Leak Detection In Pressure Tubes Of A Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor By Acoustic-Emission Technique

Leak detection in the fuel channels is one of the challenging problems during the in-service inspection (ISI) of Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). In this paper, the use of an acoustic emission (AE) technique together with AE signal analysis is described, to detect a leak that was ncountered in one (or more) of the 306 fuel channels of the Madras Atomic Power Station (PHWR), Unit I. The paper describes the problems encountered during the ISI, the experimental methods adopted and the results obtained. Results obtained using acoustic emission signal analysis are compared with those obtained from other leak detection methods used in such cases.

Scheduling expression trees for delayed-load architectures

In this paper we consider the problem of scheduling expression trees on delayed-load architectures. The problem tackled here takes root from the one considered in [Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN '91 Conf. on Programming Language Design and Implementation, 1991. p. 256] in which the leaves of the expression trees all refer to memory locations. A generalization of this involves the situation in which the trees may contain register variables, with the registers being used only at the leaves. Solutions to this generalization are given in [ACM Trans. Prog. Lang. Syst. 17 (1995) 740, Microproc. Microprog. 40 (1994) 577]. This paper considers the most general case in which the registers are reusable. This problem is tackled in [Comput. Lang, 21 (1995) 49] which gives an approximate solution to the problem under certain assumptions about the contiguity of the evaluation order: Here we propose an optimal solution (which may involve even a non-contiguous evaluation of the tree). The schedule generated by the algorithm given in this paper is optimal in the sense that it is an interlock-free schedule which uses the minimum number of registers required. An extension to the algorithm incorporates spilling. The problem as stated in this paper is an instruction scheduling problem. However, the problem could also be rephrased as an operations research problem with a difference in terminology. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Model track studies on fouled ballast using ground penetrating radar and multichannel analysis of surface wave

Ballast fouling is created by the breakdown of aggregates or outside contamination by coal dust from coal trains, or from soil intrusion beneath rail track. Due to ballast fouling, the conditions of rail track can be deteriorated considerably depending on the type of fouling material and the degree of fouling. So far there is no comprehensive guideline available to identify the critical degree of fouling for different types of fouling materials. This paper presents the identification of degree of fouling and types of fouling using non-destructive testing, namely seismic surface-wave and ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey. To understand this, a model rail track with different degree of fouling has been constructed in Civil engineering laboratory, University of Wollongong, Australia. Shear wave velocity obtained from seismic survey has been employed to identify the degree of fouling and types of fouling material. It is found that shear wave velocity of fouled ballast increases initially, reaches optimum fouling point (OFP), and decreases when the fouling increases. The degree of fouling corresponding after which the shear wave velocity of fouled ballast will be smaller than that of clean ballast is called the critical fouling point (CFP). Ground penetrating radar with four different ground coupled antennas (500 MHz, 800 MHz, 1.6 GHz and 2.3 GHz) was also used to identify the ballast fouling condition. It is found that the 800 MHz ground coupled antenna gives a better signal in assessing the ballast fouling condition. Seismic survey is relatively slow when compared to GPR survey however it gives quantifiable results. In contrast, GPR survey is faster and better in estimating the depth of fouling. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Measurement of in-plane and out-of-plane displacements and strains using digital holographic moire

The paper proposes a non-destructive method for simultaneous measurement of in-plane and out-of-plane displacements and strains undergone by a deformed specimen from a single moire fringe pattern obtained on the specimen in a dual beam digital holographic interferometry setup. The moire fringe pattern encodes multiple interference phases which carry the information on multidimensional deformation. The interference field is segmented in each column and is modeled as multicomponent quadratic/cubic frequency-modulated signal in each segment. Subsequently, the product form of modified cubic phase function is used for accurate estimation of phase parameters. The estimated phase parameters are further utilized for direct estimation of the unwrapped interference phases and phase derivatives. The simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Modeling Ultrasonic NDE and Guided Wave based Structural Health Monitoring

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems require integration of non-destructive technologies into structural design and operational processes. Modeling and simulation of complex NDE inspection processes are important aspects in the development and deployment of SHM technologies. Ray tracing techniques are vital simulation tools to visualize the wave path inside a material. These techniques also help in optimizing the location of transducers and their orientation with respect to the zone of interrogation. It helps in increasing the chances of detection and identification of a flaw in that zone. While current state-of-the-art techniques such as ray tracing based on geometric principle help in such visualization, other information such as signal losses due to spherical or cylindrical shape of wave front are rarely taken into consideration. The problem becomes a little more complicated in the case of dispersive guided wave propagation and near-field defect scattering. We review the existing models and tools to perform ultrasonic NDE simulation in structural components. As an initial step, we develop a ray-tracing approach, where phase and spectral information are preserved. This enables one to study wave scattering beyond simple time of flight calculation of rays. Challenges in terms of theory and modelling of defects of various kinds are discussed. Various additional considerations such as signal decay and physics of scattering are reviewed and challenges involved in realistic computational implementation are discussed. Potential application of this approach to SHM system design is highlighted and by applying this to complex structural components such as airframe structures, SHM is demonstrated to provide additional value in terms of lighter weight and/or longevity enhancement resulting from an extension of the damage tolerance design principle not compromising safety and reliability.

Investigations on the physical origin of lateral photovoltage in PbS-colloidal quantum dot/Si heterojunctions

Restricted area heterojunctions, an array of lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots (PbS-CQDs) and crystalline silicon, are studied with a non-destructive remote contact light beam induced current (RC-LBIC) technique. As well as getting good quality active area images we observed an anomalous unipolar signal response for the PbS-CQD/n-Si devices and a conventionally expected bipolar signal profile for the PbS-CQD/p-Si devices. Interestingly, our simulation results consistently yielded a unipolar and bipolar nature in the signals related to the PbSCQD/n-Si and PbS-CQD/p-Si heterostructures, respectively. In order to explain the physical mechanism involved in the unipolar signal response of the PbS-CQD/n-Si devices, we propose a model based on the band alignment in the heterojunctions, in addition to the distribution of photo-induced excess majority carriers across the junction. Given that the RC-LBIC technique is well suited to this context, the presence of these two distinct mechanisms (the bipolar and unipolar nature of the signals) needs to be considered in order to have a better interpretation of the data in the characterization of an array of homo/heterojunctions.

Visualization of molecule interaction between antigen and antibody - One of ellipsometric imaging applications

It is to investigate molecule interactions between antigen and antibody with ellipsometric imaging technique and demonstrate some features and possibilities offered by applications of the technique. Molecule interaction is an important interest for molecule biologist and immunologist. They have used some established methods such as immufluorcence, radioimmunoassay and surface plasma resonance, etc, to study the molecule interaction. At the same time, experimentalists hope to use some updated technique with more direct visual results. Ellipsometric imaging is non-destructive and exhibits a high sensitivity to phase transitions with thin layers. It is capable of imaging local variations in the optical properties such as thickness due to the presence of different surface concentration of molecule or different deposited molecules. If a molecular mono-layer (such as antigen) with bio-activity were deposited on a surface to form a sensing surface and then incubated in a solution with other molecules (such as antibody), a variation of the layer thickness when the molecules on the sensing surface reacted with the others in the solution could be observed with ellipsometric imaging. Every point on the surface was measured at the same time with a high sensitivity to distinguish the variation between mono-layer and molecular complexes. Ellipsometric imaging is based on conventional ellipsometry with charge coupled device (CCD) as detector and images are caught with computer with image processing technique. It has advantages of high sensitivity to thickness variation (resolution in the order of angstrom), big field of view (in square centimeter), high sampling speed (a picture taken within one second), and high lateral resolution (in the order of micrometer). Here it has just shown one application in study of antigen-antibody interaction, and it is possible to observe molecule interaction process with an in-situ technique.

Metalak eta metaloideak itsasadarretan: kutsadura jarraitzeko erreminta analitikoen

265 p.

The deep ocean density structure at the Last Glacial Maximum : What was it and why?

The search for reliable proxies of past deep ocean temperature and salinity has proved difficult, thereby limiting our ability to understand the coupling of ocean circulation and climate over glacial-interglacial timescales. Previous inferences of deep ocean temperature and salinity from sediment pore fluid oxygen isotopes and chlorinity indicate that the deep ocean density structure at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, approximately 20,000 years BP) was set by salinity, and that the density contrast between northern and southern sourced deep waters was markedly greater than in the modern ocean. High density stratification could help explain the marked contrast in carbon isotope distribution recorded in the LGM ocean relative to that we observe today, but what made the ocean's density structure so different at the LGM? How did it evolve from one state to another? Further, given the sparsity of the LGM temperature and salinity data set, what else can we learn by increasing the spatial density of proxy records?

We investigate the cause and feasibility of a highly and salinity stratified deep ocean at the LGM and we work to increase the amount of information we can glean about the past ocean from pore fluid profiles of oxygen isotopes and chloride. Using a coupled ocean--sea ice--ice shelf cavity model we test whether the deep ocean density structure at the LGM can be explained by ice--ocean interactions over the Antarctic continental shelves, and show that a large contribution of the LGM salinity stratification can be explained through lower ocean temperature. In order to extract the maximum information from pore fluid profiles of oxygen isotopes and chloride we evaluate several inverse methods for ill-posed problems and their ability to recover bottom water histories from sediment pore fluid profiles. We demonstrate that Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo parameter estimation techniques enable us to robustly recover the full solution space of bottom water histories, not only at the LGM, but through the most recent deglaciation and the Holocene up to the present. Finally, we evaluate a non-destructive pore fluid sampling technique, Rhizon samplers, in comparison to traditional squeezing methods and show that despite their promise, Rhizons are unlikely to be a good sampling tool for pore fluid measurements of oxygen isotopes and chloride.

Microtomografia com Raio X e processamento de imagem na obtenção da porosidade do concreto

O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi utilizar métodos não destrutivos (END), como a microtomografia com Raio X e técnicas de obtenção e processamento de imagens, para obtenção da porosidade do concreto. Foram utilizados dois métodos. Em um método as imagens foram obtidas por meio de microtomografia por Raio X e no outro foi utilizado um escâner comercial para obtenção das imagens. Essas imagens foram processadas por meio de técnicas de processamento de pixel e morfologia matemática. Os resultados obtidos para a porosidade foram comparados com resultado obtido por meio do método proposto pela NBR 9778 (2005) (Absorção de água, índice de vazios e massa específica em argamassa e concreto endurecido). As imagens microtomográficas das amostras de concreto foram obtidas num sistema Skyscan 1172 com 256 tons de cinza, ajustadas em contraste, binarizadas e filtradas. No outro método foi utilizado um Escâner Comercial com resolução de 2400 dpi para adquirir as imagens, sendo também utilizadas técnicas de processamento de pixel e morfologia matemática para processá-las. Os resultados dos valores da porosidade mostraram compatibilidade entre os dois métodos apresentados e o método proposto pela NBR 9778 (2005). Observou-se que os resultados obtidos por microtomografia foram mais confiáveis, mas o método utilizando o escâner comercial se apresentou como um método aceitável por seus resultados e principalmente por seu baixo custo e facilidade de operação.

Simulações de problemas inversos com aplicações em engenharia nuclear usando técnicas de transporte de partículas neutras monoenergéticas na formulação unidimensional de ordenadas discretas

Neste trabalho, três técnicas para resolver numericamente problemas inversos de transporte de partículas neutras a uma velocidade para aplicações em engenharia nuclear são desenvolvidas. É fato conhecido que problemas diretos estacionários e monoenergéticos de transporte são caracterizados por estimar o fluxo de partículas como uma função-distribuição das variáveis independentes de espaço e de direção de movimento, quando os parâmetros materiais (seções de choque macroscópicas), a geometria, e o fluxo incidente nos contornos do domínio (condições de contorno), bem como a distribuição de fonte interior são conhecidos. Por outro lado, problemas inversos, neste trabalho, buscam estimativas para o fluxo incidente no contorno, ou a fonte interior, ou frações vazio em barras homogêneas. O modelo matemático usado tanto para os problemas diretos como para os problemas inversos é a equação de transporte independente do tempo, a uma velocidade, em geometria unidimensional e com o espalhamento linearmente anisotrópico na formulação de ordenadas discretas (SN). Nos problemas inversos de valor de contorno, dado o fluxo emergente em um extremo da barra, medido por um detector de nêutrons, por exemplo, buscamos uma estimativa precisa para o fluxo incidente no extremo oposto. Por outro lado, nos problemas inversos SN de fonte interior, buscamos uma estimativa precisa para a fonte armazenada no interior do domínio para fins de blindagem, sendo dado o fluxo emergente no contorno da barra. Além disso, nos problemas inversos SN de fração de vazio, dado o fluxo emergente em uma fronteira da barra devido ao fluxo incidente prescrito no extremo oposto, procuramos por uma estimativa precisa da fração de vazio no interior da barra, no contexto de ensaios não-destrutivos para aplicações na indústria. O código computacional desenvolvido neste trabalho apresenta o método espectronodal de malha grossa spectral Greens function (SGF) para os problemas diretos SN em geometria unidimensional para gerar soluções numéricas precisas para os três problemas inversos SN descritos acima. Para os problemas inversos SN de valor de contorno e de fonte interior, usamos a propriedade da proporcionalidade da fuga de partículas; ademais, para os problemas inversos SN de fração de vazio, oferecemos a técnica a qual nos referimos como o método físico da bissecção. Apresentamos resultados numéricos para ilustrar a precisão das três técnicas, conforme descrito nesta tese.

不同产地绿松石无损检测及岩相结构特征研究

概述了绿松石的使用历史和产地来源。利用质子激发X射线荧光光谱（PIXE）、X射线衍射（XRD）及扫描电镜（SEM）技术对来自伊朗、湖北郧县和西藏等地的绿松石样品进行岩石矿物学特征分析，从成分组成方面探讨绿松石的呈色机理。结果显示，不同产地、不同质地绿松石的成分组成存在较大差别，但主成分含量基本一致；绿松石的颜色主要由其中CuO和Fe2O3的含量比值变化决定，比值由大至小，实现了绿松石颜色由天蓝色到绿色的转变。

蛇纹石质古玉器的无损分析研究

蛇纹石玉是我国利用最早的玉石之一。采用外束质子激发x射线荧光（PIXE）、x射线衍射（XRD）和拉曼光谱（Raman）技术对我国出土的古玉器以及辽宁省岫岩县出产的蛇纹石玉石进行矿物特征分析。通过对古玉器和玉石的对比研究，成功地对古玉器中的蛇纹石质玉器进行了无损鉴定，总结得出了蛇纹石质古玉器的无损鉴别方法，对于深化我国古玉器的研究具有重要意义。微量元素特征分析有助于探索古玉器玉料的来源。