Physics: IB Diploma Programme.

Esta guía contiene una revisión de todos los temas de física para el Programa del Diploma de Bachillerato Internacional (IB Diploma). Los temas del libro son: medidas experimentales y la evaluación interna, cinemática, fuerzas y movimiento, proyectiles, el movimiento armónico simple, ondas, el fenómeno de la onda, física térmica, termodinámica, corrientes eléctricas, el campo y el potencial, inducción electromagnética, física atómica y nuclear, fuentes de energía, radiación solar y el efecto greenhouse, el cambio climático, tecnologías para reducir el cambio climático, energías renovables, el poder nuclear, tecnología digital, astrofísica, comunicaciones, ondas electromagnéticas.

Physics: Cambridge IGCSE Coursebook.

Este libro ha sido escrito específicamente para el Cambridge IGCSE en la asignatura de enseñanza secundaria de física. Los temas del libro son: midiendo la longitud y el volumen, calculando la aceleración, masa, peso y gravedad, el momento de una fuerza, la ley de Hooke, conservación de la energía, la energía que nosotros usamos, las fuerzas y la teoría cinética, la temperatura, radiación, física de las ondas, electricidad y magnetismo, los campos magnéticos, la corriente en circuitos eléctricos, las fuerzas electromagnéticas, el átomo nuclear, radioactividad.

Introduction. Stochastic physics and climate modelling

Finite computing resources limit the spatial resolution of state-of-the-art global climate simulations to hundreds of kilometres. In neither the atmosphere nor the ocean are small-scale processes such as convection, clouds and ocean eddies properly represented. Climate simulations are known to depend, sometimes quite strongly, on the resulting bulk-formula representation of unresolved processes. Stochastic physics schemes within weather and climate models have the potential to represent the dynamical effects of unresolved scales in ways which conventional bulk-formula representations are incapable of so doing. The application of stochastic physics to climate modelling is a rapidly advancing, important and innovative topic. The latest research findings are gathered together in the Theme Issue for which this paper serves as the introduction.

Quantifying the effects of perturbing the physics of an interactive sulfur scheme using an ensemble of GCMs on the climateprediction.net platform

Aerosols from anthropogenic and natural sources have been recognized as having an important impact on the climate system. However, the small size of aerosol particles (ranging from 0.01 to more than 10 μm in diameter) and their influence on solar and terrestrial radiation makes them difficult to represent within the coarse resolution of general circulation models (GCMs) such that small-scale processes, for example, sulfate formation and conversion, need parameterizing. It is the parameterization of emissions, conversion, and deposition and the radiative effects of aerosol particles that causes uncertainty in their representation within GCMs. The aim of this study was to perturb aspects of a sulfur cycle scheme used within a GCM to represent the climatological impacts of sulfate aerosol derived from natural and anthropogenic sulfur sources. It was found that perturbing volcanic SO2 emissions and the scavenging rate of SO2 by precipitation had the largest influence on the sulfate burden. When these parameters were perturbed the sulfate burden ranged from 0.73 to 1.17 TgS for 2050 sulfur emissions (A2 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)), comparable with the range in sulfate burden across all the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change SRESs. Thus, the results here suggest that the range in sulfate burden due to model uncertainty is comparable with scenario uncertainty. Despite the large range in sulfate burden there was little influence on the climate sensitivity, which had a range of less than 0.5 K across the ensemble. We hypothesize that this small effect was partly associated with high sulfate loadings in the control phase of the experiment.