Hexameric isopropyloxotin acetate chloroform tetrasolvate

The molecular structure of the centrosymmetric hexanuclear title compound, [ⁱPrSn(O)(O₂CCH₃)]₆·4CHCl1₃ or [Sn₆O₆(C₃H₇)₆(C₂H₃O₂)₆]·4CHCl₃, adopts the `drum' motif, in which two (ⁱPrSnO)₃ caps are linked via six ^μ₃-oxo atoms and six acetate groups. The Sn atoms are in distorted octahedral environments, defined by a CO₅ donor set for each of the three independent Sn atoms.

Hexameric trimethylsilylmethyloxotin acetate, [(Me3SiCH2)Sn(O)(OAc)]6

The centrosymmetric hexanuclear title compound, hexa-^μ₂-acetato-hexa-^μ₃-oxo-hexakis[(trimethylsilylmethyl)tin], [Sn₆O₆(C₂H₃O₂)₆(C₄H₁₁Si)₆], adopts a 'drum' structure in which two [(Me₃SiCH₂)SnO]₃ caps are linked to each other via six ^μ₃-O atoms and six bidentate bridging acetate groups. A CO₅ donor set defines a distorted octahedral environment for each of the three independent Sn atoms.

The first spacer-bridged tetraorganodistannoxanes with a mixed double ladder structure

The reaction of Me₃SiCH₂Cl₂Sn(CH₂)₃SnCl₂Ph (6) with (tBu₂SnO)₃ gave a statistical mixture of the corresponding tetraorganodistannoxanes whereas the reaction of the spacer-bridged ditin tetrachlorides RCl₂Sn(CH₂)₄SnCl₂R (3, R = Me₃CCH₂; 4, R = Me₂CHCH₂; 10, R = Me₃SiCH₂) with the polymeric spacer-bridged ditin oxides [R(O)Sn(CH₂)₄Sn(O)R]_n (7, R = Me₂CHCH₂; 8, R = Me₃CCH₂; 11, R = Me₃SiCH₂) provided the mixed double ladder compounds {[R(Cl)Sn(CH₂)₄Sn(Cl)R][R(Cl)Sn(CH₂)₄Sn(Cl)R']O₂}₂ (9, R = Me₃CCH₂, R' = Me₂CHCH₂; 12, R = Me₃CCH₂, R' = Me₃SiCH₂) in almost quantitative yield. In solution, 9 and 12 are in equilibrium with their corresponding dimers, as was evidenced by ¹¹⁹Sn NMR spectroscopy, molecular mass determination, and electrospray mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of 9 and 12 were established by single crystal X-ray diffraction.

Chromium(III)-docosahexaenoic acid complex : synthesis and characterization

Supplements containing chromium in its trivalent oxidation state [Cr(III)] are used by diabetic patients to improve their glucose and insulin levels and omega-3 fatty acids are also beneficial for people with insulin resistance or diabetes. It seemed very useful to combine chromium(III) and omega-3 functional entities into single molecules. Here we synthesized and characterized a chromium cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) complex, one of the two main components of the heterogeneous chromium(III) fish oil omega-3 concentrate products. Ethyl cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoate was hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide, and the generated salt was reacted in situ with chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate and converted into an oxo-centred trinuclear chromium(III) complex. A study of the DHA–chromium(III) complex by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry/(LC/MS/MS) is reported in this work. The data suggest a triaqua-μ3-oxohexakis-μ-docosahexaenoatotrichromium(1+), [Cr3O(C22H31O2)6(H2O)3]+, core structure.

Evaluation of novel hyphodermin derivatives as glycogen phosphorylase a inhibitors

The lipophilicity, permeability, solubility, polar surface area and ‘rule-of-five’ properties were assessed, using QikProp v2.5 (Schrödinger, Inc.) and ALOGPS 2.1 calculations, for 25 Hyphodermin derivatives. These compounds obeyed the ‘rule-of-five’, and the calculated physicochemical values were generally within desired limits. All compounds were tested against Glycogen Phosphorylase a (GPa). Four phenyl and benzyl substituted 2-oxo-hexahydro and tetrahydrobenzo[cd]indole carboxylic acids were identified as novel inhibitors of GPa with estimated IC50 values in the range 0.8–1.3 mM. Molecular modelling of these novel inhibitors was used to obtain the main structural features of this class of molecule for future structure–activity relationship studies.

Efeitos da apomorfina e de um produto derivado de sua autoxidação em diferentes modelos biológicos

Apomorfina é um potente agonista dopaminérgico D1/D2, utilizada no tratamento da Doença de Parkinson. Em maio de 2001, apomorfina HCl foi aprovada para utilização no tratamento da disfunção erétil, aumentando o número de usuários potenciais deste fármaco. Estudos sugerem que apomorfina e outros agonistas dopaminérgicos podem induzir neurotoxicidade mediada por seus derivados de oxidação semiquinonas e quinonas, os quais levam à formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram de avaliar os possíveis efeitos genotóxicos, antimutagênicos, citotóxicos de apomorfina (APO) e de um produto derivado de sua oxidação, 8-oxo-apomorfina-semiquinona (8-OASQ), utilizando o teste Salmonella/microssoma, Mutoxiteste WP2, ensaio Cometa e teste de sensibilidade em Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Em adição, foram avaliados os efeitos de APO e 8-OASQ sobre a memória e o comportamento em ratos (tarefa de esquiva inibitória, comportamento e habituação ao campo aberto) e o comportamento estereotipado em camundongos. Ambos compostos induziram mutações por erro no quadro de leitura em linhagens de S. typhimurium TA97 e TA98, sendo que 8-OASQ foi cerca de duas vezes mais mutagênico que APO, na ausência de S9 mix. Para linhagens que detectam mutágenos oxidantes, 8-OASQ foi mutagênico, enquanto APO foi antimutagênico, inibindo a mutagenicidade induzida por H2O2 e t-BOOH em linhagens de S. typhimurium e derivadas WP2 de E. coli. O S9 mix inibiu todos os efeitos mutagênicos, provavelmente retardando a oxidação de APO ou devido à conjugação de APO e seus produtos de autoxidação, como 8-OASQ, a proteínas do S9. Em testes de sensibilidade com S. cerevisiae, APO foi citotóxica para algumas linhagens apenas nas doses mais altas. Para 8-OASQ este efeito foi dose-depende para todas as linhagens, sendo que as mutantes deficientes em catalase (ctt1), superóxido dismutase (sod1) e yap1 foram as mais sensíveis. APO protegeu as linhagens de S. cerevisiae contra danos oxidativos induzidos por concentrações altas de H2O2 e t-BOOH, enquanto que 8-OASQ aumentou os efeitos pró-oxidantes e induziu respostas adaptativas para aqueles agentes. APO e 8-OASQ induziram efeitos de prejuízo na memória de curta e de longa duração em uma tarefa de esquiva inibitória em ratos. APO, mas não 8-OASQ, prejudicou a habituação a um novo ambiente de forma dose-dependente. Os efeitos de prejuízo de memória não foram atribuídos à redução da nocicepção ou outra alteração inespecífica de comportamento, visto que nem APO e nem 8-OASQ afetaram a reatividade ao choque nas patas e comportamento durante a exploração ao campo aberto. Os resultados sugerem, portanto, que os produtos de oxidação de dopamina ou de agonistas dopaminérgicos podem induzir deficiências cognitivas.APO, mas não 8-OASQ, induziu comportamento estereotipado em camundongos machos CF-1. A falta da indução deste comportamento por 8-OASQ sugere que a autoxidação de APO causa a perda na sua habilidade de ligar-se a receptores dopaminérgicos. Pelo ensaio Cometa, 8-OASQ provocou danos ao DNA do tecido cerebral de camundongos sacrificados 1 h e 3 h, mas não 24 h após sua administração, enquanto que APO induziu um fraco aumento da freqüência de dano ao DNA 3 h após o tratamento. Esses resultados sugerem que ambos APO e 8-OASQ desempenham uma atividade genotóxica no tecido cerebral.

Hydroalumination of Thioacetylenes: A Versatile Generation and Reactions of -Aluminate Sulfides Intermediates

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Synthesis, characterization and biological analysis of the complex [VO(Hdhp)(2)] (H(2)dhp=2,3-dihydroxypyridine)

A new vanadium (IV) complex with the monoanion of 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (H(2)dhp), or 3-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridone, was synthesized, characterized by physicochemical techniques and tested biologically. The EPR data for the [VO(Hdhp)(2)] complex in DMF are: g(x) = 1.9768, g(y) = 1.9768 and g(z) = 1.9390; A values (10(-4) cm(-1)): A(x), 59.4; A(y//), 59.4; A(z), 171.0. The vV=O band in the IR spectrum of the complex is at 986 cm(-1). The complex is paramagnetic, with mu(eff) = 1.65 BM (d(1), spin-only) at 25 degrees C. The irreversible oxidation process [V(V)/V(IV)] of the [VO(Hdhp)(2)] complex, as revealed in a cyclic voltammogram, occurs at 876 mV. The calculated molecular structure of [VO(Hdhp)(2)] shows the vanadium(IV) center in a distorted square pyramidal environment, with the oxo ligand in the apical position and the oxygen donor atoms of the Hdhp ligands in the basal positions. The ability of [VO(Hdhp)(2)] to mimic insulin, and its toxicity to hepato-biliary functions, were investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and it was concluded that the length of treatment and the amount of [VO(Hdhp)(2)] administered were effective in reducing experimental diabetes.

Antibióticos antifúngicos produzidos por actinomicetos do Brasil e sua determinação preliminar nos meios experimentais

Várias amostras de solo do Brasil foram semeadas em placas de ágar e diversas cepas de actinomicetos produtoras de antibióticos antifúngicos foram isoladas. Foram desenvolvidos meios para eliciação da biossíntese dos antibióticos e métodos para determinação rápida do seu rendimento. Ao todo, foram isoladas 41 cepas de actinomicetos aeróbios produtoras de metabólitos antifúngicos. Destes, 11 (26,8%) eram macrolídeos tetraênicos, 13 (31,7%) macrolídeos pentaênicos, 1 (2,4%), macrolídeo oxopentaênico, 1 (2,4%) macrolídeo hexaênico e 6 (14,6%) macrolídeos heptaênicos. Os antibióticos antifúngicos produzidos pelas restantes 9 cepas ativas (21,9%) não eram poliênicos. Os poliênicos mais utilizados atualmente na clínica são do tipo tetraênico (nistatina) e heptaênico (anfotericina B). Um meio à base de leite de soja favoreceu extraordinariamente a eliciação da biossíntese de polienos por algumas cepas, enquanto que para outras não houve favorecimento e para outras foi prejudicial. Os rendimentos obtidos atingiram cerca de 6000 U de antibióticos poliênicos por mL.

A theoretical study on cytosine tautomers in aqueous media by using continuum models

B3LYP/6-31 + + G** and MP2/6-31 + + G** calculations have been carried out to study six tautomers of the nucleic acid base cytosine in aqueous media. Solvent effects have been analyzed using the self-consistent reaction field theory with two continuum methods. Relative stabilities and optimized geometries have been calculated for the tautomers and compared with experimental data. The present results show the importance of electrostatic solvent effects in determining observable properties of the cytosine tautomers. The amino-oxo form (C1) is the most abundant tautomer in aqueous media while the other amino-oxo form (C4) is the most energetically favored when solvent effects are included. These results can be justified by the larger values of the dipole moments for both C1 and C4 tautomers. Theoretical and experimental results of the harmonic vibrational frequencies and rotational constants show good agreement. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Density functional study of the 5-methylcytosine tautomers

B3LYP/6-31++G** calculations to study seven tautomers of 5-methylcytosine in aqueous media have been carried out. Optimized geometries and relative stabilities for the different tautomers have been calculated in the gas phase, including interaction with two discrete water molecules and taking into account the solvent effects by using the self-consistent reaction field theory. The role of specific and bulk contributions of solvent effect on the observable properties of the 5-methylcytosine is clarified. The amino-oxo form is the most abundant tautomer in aqueous media. A reaction pathway connecting amino-oxo and amino-hydroxy forms along the corresponding transition structures has been characterized. Good agreement between theoretical and available experimental results of harmonic vibration frequencies is found. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Dihydroisocoumarins produced by Xylaria sp and Penicillium sp., endophytic fungi associated with Piper aduncum and Alibertia macrophylla

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

In vitro activity of compounds isolated from Piper crassinervium against Trypanosoma cruzi

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Waveguides and gratings fabrication in zirconium-based organic/inorganic hybrids

Sol-gel derived poly(oxyethylene)/siloxane organic/inorganic di-ureasil hybrids containing different amounts of methacrylic acid (McOH, CH(2)=C(CH(3))COOH)) modified zirconium oxo-clusters (Zr-OMc) were processed as thin films deposited in glassy substrates via spin coating and as transparent and shape controlled monoliths. Channel monomode waveguides and diffraction gratings were UV patterned using the Talbot interferometer and the Lloyd mirror interferometer experimental setups. The time dependence of the diffraction gratings efficiency was studied for hybrids containing different amounts of Zr-OMc. Finally, the number of propagating modes and the refractive index gradient within the waveguide region, determined as a Gaussian section located below the patterned channel, was evaluated and modeled, a maximum index contrast of 2.43 X 10(-5) being estimated.