The History and Challenges of Cohesion Policies. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 14 No. 2, February 2014

From Introduction. Regional economic disequilibria was viewed as both an obstacle to and result of integration (European Commission 1965; European Commission 1962; European Commission 1969). Even within the Treaty of Rome, the Community tried to establish mechanisms to alleviate regional inequality. However, it was not until 1975 that the main mechanism of regional policy was established as a result of British and Irish enlargement: the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Since then, cohesion policy has become a significant EU expenditure accounting for €347bn, or 35.7% of the total EU budget for 2007-13(European Commission Regional Policy-Info Regio 2012). It has also become a key policy linked to enlargement. The underlying principle of cohesion policy assumes that the market alone cannot solve development problems and therefore government intervention is needed. This notion is in direct contrast to the underlying principle of EU competition policy, which asserts that the free market can solve economic development problems (Meadows, interview by author, 2003). The logic underlying cohesion policy is not only counter to EU competition policy, but also regulatory policies. Unlike other EU policies, cohesion policy is not a sectoral policy, but rather territorial in nature (Leonardi, 2006). Thus at times EU regulatory policy has also unintentionally worked counter to the goals of regional policy, sometimes disadvantaging poorer regions (Dudek, 2005). As the Community has sought to ameliorate regional disparities, it meant that all levels of government: local, regional, national and supranational would need to be involved, however, member states have different territorial governance and European regional development programs have to varying degrees impacted the relationship and policy responsibility of different levels of government (Leonardi, 2006; Bachtler and Michie 1993; Marks, 1993). The very nature of regional development policy has provoked a re-examination of subsidiarity, or which level of government is the lowest and most appropriate level. The discussion of policy formulation and implementation at the lowest level possible also addresses the issue of the democratic deficit. Some argue that the closer government is to the people the more responsive and representative it is. Democracy, however, also implies that public funds are used in a transparent way and for public rather than private good. Yet, as we examine the history and current situation of EU regional funds we find that corruption and misuse still abound. Thus, to understand the history of regional policy it is imperative to look at the major transformations of the policy, how regional policy has impacted subsidiarity and the quality of democracy, become an important instrument of enlargement and contradicted or conflicted with other EU policies.

Notices et discours : Charles Blanc, Paul Baudry, M. Jean Alaux, Antoine Barye : discours /

Includes bibliographical references.

Picturesque United States of America, 1811, 1812, 1813, being a memoir on Paul Svinin, Russian diplomatic officer, artist, and author, containing copious excerpts from his account of his travels in America, with fifty-two reproductions of water colors in his own sketch-book,

"A list of the editions of Svinin's pamphlet on General Moreau": p.45-46.

Modern trio album. [music] : fifteen special concert arrangements and original compositions for violin, cello and piano /

Elegie and consolation, op. 200, no. 2 / Atherton, Frank P. -- Hungarian dance no. 5 (in G minor) / Brahms, Johannes -- Humoreske : op. 101, no. 7 / Dvor̂ák, Anton ; arr. by Gustav Saenger -- La Cinquantaine / Gabriel-Marie ; special concert arr. by C. Arnold -- Gavotte Louis XIII : Amaryllis / Ghys, H. ; arr. by N. Hansen -- Serenade, from Op. 3 / Herbert, Victor -- Dreams of love = Liebesträume : notturno III / Liszt, Franz ; arr. by R. Klugescheid -- O Belle Nuite, Barcarolle from "Contes d'Hoffmann" / Offenbach, J. ; arr. by Max Woltag -- Celebrated Andante / Reissiger, C. G. -- My heart at thy sweet voice : Cantabile from "Samson and Dalila" / Saint-Saëns, C. ; arr. by R. Klugescheid -- Melodie Mignonne / Sinding, Christian ; arr. by N. Hansen -- Vienna life = Wiener Blut / Strauss, Johann ; special concert arr. by C. Arnold -- Autumn song = Chant d'automne ; Chant sans paroles : op. 40, no. 6 / Tschaikowsky, P. ; arr. by N. Hansen -- Song to the evening star : from "Tannhäuser" / Wagner, Richard ; concert paraphrase by C. Arnold.

Charles-Victor de Bonstetten 1745-1832, sa vie, ses oeuvres.

"L'origine de ce travail est une thèse de doctorat, présentée à la faculté des lettres de l'Université de Berne."--Foot-note, p.10.

Procès des derniers ministres de Charles X, contenant les développemens de la proposition de m. Eusèbe Salverte, les rapports et la discussion devant la Chambre de députés, les débats et les plaidoyers complets devant la Chambre des pairs.

"La Cour des pairs ... déclare Auguste-Jules-Armand-Marie, prince de Polignac; Pierre-Denis, comte de Peyronnet; Jean-Claude-Balthazar-Victor Chantelauze, et Martial-Côme-Annibal-Perpétue-Magloire, comte de Guernon-Ranville, coupables du crime de trahison."--v. 2, p. 368-369.

Le président Hénault et Madame du Deffand. La cour du régent, la cour de Louis XV et de Marie Leczinska,

Mode of access: Internet.

Duroc, duc de Frioul : grand maréchal du Palais impérial (1772-1813)

Mode of access: Internet.

Die beiden Fassungen von Jean Pauls "Unsichtbarer Loge." ...

Lebenslauf.

Histoire naturelle générale et particuliére : avec la description du Cabinet du Roy : tome dixième /

Mode of access: Internet.

Les royales victoires de l'amour divin, sur le coeur de Marie Magdaleine ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Exercices de pieté pour tous les jours de l'année ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Campagne de dix-huit cent quinze ou Relation des opérations militaires qui ont eu lieu en France et en Belgique pendant les cent jours... : suivie d'une lettre adressée a S. A. I. l'Archiduchese Marie-Louise /

Mode of access: Internet.

Histoire d'un voyage aux isles Malouines, fait en 1763 & 1764 avec des observations sur le Detroit de Magellan, et sur les Patagons /

Relato de la expedición francesa bajo la dirección de Louis-Antoine de Bougainville para colonizar las islas Malvinas (o Falklands)