ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: geriatrics

Older subjects are at increased risk of partial or complete loss of independence due to acute and/or chronic disease and often of concomitant protein caloric malnutrition. Nutritional care and support should be an indispensable part of their management. Enteral nutrition is always the first choice for nutrition support. However, when patients cannot meet their nutritional requirements adequately via the enteral route, parenteral nutrition (PN) is indicated. PN is a safe and effective therapeutic procedure and age per se is not a reason to exclude patients from this treatment. The use of PN should always be balanced against a realistic chance of improvement in the general condition of the patient. Lower glucose tolerance, electrolyte and micronutrient deficiencies and lower fluid tolerance should be assumed in older patients treated by PN. Parenteral nutrition can be administered either via peripheral or central veins. Subcutaneous administration is also a possible solution for basic hydration of moderately dehydrated subjects. In the terminal, demented or dying patient the use of PN or hydration should only be given in accordance with other palliative treatments.

Access technique and its problems in parenteral nutrition - Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition, Chapter 9

Catheter type, access technique, and the catheter position should be selected considering to the anticipated duration of PN aiming at the lowest complication risks (infectious and non-infectious). Long-term (>7-10 days) parenteral nutrition (PN) requires central venous access whereas for PN <3 weeks percutaneously inserted catheters and for PN >3 weeks subcutaneous tunnelled catheters or port systems are appropriate. CVC (central venous catheter) should be flushed with isotonic NaCl solution before and after PN application and during CVC occlusions. Strict indications are required for central venous access placement and the catheter should be removed as soon as possible if not required any more. Blood samples should not to be taken from the CVC. If catheter infection is suspected, peripheral blood-culture samples and culture samples from each catheter lumen should be taken simultaneously. Removal of the CVC should be carried out immediately if there are pronounced signs of local infection at the insertion site and/or clinical suspicion of catheter-induced sepsis. In case PN is indicated for a short period (max. 7-10 days), a peripheral venous access can be used if no hyperosmolar solutions (>800 mosm/L) or solutions with a high titration acidity or alkalinity are used. A peripheral venous catheter (PVC) can remain in situ for as long as it is clinically required unless there are signs of inflammation at the insertion site.

Practical handling of AIO admixtures - Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition, Chapter 10

All-in-one admixtures (AIO-admixtures) provide safe, effective and low-risk PN (parenteral nutrition) for practically all indications and applications. Water, energy (carbohydrates and lipids), amino acids, vitamins and trace elements are infused together with PN either as industrially-manufactured AIO admixtures provided as two- or three-chamber bags (shelf life usually more than 12 months) completed with electrolytes and micronutrients where appropriate or as individually compounded ready-to-use AIO admixtures (compounding, usually prepared by a pharmacy on either a daily or weekly basis and stored at 2-8 degrees C). Physico-chemical and microbial stability of an AIO admixture is essential for the safety and effectiveness of patient-specific PN, and its assurance requires specialist pharmaceutical knowledge. The stability should be documented for an application period of 24 (-48) hours. It is advisable to offer a limited selection of different PN regimes in each hospital. For reasons of drug and medication safety, PN admixtures prepared for individual patients must be correctly labelled and specifications for storage conditions must also be followed during transport. Monitoring is required where applicable. Micronutrients are usually administered separately to AIO admixtures. In case compatibility and stability have been well documented trace elements and/or combination preparations including water-soluble or water-soluble/fat soluble vitamin supplements can be added to PN admixtures under strict aseptic conditions. AIO admixtures are usually not used as vehicles for drugs (incompatibilities).

Effect of Parenteral Vitamin E and/or A on Reproductive Performance of Ewes Mated on Pasture or in Drylot

Forty-four Hampshire (H) and 41 Suffolk (S) ewes were allotted within breed to one of four treatment groups (VitA, VitE, VitAE, and Control) to evaluate the effect of supplemental vitamin E and A on reproductive performance of ewes mated on pasture or in drylot. Beginning two weeks before the mating period, ewes received 0 or 300 IU of vitamin E every 14 days and 0 or 250,000 IU of vitamin A every 28 days. Hampshire ewes remained on pasture during the mating period, whereas S ewes were moved to drylot. Treatment did not affect ovulation rate (OR), embryonic loss (EL), fetal loss (FL) or litter size (LS) of H ewes. Embryonic loss was higher (P<.05) in the H yearlings and two-year olds than in older ewes. Litter size was lower (P<.01) for H yearlings compared with other age groups. Suffolk ewes in the VitE group exhibited a lower (P<.01) OR than S ewes in other treatment groups, but no effect of treatment was observed for EL, FL, or LS. Although S yearling ewes did not differ from ewes of other age groups for OR and EL, they did produce fewer (P<.05) lambs. Analysis of serum samples revealed that H yearling ewes exhibited lower (P<.05) serum a-tocopherol levels than older H ewes. In addition, H ewes had a higher (P<.05) serum a-tocopherol level than S ewes at the beginning of study when they were managed as one group. Even though age and breed influenced certain reproductive parameters, results of this study indicate little effect of supplemental vitamin E and A on the overall reproductive efficiency of ewes mated on pasture or in drylot.

Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Practices among Adult Infectious Disease Physicians

Objective. To identify current outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy practice patterns and complications. Methods. We administered an 11-question survey to adult infectious disease physicians participating in the Emerging Infections Network (EIN), a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-sponsored sentinel event surveillance network in North America. The survey was distributed electronically or via facsimile in November and December 2012. Respondent demographic characteristics were obtained from EIN enrollment data. Results. Overall, 555 (44.6%) of EIN members responded to the survey, with 450 (81%) indicating that they treated 1 or more patients with outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) during an average month. Infectious diseases consultation was reported to be required for a patient to be discharged with OPAT by 99 respondents (22%). Inpatient (282 [63%] of 449) and outpatient (232 [52%] of 449) infectious diseases physicians were frequently identified as being responsible for monitoring laboratory results. Only 26% (118 of 448) had dedicated OPAT teams at their clinical site. Few infectious diseases physicians have systems to track errors, adverse events, or "near misses" associated with OPAT (97 [22%] of 449). OPAT-associated complications were perceived to be rare. Among respondents, 80% reported line occlusion or clotting as the most common complication (occurring in 6% of patients or more), followed by nephrotoxicity and rash (each reported by 61%). Weekly laboratory monitoring of patients who received vancomycin was reported by 77% of respondents (343 of 445), whereas 19% of respondents (84 of 445) reported twice weekly laboratory monitoring for these patients. Conclusions. Although use of OPAT is common, there is significant variation in practice patterns. More uniform OPAT practices may enhance patient safety.

Effect of large doses of parenteral vitamin D on glycaemic control and calcium/phosphate metabolism in patients with stable type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, prospective pilot study.

OBJECTIVE Vitamin D (D₃) status is reported to correlate negatively with insulin production and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, few placebo-controlled intervention data are available. We aimed to assess the effect of large doses of parenteral D3 on glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(₁c)) and estimates of insulin action (homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance: HOMA-IR) in patients with stable T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study at a single university care setting in Switzerland. Fifty-five patients of both genders with T2DM of more than 10 years were enrolled and randomised to either 300,000 IU D₃ or placebo, intramuscularly. The primary endpoint was the intergroup difference in HbA(₁c) levels. Secondary endpoints were: changes in insulin sensitivity, albuminuria, calcium/phosphate metabolism, activity of the renin-aldosterone axis and changes in 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure values. RESULTS After 6 months of D₃ supply, there was a significant intergroup difference in the change in HbA(₁c) levels (relative change [mean ± standard deviation] +2.9% ± 1.5% in the D₃ group vs +6.9% ± 2.1% the in placebo group, p = 0.041) as HOMA-IR decreased by 12.8% ± 5.6% in the D₃ group and increased by 10% ± 5.4% in the placebo group (intergroup difference, p = 0.032). Twenty-four-hour urinary albumin excretion decreased in the D₃ group from 200 ± 41 to 126 ± 39, p = 0.021). There was no significant intergroup difference for the other secondary endpoints. CONCLUSIONS D₃ improved insulin sensitivity (based on HOMA-IR) and affected the course of HbA(₁c) positively compared with placebo in patients with T2DM.

Management of Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study

BACKGROUND There are no specific Swiss home parenteral nutrition (HPN) data showing patient characteristics, quality of life (QoL) and complications. The goal of this study was to collect representative nationwide data on current adult HPN patients in Switzerland for international comparability and benchmarking. METHODS This was a multicenter, nationwide, observational study. We conducted interviews for demographics, PN characteristics, QoL and complications. The data were assessed at baseline and after a follow-up of 3 months using a questionnaire. RESULTS Thirty-three adult patients were included. The most common underlying diseases were cancer, radiation enteritis and state after bariatric surgery, and the most prevalent indication was short bowel syndrome. During the 3-month observation period, significant increase or stabilization of body weight occurred in the patients, physical activity scores improved from 34.0 to 39.4 and mental scores improved from 41.9 to 46.4. HPN dependency and traveling restrictions were of the greatest concern. Diarrhea, xerostomia and/or thirst were frequent complaints. CONCLUSION Anthropometric parameters and QoL improved during the observational period in this HPN cohort. These Swiss HPN data are prerequisite for evaluation and comparison of HPN recommendations and best clinical practice, status of professional care instructions related to HPN effectiveness, quality of treatment and patient safety.

Home parenteral nutrition is beneficial in systemic sclerosis patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction

OBJECTIVES To assess 12-month changes in nutritional status and quality of life (QoL) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients requiring home parenteral nutrition (HPN). METHOD We conducted a retrospective, single-centre database analysis of SSc patients regarding a 12-month period of HPN at an interdisciplinary University Unit/team for nutrition and rheumatic diseases. Nutritional status was analysed by nutritional risk screening (NRS) and body mass index (BMI). QoL was evaluated using Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaires. RESULTS Between 2008 and 2013, daily nocturnal HPN was initiated in five consecutive SSc patients (four females and one male, mean age 62.2 years) suffering severe malnutrition due to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) involvement. After 12 months of HPN, the mean NRS score decreased from 4.4 (range 4-5) to 1.4 (range 1-2), the mean BMI increased from 19.1 (range 17.4-20.3) to 21.0 kg/m(2) (range 18.3-23.4). QoL improved in all patients, reflected by the summary of physical components with 33.92 points before vs. 67.72 points after 12 months of HPN, and the summary of mental components with 49.66 points before vs. 89.27 points after 12 months of HPN. Two patients suffered one catheter-related infection each with subsequent surgical removal and reinsertion. CONCLUSIONS HPN is a feasible method for improving anthropometric parameters and QoL in SSc patients severely affected by GIT dysfunction. We recommend HPN in malnourished, catabolic SSc patients unable to otherwise maintain or improve their nutritional status.

Wissenstransfer, Experten und ihre Handlungsspielräume am Instituto de Nutrición de Centroamérica y Panamá (INCAP), 1961-1982

In the history of development there has been a tendency to attribute developmental initiatives to coordinating centres in the global north and view countries in the south as recipients, a phenomenon that continues to the present day. The Central American Nutrition Institute (INCAP) is by contrast an example of a regional institution that not only generated a considerable body of knowledge concerning the nutritional state of the region and policy proposals but also advocated an alternative development model emphasizing local resources. Although INCAP enjoyed some success in disseminating a number of its ideas through international organisations, the implementation of its vision was ultimately hampered by the unstable political situation prevailing in Central America in the time period analyzed in this article.

Alimentación y nutrición en estudiantes del Instituto Pt-071 Cruz Roja Argentina

La alimentación ocupa un rol importante en el desarrollo de todo ser humano. Conocer el estado nutricional y hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes es una necesidad, ya que impacta en forma directa en la calidad de vida y salud de los mismos. Objetivos: · Analizar los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes del nivel Superior. · Relacionar la alimentación con factores socio económicos que influyen directa o indirectamente sobre los hábitos alimentarios. · Determinar las posibles acciones que permitan lograr un cambio cultural en los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes y que se transformen merced a su futura profesión, en agentes de este cambio en la población. Métodos: se ha utilizado metodología cuantitativo-descriptiva, mediante análisis de encuestas realizadas a un grupo de estudiantes de las diferentes carreras que se desarrollan en el Instituto PT-071 Cruz Roja Argentina. Resultados: La mayoría de los estudiantes universitarios de la Cruz Roja Argentina no llegan a cubrir las necesidades nutritivas de las dietas diarias. Saltean algunas de las comidas por no disponer de tiempo suficiente y en general consumen grandes cantidades de azúcares y lípidos que forman parte de dietas hipercalóricas, que conducen a enfermedades como sobrepeso y obesidad, hipertensión arterial y diabetes, entre otras.

Eficacia de las vías periféricas intermitentes versus vías parenteral continuas en pacientes pediátricos de 2 a 4 años durante los meses mayo, junio y julio del 2013

El presente estudio tiene como propósito determinar la eficacia de las vías periféricas intermitentes versus vías parenterales continuas, en pacientes pediátricos de 2 a 4 años, del servicio de pediatría del Hospital Enfermeros Argentinos en la provincia de Mendoza. Para comprobar la eficacia se utilizó un diseño metodológico, el tipo de estudio es cuantitativo, observacional de corte transversal. Teniendo en cuenta todos los niños de 2 a 4 años que se encontraban internados con vías periféricas en el mes de mayo, junio y julio del 2013, de allí se extrajo la muestra de todos los pacientes internados con vías intermitentes y con vías parenterales continuas. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de planillas que registraban los dos tipos de vías en estudio, la cual permitió obtener la información directamente proporcionada por los sujetos del estudio. A través de este instrumento de medición se pudo obtener resultados que indicaron la durabilidad de las vías periféricas intermitente y parenteral continuas con todas las posibles complicaciones que producen estos tipos de vías. Por último se detalla un análisis de los resultados, la interpretación de los mismos, se realizaran recomendaciones por los autores del estudio investigativo dirigido al equipo de salud del servicio de pediatría de Hospital Enfermeros Argentinos de General Alvear Mendoza, para modificar los factores influyentes que perjudican el bienestar del niño.

La "Condición física Saludable" en el ámbito administrativo : Resultados de un año de trabajo en equipo multidisciplinario (Educación física, Kinesiología y Nutrición) en el Programa de Evaluación e Investigación de la Dirección de Deportes de Godoy Cruz, Mendoza

El presente estudio descriptivo realizo durante 2012 tiene por objetivo determinar si la evaluación periódica (cada 4 meses) de la "Condición Física Saludable" (CFS), con su respectivo asesoramiento del Lic. en educación fisca, del nutricionista y del kinesiólogo mejora la condición física del personal. La Evaluación CFS es un conjunto de tests físico, metabólico, morfológicos y coordinativos que valoran el estado de la capacidad de rendimiento psicofísica de una persona en un momento dado. Estos valores tienen relación directa con el estado de salud y con el rendimiento laboral. Variable a medir. Composición corporal. Peso, Talla, IMC, Masa Grasa, grasa visceral y masa muscular. Indice Cintura Cadera. Capacidades funcionales. Tensión arterial Saturación de oxigeno y Frecuencia Cardiaca Test Físicos: Test de Wells. Test de recuperación cardiovascular. VO2 indirecto: Test del cajón (OMS). Evaluación postural: Observación Kinesiológica. Capacidad Coordinativa: Equilibrio estático. Resultados al año de trabajo. El 22de los empleados disminuyo la masa grasa. Un 19disminuyo el IMC. El 16mejoro los niveles de recuperación cardiovascular. El 21de los empleados aumento su masa muscular El 22mejoro su equilibrio estático. El 22mejoro la flexibilidad del tronco. El 11mejoro su Vo2. Conclusiones El 54de las personas que realizaron el programa de evaluación de la condición física saludable mejoraron al menos en una de las variables de la condición física

La "Condición física Saludable" en el ámbito administrativo : Resultados de un año de trabajo en equipo multidisciplinario (Educación física, Kinesiología y Nutrición) en el Programa de Evaluación e Investigación de la Dirección de Deportes de Godoy Cruz, Mendoza

El presente estudio descriptivo realizo durante 2012 tiene por objetivo determinar si la evaluación periódica (cada 4 meses) de la "Condición Física Saludable" (CFS), con su respectivo asesoramiento del Lic. en educación fisca, del nutricionista y del kinesiólogo mejora la condición física del personal. La Evaluación CFS es un conjunto de tests físico, metabólico, morfológicos y coordinativos que valoran el estado de la capacidad de rendimiento psicofísica de una persona en un momento dado. Estos valores tienen relación directa con el estado de salud y con el rendimiento laboral. Variable a medir. Composición corporal. Peso, Talla, IMC, Masa Grasa, grasa visceral y masa muscular. Indice Cintura Cadera. Capacidades funcionales. Tensión arterial Saturación de oxigeno y Frecuencia Cardiaca Test Físicos: Test de Wells. Test de recuperación cardiovascular. VO2 indirecto: Test del cajón (OMS). Evaluación postural: Observación Kinesiológica. Capacidad Coordinativa: Equilibrio estático. Resultados al año de trabajo. El 22de los empleados disminuyo la masa grasa. Un 19disminuyo el IMC. El 16mejoro los niveles de recuperación cardiovascular. El 21de los empleados aumento su masa muscular El 22mejoro su equilibrio estático. El 22mejoro la flexibilidad del tronco. El 11mejoro su Vo2. Conclusiones El 54de las personas que realizaron el programa de evaluación de la condición física saludable mejoraron al menos en una de las variables de la condición física

La "Condición física Saludable" en el ámbito administrativo : Resultados de un año de trabajo en equipo multidisciplinario (Educación física, Kinesiología y Nutrición) en el Programa de Evaluación e Investigación de la Dirección de Deportes de Godoy Cruz, Mendoza

El presente estudio descriptivo realizo durante 2012 tiene por objetivo determinar si la evaluación periódica (cada 4 meses) de la "Condición Física Saludable" (CFS), con su respectivo asesoramiento del Lic. en educación fisca, del nutricionista y del kinesiólogo mejora la condición física del personal. La Evaluación CFS es un conjunto de tests físico, metabólico, morfológicos y coordinativos que valoran el estado de la capacidad de rendimiento psicofísica de una persona en un momento dado. Estos valores tienen relación directa con el estado de salud y con el rendimiento laboral. Variable a medir. Composición corporal. Peso, Talla, IMC, Masa Grasa, grasa visceral y masa muscular. Indice Cintura Cadera. Capacidades funcionales. Tensión arterial Saturación de oxigeno y Frecuencia Cardiaca Test Físicos: Test de Wells. Test de recuperación cardiovascular. VO2 indirecto: Test del cajón (OMS). Evaluación postural: Observación Kinesiológica. Capacidad Coordinativa: Equilibrio estático. Resultados al año de trabajo. El 22de los empleados disminuyo la masa grasa. Un 19disminuyo el IMC. El 16mejoro los niveles de recuperación cardiovascular. El 21de los empleados aumento su masa muscular El 22mejoro su equilibrio estático. El 22mejoro la flexibilidad del tronco. El 11mejoro su Vo2. Conclusiones El 54de las personas que realizaron el programa de evaluación de la condición física saludable mejoraron al menos en una de las variables de la condición física