Over 30% of patients with splenic marginal zone lymphoma express the same immunoglobulin heavy variable gene: ontogenetic implications.

We performed an immunogenetic analysis of 345 IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ rearrangements from 337 cases with primary splenic small B-cell lymphomas of marginal-zone origin. Three immunoglobulin (IG) heavy variable (IGHV) genes accounted for 45.8% of the cases (IGHV1-2, 24.9%; IGHV4-34, 12.8%; IGHV3-23, 8.1%). Particularly for the IGHV1-2 gene, strong biases were evident regarding utilization of different alleles, with 79/86 rearrangements (92%) using allele (*)04. Among cases more stringently classified as splenic marginal-zone lymphoma (SMZL) thanks to the availability of splenic histopathological specimens, the frequency of IGHV1-2(*)04 peaked at 31%. The IGHV1-2(*)04 rearrangements carried significantly longer complementarity-determining region-3 (CDR3) than all other cases and showed biased IGHD gene usage, leading to CDR3s with common motifs. The great majority of analyzed rearrangements (299/345, 86.7%) carried IGHV genes with some impact of somatic hypermutation, from minimal to pronounced. Noticeably, 75/79 (95%) IGHV1-2(*)04 rearrangements were mutated; however, they mostly (56/75 cases; 74.6%) carried few mutations (97-99.9% germline identity) of conservative nature and restricted distribution. These distinctive features of the IG receptors indicate selection by (super)antigenic element(s) in the pathogenesis of SMZL. Furthermore, they raise the possibility that certain SMZL subtypes could derive from progenitor populations adapted to particular antigenic challenges through selection of VH domain specificities, in particular the IGHV1-2(*)04 allele.

Caso de estudio. Digital express

Digital Express es el caso de una empresa familiar que como muchas ha crecido con base en las fortalezas y visión de su propietaria fundadora, pero que en su estructura administrativa no se ha acomodado a las situaciones de los nuevos mercados que está atendiendo y a los requerimientos de sus clientes. Digital Express muestra la situación poco productiva a que se enfrentan las empresas familiares cuando el fundador sin darse cuenta del crecimiento que viene alcanzando su empresa continúa centrando todo el poder y realizando labores en todas las áreas.

La conversión de deuda por inversión: El caso del American Express Bank de México

Durante toda la década de los ochenta, prestatarios de países latinoamericanos se han enfrentado a una crisis continua de servicio de la deuda a acreedores extranjeros. De la misma manera, los prestamistas extranjeros han visto sus préstamos a Latinoamérica pasar de ser de "riesgo promedio" a "incumplidos", "reestructurados", o en todo caso representar activos deteriorados. Los paises latinoamericanos no sólo encontraron grandes dificultades en obtener divisas (principalmente dólares amencanos) para poder cumplir con los pagos de intereses y amortizaciones a los bancos extranjeros y otros prestamistas, si no que además fueron afectados por la recesión global de 1981 83

Aplicación de administración con Angular, Node y Express para una aplicación Django

En este trabajo de fin de grado se ha desarrollado una aplicación de administración que sustituye a las que ofrecen por defecto las aplicaciones creadas con el framework de desarrollo web Django. La aplicación está compuesta por dos partes: un servidor, desarrollado con Node y Express, que ataca a la base de datos MySQL de la aplicación Django (es el nexo de unión entre ambas), y expone una API que es utilizada por la otra parte que compone la aplicación, la parte del cliente. La API es totalmente privada, siendo necesario un token de autenticación válido para poder obtener una respuesta satisfactoria de la misma. La generación del token también es tarea del servidor. El cliente, que es la parte que ve el usuario final, está desarrollada usando el framework Angular. La interfaz de usuario utiliza Bootstrap, por lo que su visualización es correcta en cualquier tipo de dispositivo, tanto de escritorio como móvil. En definitiva, se ha desarrollado una aplicación JavaScript End-to-End, empleando las últimas tecnologías web, mejorando ostensiblemente, las prestaciones que ofrece un panel de administración generado automáticamente por una aplicación Django.

Minería de datos con Oracle Data Miner

La intención del proyecto es mostrar las diferentes características que ofrece Oracle en el campo de la minería de datos, con la finalidad de saber si puede ser una plataforma apta para la investigación y la educación en la universidad. En la primera parte del proyecto se estudia la aplicación “Oracle Data Miner” y como, mediante un flujo de trabajo visual e intuitivo, pueden aplicarse las distintas técnicas de minería (clasificación, regresión, clustering y asociación). Para mostrar la ejecución de estas técnicas se han usado dataset procedentes de la universidad de Irvine. Con ello se ha conseguido observar el comportamiento de los distintos algoritmos en situaciones reales. Para cada técnica se expone como evaluar su fiabilidad y como interpretar los resultados que se obtienen a partir de su aplicación. También se muestra la aplicación de las técnicas mediante el uso del lenguaje PL/SQL. Gracias a ello podemos integrar la minería de datos en nuestras aplicaciones de manera sencilla. En la segunda parte del proyecto, se ha elaborado un prototipo de una aplicación que utiliza la minería de datos, en concreto la clasificación para obtener el diagnóstico y la probabilidad de que un tumor de mama sea maligno o benigno, a partir de los resultados de una citología.

BM: Empresa Oracle

La posibilidad de realizar un trabajo acerca de la Compañía en la que cual se labora, implica varias actividades y retos, pues no sólo se trata de la búsqueda y análisis de cierta información que aunque se sabe dónde esta no siempre se sabe por que medios o a través de quien conseguirla con suficiente objetividad. También implica el cuestionamiento personal de cuanto se ha aprendido y de si el tiempo de permanencia en la empresa ha sido o no de provecho. Se tratan además algunos aspectos que podrían estar en desacuerdo con el propio punto de vista o con situaciones que de ser uno el encargado, se manejarían de forma diferente. Se pone a prueba también en todo momento la capacidad personal para la recolección, valoración, desecho y complementación de información que en la mayoría de las ocasiones proviene de innumerables fuentes y personas. Lograr hacer esto, y por último poder presentar un conjunto de descripciones y análisis que concuerden entre si y que mantengan una estructura lógica e intrínsecamente se encadenen unos con otros, es una tarea pocas veces valorada. Nosotros como Administradores de Empresas o Ejecutivos , la mayoría de las veces recibimos la información ya estructurada, redactada y filtrada. Tomamos decisiones con base en esta, pero son otros los que hacen esta labor. Es importante conocer siempre los dos lados de la moneda y esta es una ocasión para ello, es correcto utilizar la información en beneficio nuestro y el de las empresas para las cuales trabajamos, pero estamos la mayoría de las veces capacitados para presentarla y exponerla de tal forma que pueda ser utilizada en la toma de decisiones ?.... este es el interrogante. Considero que un trabajo de estas características permite dar respuesta al mismo. Este trabajo se refiere a una Empresa que se desempeña en la industria de la Tecnología de Información. Para ubicar al lector, esta industria es aquella que fabrica, distribuye y ofrece los servicios relacionados de todos los productos que tienen que ver con el manejo de información. Este manejo de información abarca otras industrias tales como la industria de computadoras, la transmisión de datos, las telecomunicaciones y la propia en la cual se ubica ORACLE, el almacenamiento de datos; transformación y manejo eficiente de información y soluciones automatizadas para procesos comerciales e industriales. La tecnología de la información es una industria relativamente nueva pues data tan solo de tres a lo máximo cuatro décadas y esto en los países más desarrollados. En el tercer mundo puede decirse que comenzó realmente hace 15 años con la implementación a escala de grandes supercomputadoras.

Biological characteristics of black armyworm Spodoptera cosmioides on genetically modified soybean and corn crops that express insecticide Cry proteins.

This study aimed to evaluate the development and reproduction of the black armyworm, Spodoptera cosmioides when larvae fed on leaves of Bt-corn hybrids, expressing a single Cry1F and also Cry1F, Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 in pyramided corn and their non-Bt-isoline (hybrid 2B688), as well as on leaves of two soybean isolines expressing the Cry1Ac protein and its non-Bt isoline (A5547-227). We also assessed the effect of these Bt and non-Bt plants on the leaf consumption rate of S. cosmioides larvae. This pest was unable to develop when fed on any of the corn isolines (Bt and non-Bt). When both 1st and 3rd instar larvae were fed on corn leaf, mortality was 100% in both Bt and non-Bt corn. In contrast, when corn leaves were offered to 5th instar larvae, there were survivors. Defoliation and leaf consumption was higher with non-Bt corn than with both of the Bt corn isolines. There was no negative effect of Bt soybean leaves on the development and reproduction of S. cosmioides with respect to all evaluated parameters. Our study indicates that both Bt and non-Bt corn adversely affect the development of S. cosmioides while Bt soybean did not affect its biology, suggesting that this lepidopteran has major potential to become an important pest in Bt soybean crops.

Fractalkine (cx3cl1) Is Involved In The Early Activation Of Hypothalamic Inflammation In Experimental Obesity.

Hypothalamic inflammation is a common feature of experimental obesity. Dietary fats are important triggers of this process, inducing the activation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Microglia cells, which are the cellular components of the innate immune system in the brain, are expected to play a role in the early activation of diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Here, we use bone marrow transplants to generate mice chimeras that express a functional TLR4 in the entire body except in bone marrow-derived cells or only in bone marrow-derived cells. We show that a functional TLR4 in bone marrow-derived cells is required for the complete expression of the diet-induced obese phenotype and for the perpetuation of inflammation in the hypothalamus. In an obesity-prone mouse strain, the chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) is rapidly induced in the neurons of the hypothalamus after the introduction of a high-fat diet. The inhibition of hypothalamic fractalkine reduces diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation and the recruitment of bone marrow-derived monocytic cells to the hypothalamus; in addition, this inhibition reduces obesity and protects against diet-induced glucose intolerance. Thus, fractalkine is an important player in the early induction of diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, and its inhibition impairs the induction of the obese and glucose intolerance phenotypes.

Galectin-3 Up-regulation In Hypoxic And Nutrient Deprived Microenvironments Promotes Cell Survival.

Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a β-galactoside binding protein related to many tumoral aspects, e.g. angiogenesis, cell growth and motility and resistance to cell death. Evidence has shown its upregulation upon hypoxia, a common feature in solid tumors such as glioblastoma multiformes (GBM). This tumor presents a unique feature described as pseudopalisading cells, which accumulate large amounts of gal-3. Tumor cells far from hypoxic/nutrient deprived areas express little, if any gal-3. Here, we have shown that the hybrid glioma cell line, NG97ht, recapitulates GBM growth forming gal-3 positive pseudopalisades even when cells are grafted subcutaneously in nude mice. In vitro experiments were performed exposing these cells to conditions mimicking tumor areas that display oxygen and nutrient deprivation. Results indicated that gal-3 transcription under hypoxic conditions requires previous protein synthesis and is triggered in a HIF-1α and NF-κB dependent manner. In addition, a significant proportion of cells die only when exposed simultaneously to hypoxia and nutrient deprivation and demonstrate ROS induction. Inhibition of gal-3 expression using siRNA led to protein knockdown followed by a 1.7-2.2 fold increase in cell death. Similar results were also found in a human GBM cell line, T98G. In vivo, U87MG gal-3 knockdown cells inoculated subcutaneously in nude mice demonstrated decreased tumor growth and increased time for tumor engraftment. These results indicate that gal-3 protected cells from cell death under hypoxia and nutrient deprivation in vitro and that gal-3 is a key factor in tumor growth and engraftment in hypoxic and nutrient-deprived microenvironments. Overexpression of gal-3, thus, is part of an adaptive program leading to tumor cell survival under these stressing conditions.

Survival Extrapolation In The Presence Of Cause Specific Hazards.

Health economic evaluations require estimates of expected survival from patients receiving different interventions, often over a lifetime. However, data on the patients of interest are typically only available for a much shorter follow-up time, from randomised trials or cohorts. Previous work showed how to use general population mortality to improve extrapolations of the short-term data, assuming a constant additive or multiplicative effect on the hazards for all-cause mortality for study patients relative to the general population. A more plausible assumption may be a constant effect on the hazard for the specific cause of death targeted by the treatments. To address this problem, we use independent parametric survival models for cause-specific mortality among the general population. Because causes of death are unobserved for the patients of interest, a polyhazard model is used to express their all-cause mortality as a sum of latent cause-specific hazards. Assuming proportional cause-specific hazards between the general and study populations then allows us to extrapolate mortality of the patients of interest to the long term. A Bayesian framework is used to jointly model all sources of data. By simulation, we show that ignoring cause-specific hazards leads to biased estimates of mean survival when the proportion of deaths due to the cause of interest changes through time. The methods are applied to an evaluation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators for the prevention of sudden cardiac death among patients with cardiac arrhythmia. After accounting for cause-specific mortality, substantial differences are seen in estimates of life years gained from implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Linguagem, cultura e alteridade: imagens do outro

Language, culture, and otherness are complementary and also confliting issues representing the central debate on childhood and the child who carries the signals of social and/or ethinical of exclusion. The debate on the social still connected to universal and absolute values and trues, therefore the theme needs a reavaliation on the realm of relativism. Questioning the fact that culture and otherness are expressed by language which are not always visible and explicit, requering a close and deep look at many social realities enpoorvered suburbs and rural areas, white and black children, homeless children, we kept their voices and speaches, their images from their own drawings to understand the way the percept mean they live and they are. These children have a word for school, and also about the process and agents to say by many different ways to express how they look their own world and how the world look at them.

Análise do investimento em climatização para bovinos de leite em sistema de alojamento free-stall

The difficulty in adapting European dairy cows breeds in Brazil affect considerably the milk production sector. Brazilian climatic conditions are not totally favorable and the development of new tecnologies is needed for the animals express their genetic potential, as well as their best feed conversion. An economical analysis of the applied investment in the free-stall climatization equipment in dairy housing, for estimating studies related to profit, possibility of return investment as well as time for this return is necessary. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of climatization investment in the milk production process and analyze the economical aspect of this investment. There were used 470 high productive dairy cows with genetic and morphologic homogeneous characteristics, and analyzed in two similar periods. Investment calculations were done using Excell®. The results were satisfactory and the invested capital was proved to return to the producer in a short term, 57 days.