Efeito de instruções e de treino parental sobre comportamentos observados em cuidadores e em crianças com câncer durante sessão de punção venosa para quimioterapia ambulatorial

Os procedimentos invasivos recorrentes no tratamento do câncer na criança têm-se mostrado o momento de maior sofrimento tanto para o paciente quanto para o cuidador. Durante estes procedimentos, como no caso da punção venosa, grande parte das crianças apresenta reações caracterizadas como distresse comportamental. Intervenções comportamentais têm sido desenvolvidas com o objetivo de diminuir este distresse, podendo utilizar como agentes os próprios cuidadores das crianças. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos de instrução e de treino parental sobre comportamentos observados em cuidadores e em crianças com diagnóstico de câncer durante procedimento de punção venosa em ambulatório. Foram selecionados nove cuidadores de crianças em tratamento quimioterápico em um hospital especializado em Belém-PA. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados: Roteiro de entrevista, Questionário Sociodemográfico, Instrumento de Avaliação das Relações Familiares (Parental Bonding Instrument [PBI]), Child Behavior Checklist (CBLC), Protocolo de observação direta dos comportamentos da criança e do cuidador, Escala de Avaliação Comportamental, Manual de orientação para cuidadores sobre punção venosa em crianças e Protocolo de treino parental. Os participantes foram submetidos a uma dentre três condições: (1) Rotina, (2) Manual de Orientação ou (3) Treino Parental. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista e de quatro sessões de observação direta do comportamento. Os comportamentos das crianças foram classificados como concorrentes e não concorrentes. Os comportamentos dos cuidadores foram classificados como monitoria positiva, monitoria negativa e negligência. Os resultados sugerem que, na Condição Rotina, os participantes (cuidadores) não variaram seus comportamentos ao longo das sessões, com dois participantes mantendo alta frequência de comportamentos negligentes e um participante mantendo monitoria positiva. Na Condição Manual, observou-se mudança de comportamento em dois cuidadores como efeito imediato à utilização do manual, mas não em longo prazo. Na Condição 3, na qual os cuidadores foram submetidos ao Protocolo de treino parental, observou-se aumento na frequência de monitoria positiva em curto e longo prazo. Com relação às crianças, os resultados indicaram maior frequência de comportamentos não concorrentes, independente da condição a que o cuidador foi submetido. A maioria dos cuidadores foi classificada no PBI com estilo parental permissivo, confirmando a literatura sobre cuidadores de crianças com doenças crônicas. Ocorreram relatos de generalização das habilidades treinadas para contextos fora do hospital. Conclui-se que o uso do manual aumentou a aquisição de conhecimentos sobre punção venosa mas não foi suficiente para a manutenção de mudança de comportamentos. Por outro lado, o uso de treino parental mostrou-se eficaz na mudança de comportamentos (a longo prazo), assim como no desenvolvimento de novas habilidades sociais. Discute-se a importância do estilo parental como fator de proteção à criança com câncer.

Descrição de dez espécies novas do gênero Neoxyphinus Birabén, 1953 da América Hispânica (Araneae, Oonopidae)

O gênero Neoxyphinus Birabén, 1953 consiste em espécies caracterizadas (dentre outros) por, nos machos, os enditos apresentam uma escavação retrolateral apical seguida por uma apófise retrolateral subapical e o palpo com o êmbolo compacto e em forma de S, com uma abertura ejaculatória ampla e circular. As fêmeas são caracterizadas pelo átrio epiginal grande e com as extremidades laterais angulares e a presença de, no máximo, dois espinhos no fêmur I. Atualmente o gênero apresenta dez espécies conhecidas para a América do Sul, sendo a maioria para o Brasil. Neste presente trabalho foram descritas dez novas espécies com ocorrência fora do território brasileiro: N. amazonicus sp. nov. da Colômbia e do Brasil, N. yekuana sp. nov., N. trujillo sp. nov., N. caribensis sp. nov. e N. andersoni sp. nov. da Venezuela, N. macuna sp. nov. e N. pure sp. nov. da Colômbia, N. inca sp. nov. do Peru, N. coca sp. nov. do Equador e N. beni da Bolívia. Para todas as espécies novas são apresentadas as descrições e as diagnoses e suas distribuições. Foram encontradas dois novos dimorfismos sexuais, em N. macuna sp. nov, com a superfície do pulmão ornamentado com projeções cuticulares e; em N. yekuana sp, nov., com a fêmea apresentando o clípeo extremamente alto em comparação com o macho. Foi encontrado também uma estrutura única na espécie N. caribensis sp. nov. que apresenta a superfície do esterno com uma crista transversal mediana em forma de arco simples e elevações nas laterais das coxas II e IV. Este trabalho esta inserido em um projeto maior, de cunho internacional, intitulado "Goblin Spider Planetary Biodiversity Inventory - The megadiverse, microdistributed spider family Oonopidae" - PBI-Oonopidae.

O Professor e as Mil Maneiras de Fazer no Cotidiano Escolar

Este artigo discute as maneiras pelas quais os professores relacionam-se com discursos que propõem inovações para a docência. Partindo das considerações de Michel de Certeau acerca das práticas de consumo cultural, questiona-se o caráter “reacionário” geralmente atribuído às práticas pedagógicas docentes, em oposição ao teor “revolucionário” que costuma ser associado aos discursos acadêmico-educacionais. O tema é discutido a partir de dados reunidos no âmbito de uma investigação etnográfica que focalizou as práticas de leitura realizadas por professoras no interior de um programa de formação continuada. Os resultados daquele estudo ressaltam a existência de especificidades na cultura do magistério que se fazem presentes nas maneiras pelas quais os professores concebem a docência e a (re)inventam no cotidiano escolar. A consideração de tais aspectos possibilita identificar certos limites para a atuação da universidade na inovação das práticas pedagógicas e no movimento atualmente em curso de profissionalização do magistério. A universidade é desafiada, pois, a criar novas formas de relacionar-se com os professores e de atuar em seu desenvolvimento profissional.

Doses de lodo de esgoto compostado em produção de tapete de grama esmeralda imperial

The efficiency of nitrogen fertilization for sod production can be increased by using slow-release sources such as sewage sludge compost, which, due to its characteristics can be a substitute of part or all inorganic fertilization for grass. No results were found for the use of sludge compost in sod production in Brazil. This study evaluated the effect of rates of sewage sludge compost on the production of zoysiagrass. Treatments consisted of five rates of composted sewage sludge compost (0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 Mg ha-1, on a dry basis), plus a treatment of inorganic fertilization (300 kg ha-1 N, 80 kg ha-1 P2O5, and 200 kg ha-1 K2O). The results indicated different mineralization rates of the organic compounds present in the sludge; 120 days after sludge application, more Mg (100 %), K (90 %) and N (67 %) has been released than S (57 %), P (40 %) and Ca (31 %). The use of composted sewage sludge for zoysiagrass adequately supplied nutrients when applied to the soil surface at rates more than 36 Mg ha-1. After sod cutting, the rates of sewage sludge compost provided a linear increase in potential soil acidity, soil contents of OM, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni, and linear decrease in pH, soil concentration of Ca and Mg and base saturation. Compost rates, increasing from 0 to 48 Mg ha-1, reduced the sod mass, reaching values of 4.0 kg/sod at the highest rate. High compost doses (36 and 48 Mg ha-1, respectively) also induced the highest resistance, with values in the order of 35 and 33 kgf.

Does fire induce flowering in Brazilian subtropical grasslands?

QuestionsWe aimed to analyse the effect of fire on flowering in subtropical grasslands, by addressing the following questions: will fire history affect flowering? If yes, do fire feedbacks influence flowering or is it just the removal of above-ground biomass? Are there differences in burned and mowed plots?LocationSubtropical grasslands in Southern Brazil (30 degrees 03S, 51 degrees 07W).MethodsWe established plots in areas with different fire histories: 30d (30 plots: five replicates), 1yr (14 replicates), 3yr (30 plots: five replicates) since the last fire, in experimentally burned and mowed plots (14 replicates each). We counted the number of flowering species, as well as the number of flowering stalks.ResultsGraminoid species flowered in highest numbers 1yr after fire, whilst forbs had more species flowering just after fire, indicating different reproductive strategies in post-fire environments. Mowing was not as efficient as fire in stimulating flowering. Finally, the different functional groups showed different flowering responses to time since last fire and to the different types of management.ConclusionsOur results show fire stimulated flowering. Although mowing can be a good alternative for maintaining plant diversity, our study showed that this practice is not as efficient as fire in stimulating flowering. However, fire season should be noted as a limiting factor to the recovery of C-3 grasses in these subtropical grasslands, and annual burns may be harmful to C-4 grasses, since they delay their flowering to the next post-fire growing season.

No periodic orbits for the type A Bianchi's systems

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aedes aegypti proliferation in stormwater retained in Best Management Practices

The present study aimed to evaluate the risk of Aedes aegypti proliferation in structures used in compensatory techniques for urban drainage (Best Management PracticesBMPs). These drainage structures are utilised to reduce flood peaks due to surface runoff, and they have been used in many countries. However, many of these structures have been designed to keep water surfaces exposed for a certain period of time, depending on the type of project. Exposed water surfaces may become an ideal environment for A. aegypti proliferation in tropical and subtropical areas where the rainy season occurs during the summer. Thus, data regarding the mosquito life cycle, consecutive rainfall pattern and emptying time of these structures were collected. A comparison of these data led to the evaluation of the associated risk of A. aegypti proliferation in BMP structures. The risk of mosquito proliferation ranged from 1.1% to 3.3%, depending on the rainfall pattern, A. aegypti life cycle phase and BMP activity.

Theses, Projects, and Africana Materials Management in Nigerian Academic Libraries: The Case of Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library

This is a survey of the procurement, organization and use of unpublished projects, theses, and Africana mateials in Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The Africana section conserves knowledge, preserves cultural heritage, provides information, and supports education and research. This paper the location, mode of processing, circulation, and terms of availability of these materials. Recommendations are made on how to manage Africana materials in academic libraries where they constitute a vital component of collections.

Impaired lung function in individuals chronically exposed to biomass combustion

Background: The use of biomass for cooking and heating is considered an important factor associated with respiratory diseases. However, few studies evaluate the amount of particulate matter less than 2.5 mu in diameter (PM2.5), symptoms and lung function in the same population. Objectives: To evaluate the respiratory effects of biomass combustion and compare the results with those of individuals from the same community in Brazil using liquefied petroleum gas (Gas). Methods: 1402 individuals in 260 residences were divided into three groups according to exposure (Gas, Indoor-Biomass, Outside-Biomass). Respiratory symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. Reflectance of paper filters was used to assess particulate matter exposure. In 48 residences the amount of PM2.5 was also quantified. Pulmonary function tests were performed in 120 individuals. Results: Reflectance index correlated directly with PM2.5 (r=0.92) and was used to estimate exposure (ePM2.5). There was a significant increase in ePM2.5 in Indoor-Biomass and Outside-Biomass, compared to Gas. There was a significantly increased odds ratio (OR) for cough, wheezing and dyspnea in adults exposed to Indoor-Biomass (OR=2.93, 2.33, 2.59, respectively) and Outside-Biomass (OR=1.78, 1.78, 1.80, respectively) compared to Gas. Pulmonary function tests revealed both Non-Smoker-Biomass and Smoker-Gas individuals to have decreased %predicted-forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) as compared to Non-Smoker-Gas. Pulmonary function tests data was inversely correlated with duration and ePM2.5. The prevalence of airway obstruction was 20% in both Non-Smoker-Biomass and Smoker-Gas subjects. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to biomass combustion is associated with increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms, reduced lung function and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These effects are associated with the duration and magnitude of exposure and are exacerbated by tobacco smoke. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Studying the genetic basis of drought tolerance in sorghum by managed stress trials and adjustments for phenological and plant height differences

Managed environments in the form of well watered and water stressed trials were performed to study the genetic basis of grain yield and stay green in sorghum with the objective of validating previously detected QTL. As variations in phenology and plant height may influence QTL detection for the target traits, QTL for flowering time and plant height were introduced as cofactors in QTL analyses for yield and stay green. All but one of the flowering time QTL were detected near yield and stay green QTL. Similar co-localization was observed for two plant height QTL. QTL analysis for yield, using flowering time/plant height cofactors, led to yield QTL on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 8 and 10. For stay green, QTL on chromosomes 3, 4, 8 and 10 were not related to differences in flowering time/plant height. The physical positions for markers in QTL regions projected on the sorghum genome suggest that the previously detected plant height QTL, Sb-HT9-1, and Dw2, in addition to the maturity gene, Ma5, had a major confounding impact on the expression of yield and stay green QTL. Co-localization between an apparently novel stay green QTL and a yield QTL on chromosome 3 suggests there is potential for indirect selection based on stay green to improve drought tolerance in sorghum. Our QTL study was carried out with a moderately sized population and spanned a limited geographic range, but still the results strongly emphasize the necessity of corrections for phenology in QTL mapping for drought tolerance traits in sorghum.

Ahamulina n. gen. (Cestoda: Diphyllidea) from the polkadot catshark, Scyliorhinus besnardi (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae), off Brazil

A new genus and species of diphyllidean, Ahamulina catarina n. gen. n. sp., is described from the polkadot catshark, Scyliorhinus besnardi, from Santa Catarina, Brazil. The new genus exhibits apical organ armature that is unique among diphyllideans in the arrangement and shape of the apical hooks as well as in the lack of lateral hooklets. The taxon also exhibits a bipartite cirrus sac. This is the seventh diphyllidean reported from a shark, and the third reported from a catshark suggesting that the dearth of cestode data for these particular sharks belies the true extent of diphyllidean diversity they host.

Healthy maternal bonding as a resilience factor for depressive disorder

INTRODUCTION: Depressive disorders (DDs) are very prevalent disorders particularly in women, a high-risk gender group. Determining the risk and protective factors associated with the development of DDs is fundamental to planning preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this study, we evaluated the correlations between healthy maternal attachment and the development of DDs in adulthood. METHODS: We evaluated 52 women at 6 months to 1 year after premature childbirth at Maternidade Vila Nova Cachoeirinha. They were evaluated using the following instruments: Brazilian Criteria of Economic Classification,Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI),Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Cut-off scores on the CES-D and EPDS were used to classifythe subjects as currently having a DD or having probable postpartum disorder (PPD) after childbirth. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk factors associated with DDs. RESULTS: We found that 49.1% of the sample had a current depressive episode, and 73.6% had probable PPD. Based on logistic regression, current depression (odds ratio = 1.092 [confidence interval: 1.005; 1.186]), and a PPD (odds ratio = 1.108 [confidence interval: 1.011; 1.21]) were negatively correlated with affective maternal relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Women who reported healthy attachment with their mothers did not develop DDs when faced with stressful situations such as premature childbirth.

Pautas de crianza: menores con medidas judiciales y menores en situación de riesgo

[ES] Bajo una adaptación del Child´s Report of Parent Behavior Inventory (CRPBI) de Schaefer (1965) a población española realizada en diferentes centros educativos de la Comunidad Valenciana presentamos este trabajo. El CRPBI es un instrumento que al igual que el Parental Bonding instrument (PBI) permite evaluar la disciplina familiar que perciben sus hijos, tanto en la relación con el padre, como con su relación con su madre. El estudio se centra en una muestra de 23 menores, todos varones, de los que 17 son Menores con Medidas Judiciales (MMJ) internados en un centro perteneciente a la Comunidad Autónoma Canaria y el resto, 6, son menores en Situación de Riesgo (MR) los cuales residen en un barrio de la Ciudad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Los resultados obtenidos muestran diferencias en las valoraciones que el menor hace sobre la relación con su padre y con su madre y como estos han percibido unas pautas de crianza que están centradas en el control, en la autonomía -entendida como estimulo de la sociabilidad- en el amor y en la hostilidad. Por un lado, de los progenitores de los menores adolescentes con medidas judiciales y por otro lado, de los menores en situación de riesgo ponen de manifiesto en el CRPBI que no hay una concordancia total entre los factores que describen las respuestas acerca de las relaciones con la madre y entre los factores que agrupan las relaciones con el padre, resultado que viene a avalar o a confirmar los resultados de estudios recientes sobre el tema que muestran diferencias en las valoraciones que el hijo hace sobre su relación con el padre y con la madre (Canamás, 2003; Rodrigo, 2004 y Tur, 2003).

Vibration as a method for muscular stimulation

Human reactions to vibration have been extensively investigated in the past. Vibration, as well as whole-body vibration (WBV), has been commonly considered as an occupational hazard for its detrimental effects on human condition and comfort. Although long term exposure to vibrations may produce undesirable side-effects, a great part of the literature is dedicated to the positive effects of WBV when used as method for muscular stimulation and as an exercise intervention. Whole body vibration training (WBVT) aims to mechanically activate muscles by eliciting neuromuscular activity (muscle reflexes) via the use of vibrations delivered to the whole body. The most mentioned mechanism to explain the neuromuscular outcomes of vibration is the elicited neuromuscular activation. Local tendon vibrations induce activity of the muscle spindle Ia fibers, mediated by monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways: a reflex muscle contraction known as the Tonic Vibration Reflex (TVR) arises in response to such vibratory stimulus. In WBVT mechanical vibrations, in a range from 10 to 80 Hz and peak to peak displacements from 1 to 10 mm, are usually transmitted to the patient body by the use of oscillating platforms. Vibrations are then transferred from the platform to a specific muscle group through the subject body. To customize WBV treatments, surface electromyography (SEMG) signals are often used to reveal the best stimulation frequency for each subject. Use of SEMG concise parameters, such as root mean square values of the recordings, is also a common practice; frequently a preliminary session can take place in order to discover the more appropriate stimulation frequency. Soft tissues act as wobbling masses vibrating in a damped manner in response to mechanical excitation; Muscle Tuning hypothesis suggest that neuromuscular system works to damp the soft tissue oscillation that occurs in response to vibrations; muscles alters their activity to dampen the vibrations, preventing any resonance phenomenon. Muscle response to vibration is however a complex phenomenon as it depends on different parameters, like muscle-tension, muscle or segment-stiffness, amplitude and frequency of the mechanical vibration. Additionally, while in the TVR study the applied vibratory stimulus and the muscle conditions are completely characterised (a known vibration source is applied directly to a stretched/shortened muscle or tendon), in WBV study only the stimulus applied to a distal part of the body is known. Moreover, mechanical response changes in relation to the posture. The transmissibility of vibratory stimulus along the body segment strongly depends on the position held by the subject. The aim of this work was the investigation on the effects that the use of vibrations, in particular the effects of whole body vibrations, may have on muscular activity. A new approach to discover the more appropriate stimulus frequency, by the use of accelerometers, was also explored. Different subjects, not affected by any known neurological or musculoskeletal disorders, were voluntarily involved in the study and gave their informed, written consent to participate. The device used to deliver vibration to the subjects was a vibrating platform. Vibrations impressed by the platform were exclusively vertical; platform displacement was sinusoidal with an intensity (peak-to-peak displacement) set to 1.2 mm and with a frequency ranging from 10 to 80 Hz. All the subjects familiarized with the device and the proper positioning. Two different posture were explored in this study: position 1 - hack squat; position 2 - subject standing on toes with heels raised. SEMG signals from the Rectus Femoris (RF), Vastus Lateralis (VL) and Vastus medialis (VM) were recorded. SEMG signals were amplified using a multi-channel, isolated biomedical signal amplifier The gain was set to 1000 V/V and a band pass filter (-3dB frequency 10 - 500 Hz) was applied; no notch filters were used to suppress line interference. Tiny and lightweight (less than 10 g) three-axial MEMS accelerometers (Freescale semiconductors) were used to measure accelerations of onto patient’s skin, at EMG electrodes level. Accelerations signals provided information related to individuals’ RF, Biceps Femoris (BF) and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) muscle belly oscillation; they were pre-processed in order to exclude influence of gravity. As demonstrated by our results, vibrations generate peculiar, not negligible motion artifact on skin electrodes. Artifact amplitude is generally unpredictable; it appeared in all the quadriceps muscles analysed, but in different amounts. Artifact harmonics extend throughout the EMG spectrum, making classic high-pass filters ineffective; however, their contribution was easy to filter out from the raw EMG signal with a series of sharp notch filters centred at the vibration frequency and its superior harmonics (1.5 Hz wide). However, use of these simple filters prevents the revelation of EMG power potential variation in the mentioned filtered bands. Moreover our experience suggests that the possibility of reducing motion artefact, by using particular electrodes and by accurately preparing the subject’s skin, is not easily viable; even though some small improvements were obtained, it was not possible to substantially decrease the artifact. Anyway, getting rid of those artifacts lead to some true EMG signal loss. Nevertheless, our preliminary results suggest that the use of notch filters at vibration frequency and its harmonics is suitable for motion artifacts filtering. In RF SEMG recordings during vibratory stimulation only a little EMG power increment should be contained in the mentioned filtered bands due to synchronous electromyographic activity of the muscle. Moreover, it is better to remove the artifact that, in our experience, was found to be more than 40% of the total signal power. In summary, many variables have to be taken into account: in addition to amplitude, frequency and duration of vibration treatment, other fundamental variables were found to be subject anatomy, individual physiological condition and subject’s positioning on the platform. Studies on WBV treatments that include surface EMG analysis to asses muscular activity during vibratory stimulation should take into account the presence of motion artifacts. Appropriate filtering of artifacts, to reveal the actual effect on muscle contraction elicited by vibration stimulus, is mandatory. However as a result of our preliminary study, a simple multi-band notch filtering may help to reduce randomness of the results. Muscle tuning hypothesis seemed to be confirmed. Our results suggested that the effects of WBV are linked to the actual muscle motion (displacement). The greater was the muscle belly displacement the higher was found the muscle activity. The maximum muscle activity has been found in correspondence with the local mechanical resonance, suggesting a more effective stimulation at the specific system resonance frequency. Holding the hypothesis that muscle activation is proportional to muscle displacement, treatment optimization could be obtained by simply monitoring local acceleration (resonance). However, our study revealed some short term effects of vibratory stimulus; prolonged studies should be assembled in order to consider the long term effectiveness of these results. Since local stimulus depends on the kinematic chain involved, WBV muscle stimulation has to take into account the transmissibility of the stimulus along the body segment in order to ensure that vibratory stimulation effectively reaches the target muscle. Combination of local resonance and muscle response should also be further investigated to prevent hazards to individuals undergoing WBV treatments.