（如各种离子浓度等），以期开展不同生态环境条件下正在形成的洞穴次生化学沉积物及其对应的洞穴滴水的地球化学特征的比较研究，揭示它们对气候环境变化的响应机制，即稳定同位素等洞穴次生化学沉积物环境替代指标的现代形成过程以及各种影响因子。 本研究主要取得以下几点认识： 1. 虽然缺乏同气候、等海拔和生物量在10~90 t/hm2之间的植被序列洞穴的对比，以及对土壤有机质和土壤微生物活性等的相关试验研究，但根据分析仍可获知，洞穴化学次生沉积物的碳同位素的生物量效应是由植物碳同位素及土壤CO2微生物分馏作用机制共同制约。也就是说，洞穴沉积物碳同位素信号所反映的信息包括植被碳同位素组成及其生物量所控制的土壤性质（如微生物等），并不一定指示地表植被的C3/C4比例变化，甚至也不一定指示乔、灌、草的比例，当然也不仅仅是植被覆盖变化的简单体现。总之，生物量效应在横向上是存在的，它至少部分控制着洞穴化学次生沉积物碳同位素的变化，在对石笋等碳同位素的高分辨率解译过程中是不容忽视的。其机理可能是，生物量的大小控制土壤性质（营养和含水量等），进而激发或抑制土壤微生物群落的生长和发育，从而影响土壤有机质的分解过程最终导致次生沉积物δ13C值的变化。 2. 贵州喀斯特地区δ13CSOC与源植物的δ13C差值最大达8‰以上，其主要受土壤水热条件、质地和pH值控制。由此可见，δ13CSOC动态总体上反映了植被破坏历史。不过由于未进行具体年限测定，植被受破坏的具体时间未知。因此，今后除了需对SOC含量等问题进行系统的研究外，14C定年以及喀斯特地区更多土壤剖面等的工作也有待进一步开展。 3. 洞穴水在下渗过程中普遍发生了混合作用，致使从上（地表）到下（洞穴）δ13CDIC值变化幅度变小。除了QXD和JJD中δ13CDIC值偏重的滴水外，基岩对滴水碳同位素组成的影响都相对较小，而各洞穴中滴水（沉积物）等碳同位素组成与洞穴上覆植被等有关，是生态环境的真实记录。LFD中各种洞穴水δ13CDIC值之间基本上都达到或接近同位素平衡，且与洞穴系统的生态环境有很好的相关关系（非常显著的时间变化）；QXD和JJD之间的洞穴水（除土壤水外）δ13CDIC动态极为相似，即同一洞穴同期不同滴水点滴水δ13CDIC存在很大差异，可能与上覆土壤受到严重破坏导致基岩贡献率相对较高有关，而其中的几个滴水与相应沉积物的同位素不平衡可能是沉积速率太慢或沉积间断所致；XND尽管土壤水与JJD的有相似的特征，但其洞穴滴水平均δ13CDIC之间基本一致且与相应沉积物接近同位素平衡。因此，4个洞穴中，LFD可能是最为适合进行高分辨率和短时间尺度（如季节甚至月份）研究的洞穴。另外，对于文中出现的滴水（上）δ13CDIC偏重于滴水（下）的现象以及土壤中水气平衡的影响因素等还有待今后进一步研究。 4. 研究的4个洞穴系统大气降雨尽管主要受东亚季风控制，但来源不完全一致，还不同程度地受西南夏季风等影响。LFD和QXD受东亚季风影响程度相对高于XND和JJD，西南季风的影响程度恰好相反。 5. 尽管地表蒸发作用对表层（10cm以上）土壤水δ18O有一定的控制作用，但是较深（如10cm以下）土壤水基本不受影响；同位素示踪结果显示，土壤水和洞穴滴水对大气降水均有响应，但响应时间不一，可能与上覆物质（植被、土壤和基岩等）结构构造等控制的水文学特征和有效大气降水量等有关；喀斯特土壤的高度异质性导致土壤水运移机制的不同，从而影响混合作用的过程，最终导致洞穴系统同期土壤水δ18O存在一定差异；雨水在下渗过程中的不同来源水混合作用，是不同类型水δ18O时间上变化幅度不同的主要原因；同一洞穴不同滴水δ18O之间的差异可能与水文学特征不同有关；水化学性质（如SIC）控制沉积物的沉积过程从而影响同位素平衡。 由此可见，利用研究的4个洞穴系统中洞穴次生化学沉积物中氧同位素恢复和重建古降水量的高分辨率短时间变化是可行的。但我们也应注意到，在利用洞穴次生化学沉积物恢复和重建古降水量之前有必要寻找合适的方法（如利用Hendy法则等）判断是否达到同位素平衡。不是所有点沉积物都真实地记录着滴水（大气降水）同位素信号的，尤其在QXD和JJD中，一半左右的滴水点沉积物没有达到同位素平衡。这些均显示出在高分辨率短时间尺度古气候研究中，了解沉积物的形成过程对于准确解译洞穴过去环境变化具有重要意义。

贵州凉风洞石笋的古气侯记录与古生态环境意义

自20世纪60年代以来，探索全球性气候变化规律和环境变迁史的研究工作在世界各国广泛开展。大规模的深海岩芯的研究、中国北方黄土的系统研究、大型湖泊沉积岩芯的研究及对树木年轮、泥炭、珊瑚、冰芯等“自然环境历史档案”开展的研究工作，都为重建古气候和古生态环境提供了大量的资料。洞穴化学沉积物（石笋）由于其特有的微层结构及其内的稳定氧、碳同位素和微量元素所蕴含的古气候与古生态环境信息，并且具有分布广、时间长、信息保存完整等特点，因此，它是研究地球环境变化很好的自然环境历史档案。本论文通过对凉风洞洞穴体系的综合研究和对凉风洞石笋（微层）生长特征及石笋的碳、氧稳定同位素组成的研究，系统探讨了贵州凉风洞石笋的古气候记录和古生态环境意义，得出以下主要结论：1，地表植被的类型及生物量等信息可综合反映于洞穴体系的不同组．分（气样、土样、水样）中。而洞穴的水动力条件也能很好的被洞穴滴水中所含微量（常量）元素记录。根据分析，洞穴综合体系对外界气候与生态环境的响应关系存在一定规律性。通过对比说明，我们所选的凉风洞基岩的溶蚀和缓冲对水体中的信息影响不大，即洞穴滴水较好的继承了土壤水所携带的地表气候与生态环境信息，是理想的研究对象。2．凉风洞石笋具有多个沉积旋回，不同沉积旋回的纹层组合及纹层结构存在一定的差异，指示不同的沉积环境。根据年龄数据判断，旋回①至旋回⑧之间年龄跨度为1570-8000 aBP，以呈缓平顶（柱）对称叠复状的沉积形态组合为主，示洞顶滴水量较大，滴水点相对稳定，且均匀，与全新世较为稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律相一致。旋回⑧以下至底部石葡萄状沉积物之上部分之间年龄跨度为8000-14220 aBP，期间经历末次冰期晚期向全新世大暖期过渡，受诸如新仙女木事件（Younger Dryas）等的影响，气候变化幅度大，且经历多次反复，石笋生长的沉积学特征表现为斜锥（柱）、尖顶锥不对称叠复纹层组合，示洞顶滴水水量较小但变化较大，且洞穴滴水不稳（固）定。与此时间段内不稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律也相一致。3．凉风洞石笋上段微层具有典型南方石笋微层发育的特性：微层发育较差，层面多弯曲，层间界面模糊等。下段因为沉积间断较多、风化层面厚及受到若干时段内碳酸钙重结晶而导致晶体穿插层位生长的影响，尽管在某些层位有微层发育，但无法对石笋微层作连续观察记录。根据高精度的石笋TIMS、ICP-MS测年数据和在显微镜下所数石笋微层数量的对比，扣除若干个沉积间断及风化层导致的微层缺失，以及显微镜下肉眼对细小微层计数的误差，我们认为，凉风洞石笋微层是年生长层的可能性较大。4，由于部分测年数据仍在测试中，目前无法精确控制石笋中沉积间断的存在导致的信息缺失，因此，我们仅仅根据部分石笋测年数据，建立了凉风洞石笋在不同时段的生长速率。全新世以来石笋的生长速率在22μm／yr-51μm／yr之间，明显高于末次冰期晚期向全新世过渡这一时间段内的石笋生长速率（16μm／yr）。这些数据间接印证了石笋生长响应于外界气候，尤其是降雨的变化。5．通过对洞穴体系的综合分析对比，我们判断凉风洞洞穴综合体系相对完整，洞穴化学沉积物的6先值较为直接的响应了土壤c压的61t值变化，即反映了地表的植被（c3植物和c；植物）的组成状况。贵州地区降雨80％集中在5-10月份，在此期间，基本受西南季风和东亚季风所控制。西南季风盛行时贵州各地的降雨频繁，是一年中雨量最集中的时期，在东亚季风影响时期，贵州多晴少雨，往往形成干早的天气。又西南季风控制区大气降雨创的值的加权平均值明显低于东亚季风控制区大气降雨δ18O值的加权平均值。因此，贵州地区年均降雨量和年均降雨δ18O值主要取决于西南（印度洋）季风的强弱：西南季风加强，降雨量增加，年均降雨剐、值偏负；西南季风减弱，降雨量减少，年均降雨δ18O值偏正。洞穴滴水的6旧O值变化基本继承了大气降水的别勿值变化。因此，对地处我国西南地区贵州南部的凉风洞，源于洞穴滴水的凉风洞石笋的别勺值变化直接响应了外界的大气降雨量的变化和西南季风与东亚季风相互的强弱交替。6．对凉风洞石笋碳、氧同位素组成的时间序列曲线作20点移动平均，发现，特别是进入全新世后，石笋的引3c值和扩、值几乎具有完全一致的同步变化，只是在变化幅度上在某些时段存在差异。说明在凉风洞石笋反映的14220-1570 aBP时间段内，尤其是10500-1570 aBP期间，本区域气候具有雨热（或干冷）同期的气候特征：在气温较高时间段，西南季风增强，气候湿润多雨，更有利于地表。植物的生长。气温降低时，随着东亚季风增强，西南季风减弱，气候干旱少雨，地表C；植物的生长占有一定的比例。据此重建和恢复了本地区14220-1570 aBP期间的古气候和古生态环境：（1）．14220-10500aBP，处于末次冰期晚期，气温较低。凉风洞石笋此时段的司、值都大于-9.8‰，最小值为-9.31‰，最大值达-7.290‰，平均值为-8.552‰。说明凉风洞洞穴地表的生长植被。植物占有一定的组分，石笋的δ18C值受C3植物和C4植物的共同影响。此时段内石笋6、值也存在一定的波动（-5.651‰－6.942‰），考虑到末次冰期晚期先全新世过渡期间气温变幅较大，O'Neil等（1969）所建立的氧同位素平衡分馏方程中的温度变化已不能忽略，并且大气降雨的温度效应作用也比较明显，因此我们对此时段的季风和大气降雨量的变化不作讨论。（2）. 10500-9300 aBP，新仙女木事件结束，进入全新世，气温逐渐回升。凉风洞石笋此时段的扩3c值大都小于-9.8‰，最小值为-10.377‰，最大值为-9.267‰，平均值为-9.910‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被已逐渐由C3植物占主导。此时段石笋δ18C值明显卜降，最小值为-7.420‰，最大值为-6.077‰，平均值为-6.854‰。反映在全新世早期夏季风盛行，降雨量较大，西南季风对本地区全年降雨贡献率大。（3）．9300-8300 aBP，经历一段明显温度波动变化。仟3c值在-9.8‰上下波动，最小值为-10.155‰，最大值为-9.096‰，平均值为-9.712‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被C4植物所占比例存在反复。此时段石笋岁a0值变化幅度不是很大，最小值为-6.796‰，最大值为-6.260‰，平均值为-6.490‰。受冬季风影响，夏季风有一定的减弱，总体降雨量一般，东亚季风对本地区全年降雨贡献率比全新世初期有所增大。（4）．8300-3l000BP，俗称全新世大暖期，此时段全球气温明显回升，石笋δ18C值总体逐渐降低，最小值为-n．926编，平均值为-10.496‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被基本由C3植物所控制。但在扩飞值总体逐渐降低的趋势一F，也存在若干扩3c值明显增大时段，如7700-6700 aBP时段，61七值最大值达-8.110‰，地表C4植物所占比例已不能忽略。此时段石笋6150值变化幅度较大，最小值为-7.373‰，最大值为-5.047‰，平均值为-6.261‰。反映在全新世大暖期的大背景下西南季风和东亚季风的交替以及大气降雨量的变化存在较大的波动，说明了季风气候的不稳定性。（5）．3100-1570 aBP，在3100aBP前后，凉风洞石笋的δ18C值和δ18O值均急剧上升，标志进入晚全新世。此时段气温变幅很大，δ18C值总体虽然仍偏低，平均值为-10.275‰，但刻畜介于-6.495-12.097‰之间；δ18C值平均值为-6.184‰，变幅介于-4.677-8.65‰之间，均超过以往任何时段。此时段凉风洞洞穴地表植被基本上仍然由C。植物所控制，始于3100 aBP的急速降温事件使得在全新世晚期开始时段C4植物所占比例有一定的上升。此时段内西南季风和东亚季风反复多次交替，大气降雨量存在较大幅度的变化，说明了季风气候在此时段的很不稳定性。对于169于巧70 oBP百年时间段内石笋的δ18C值和司、值巨大幅度的急剧升高，有待进一步研究，也不排除石笋表层长期裸露受外界污染所致。

岩溶洞穴系统稳定碳同位素演化的地球化学过程及其环境意义

稳定碳同位素作为环境替代指标己经在不同的载体上得到了广泛运用，例如树轮。泥炭、碳酸盐岩等。目前岩溶学者也逐渐开始运用洞穴次生化学沉积物中的稳定碳同位素探讨古气候环境的变迁史，例如植被的更替、大气CO。的浓度变化等。然而由于缺乏该指标在岩溶洞穴系统中形成机理的研究，使得该环境替代指标的运用非常有限。本论文在贵州岩溶地区选择了上覆植被分别为原始森林。灌丛草坡、草坡和石漠化的凉风洞、七星们、犀牛洞、将军们作为研究对象，对岩溶洞穴系统稳定碳同位素的时空演化规律进行了详细的分析，得出以下几点认识：一．洞穴系统稳定碳同位素对地表气候环境的响应通过对4个不同生境洞穴系统的研究，认为洞穴系统稳定碳同位素可以很好地将原始森林植被同其它植被类型区分开；但是不能很好地区分植被退化的过渡类型如灌丛、草坡以及石漠化等。表明石笋的δ13C值在一定情况下可以用来探讨地表植被的变化。但要做更精确的反演需要在加深机理方面的研究。通过同一洞穴不同滴水点的对比研究，发现不同滴水点沉积物的稳定碳同位素存在差异，并且差异还比较大。表明用石笋的δ13C值对古气候环境进行重建时需要慎重考虑滴水点的详细情况。在这种情况下，应该对稳定碳同位素的地球化学过程进行详细研究，尤其应该结合水化学数据对水的运移途径进行深入研究，才能合理地运用稳定碳同位素对洞顶的植被情况进行正确的反演。洞穴滴水和塘中水DICδ13C值和月累积降雨量成相反的变化趋势；地表泉水、土壤水DICδ13C值。土壤CO2、土壤呼吸δ13C值和月累积降雨量的变化在多数时候具有一致的变化趋势。总体而言，洞穴系统水样DICδ13C值对月平均气温的响应不是很明显。只有洞穴塘中水DICδ13C值和月平均气温成相反的变化规律；土壤呼吸CO2δ13C值对月均温响应较为明显：月平均温度越高，土壤呼吸CO2δ13C值越偏轻，反映了温度较高的时候土壤层中的生物活动较强烈。二．岩溶洞穴系统稳定碳同位素的时间演化犀牛洞、将军洞。七星洞10月份植被δ13C值样品的δ13C值比7月份样品的δ13C值偏重。犀牛洞和将军洞土壤空气CO。的δ13C值在8月份出现了一个峰值，以前在清镇红枫湖生态站草地土壤剖面所作的工作8月份的值也同样偏重。在6月份时，凉风洞和七星洞存在一个较为明显的低值，与微生物和植物的强烈呼吸作用有关。土壤呼吸气CO2的δ13C值在6月份出现了明显的低值，和土壤CO。的变化趋势一致。4个洞穴空气CO2的δ13C值在8、9月份有一个低值。七星洞和外界的连通性最好，其洞穴空气CO2δ13C值随时间的变化最不明显，而凉风洞与夕十界的连通性最差，洞穴空气CO2δ13C值的变化幅度最大。土壤水DIC的δ13C值8月份存在一个峰值，在9月份的时候存在一个低值。七星洞地表泉水DIC的δ13C值自6月份开始有逐渐偏重的趋势，到8月份达到一个不甚明显的峰，这个峰值在凉风洞的表层泉中也略有体现。和土壤水比较，地表泉水的不同点在于低值不出现在9月份，而是出现在10月份，相对而言滞后1个月。原因可能是表层泉水所到达的深度比土壤水深；土壤强烈呼吸作用的响应要比土壤水慢。各个洞穴的滴7RDICδ13C值随时间退推移出现了不同的变化规律，可能与滴水的来源和途径不同有关。4个洞穴塘中水DIC的δ13C值统一在7月份达到了最低值；之后DIC的δ13C值逐渐偏重。三．岩溶洞穴系统稳定碳同位素的空间演化植被样不同部位的δ13C值总体上逐渐偏重的顺序是皮一叶一枝一根～干，说明植物不同部位的稳定碳同位素存在差异。随着凉风洞一七星洞一犀牛4同一将军洞的顺序，植被δ13C值逐渐变重；反映了地表植被由C3植物向C3＋C4植物的过渡，指示了生态环境由原始森林→石漠化方向的退化。土壤有机碳的δ13C值基本继承地表植物δ13C值的特征。没有发生植被更替上壤剖面上有机碳的δ13C值随着深度的增加逐渐偏重；植被发生了变化的土壤剖面则可能出现与正常规律相反的变化情况。土壤剖面上CO2的δ13C值自地表；句下逐渐变轻，在一定深度后大致趋于稳定；土壤呼吸CO2δ13C值位于土壤CO2δ13C值的变化范围；土壤呼吸CO2δ13C值的变化规律和植被δ13C值的变化在空间上具有一致性。土壤水DIC的δ13C值比土壤CO2值偏重；泉水DIC的δ13C值比土壤水DIC的δ13C值偏重，原因是泉水可能己经渗入到基岩层之后再出露到地表，已经混入了部分基岩无机碳的成分。四个研究洞穴系统盖板基岩的δ13C值变化范围大约在2－3‰之间。凉风洞和犀牛洞不同滴水点滴水的δ13C值相对比较稳定，七星们和将军洞的变化比较大。洞穴塘中水DIC的δ13C值和洞穴滴水相比明显偏重，原因为洞穴塘中水经历了强烈的蒸发作用；满后水比滴前水整体偏重。从洞日往内洞穴空气CO2的δ13C值逐渐偏轻，并且洞穴空气CO2δ13C值继承了洞穴水样DICδ13C值的变化趋势。洞穴化学次生沉积物的δ13值：同一个洞穴中不同滴水点化学沉积物的δ13C值存在差异，但是和滴水DIC的δ13C值相对应，反映了沉积物δ13C值对洞穴滴水DICδ13C值的继承，沉积物δ13C值比滴水DICδ13C值偏重。最新鲜沉积物和比较老的沉积物之间的对比偏轻1-2‰，沉积物中的δ13C值有可能发生沉积期后的变化。