A micro gas turbines for UK domestic combined heat and power

Various micro-radial compressor configurations were investigated using one-dimensional meanline and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques for use in a micro gas turbine (MGT) domestic combined heat and power (DCHP) application. Blade backsweep, shaft speed, and blade height were varied at a constant pressure ratio. Shaft speeds were limited to 220 000 r/min, to enable the use of a turbocharger bearing platform. Off-design compressor performance was established and used to determine the MGT performance envelope; this in turn was used to assess potential cost and environmental savings in a heat-led DCHP operating scenario within the target market of a detached family home. A low target-stage pressure ratio provided an opportunity to reduce diffusion within the impeller. Critically for DCHP, this produced very regular flow, which improved impeller performance for a wider operating envelope. The best performing impeller was a low-speed, 170 000 r/min, low-backsweep, 15° configuration producing 71.76 per cent stage efficiency at a pressure ratio of 2.20. This produced an MGT design point system efficiency of 14.85 per cent at 993 W, matching prime movers in the latest commercial DCHP units. Cost and CO2 savings were 10.7 per cent and 6.3 per cent, respectively, for annual power demands of 17.4 MWht and 6.1 MWhe compared to a standard condensing boiler (with grid) installation. The maximum cost saving (on design point) was 14.2 per cent for annual power demands of 22.62 MWht and 6.1 MWhe corresponding to an 8.1 per cent CO2 saving. When sizing, maximum savings were found with larger heat demands. When sized, maximum savings could be made by encouraging more electricity export either by reducing household electricity consumption or by increasing machine efficiency.

Combined Conduction-Convection-Radiation Heat Transfer of Slip Flow inside a Micro-channel Filled with a Cellular Porous Material

Combined conduction–convection–radiation heat transfer is investigated numerically in a micro-channel filled with a saturated cellular porous medium, with the channel walls held at a constant heat flux. Invoking the velocity slip and temperature jump, the thermal behaviour of the porous–fluid system are studied by considering hydrodynamically fully developed flow and applying the Darcy–Brinkman flow model. One energy equation model based on the local thermal equilibrium condition is adopted to evaluate the temperature field within the porous medium. Combined conduction and radiation heat transfer is treated as an effective conduction process with a temperature-dependent effective thermal conductivity. Results are reported in terms of the average Nusselt number and dimensionless temperature distribution, as a function of velocity slip coefficient, temperature jump coefficient, porous medium shape parameter and radiation parameters. Results show that increasing the radiation parameter (Tr)(Tr) and the temperature jump coefficient flattens the dimensionless temperature profile. The Nusselt numbers are more sensitive to the variation in the temperature jump coefficient rather than to the velocity slip coefficient. Such that for high porous medium shape parameter, the Nusselt number is found to be independent of velocity slip. Furthermore, it is found that as the temperature jump coefficient increases, the Nusselt number decrease. In addition, for high temperature jump coefficients, the Nusselt number is found to be insensitive to the radiation parameters and porous medium shape parameter. It is also concluded that compared with the conventional macro-channels, wherein using a porous material enhances the rate of heat transfer (up to about 40 % compared to the clear channel), insertion of a porous material inside a micro-channel in slip regime does not effectively enhance the rate of heat transfer that is about 2 %.

Constant wall heat flux boundary conditions in micro-channels filled with porous material with internal heat generation under local thermal non-equilibrium conditions

Forced convection heat transfer in a micro-channel filled with a porous material saturated with rarefied gas with internal heat generation is studied analytically in this work. The study is performed by analysing the boundary conditions for constant wall heat flux under local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) conditions. Invoking the velocity slip and temperature jump, the thermal behaviour of the porous-fluid system is studied by considering thermally and hydrodynamically fully-developed conditions. The flow inside the porous material is modelled by the Darcy–Brinkman equation. Exact solutions are obtained for both the fluid and solid temperature distributions for two primary approaches models A and B using constant wall heat flux boundary conditions. The temperature distributions and Nusselt numbers for models A and B are compared, and the limiting cases resulting in the convergence or divergence of the two models are also discussed. The effects of pertinent parameters such as fluid to solid effective thermal conductivity ratio, Biot number, Darcy number, velocity slip and temperature jump coefficients, and fluid and solid internal heat generations are also discussed. The results indicate that the Nusselt number decreases with the increase of thermal conductivity ratio for both models. This contrasts results from previous studies which for model A reported that the Nusselt number increases with the increase of thermal conductivity ratio. The Biot number and thermal conductivity ratio are found to have substantial effects on the role of temperature jump coefficient in controlling the Nusselt number for models A and B. The Nusselt numbers calculated using model A change drastically with the variation of solid internal heat generation. In contrast, the Nusselt numbers obtained for model B show a weak dependency on the variation of internal heat generation. The velocity slip coefficient has no noticeable effect on the Nusselt numbers for both models. The difference between the Nusselt numbers calculated using the two models decreases with an increase of the temperature jump coefficient.

Evaluation of flow patterns and elongated bubble characteristics during the flow boiling of halocarbon refrigerants in a micro-scale channel

In the present study, quasi-diabatic two-phase flow pattern visualizations and measurements of elongated bubble velocity, frequency and length were performed. The tests were run for R134a and R245fa evaporating in a stainless steel tube with diameter of 2.32 mm, mass velocities ranging from 50 to 600 kg/m(2) s and saturation temperatures of 22 degrees C, 31 degrees C and 41 degrees C. The tube was heated by applying a direct DC current to its surface. Images from a high-speed video-camera (8000 frames/s) obtained through a transparent tube just downstream the heated sections were used to identify the following flow patterns: bubbly, elongated bubbles, churn and annular flows. The visualized flow patterns were compared against the predictions provided by Barnea et al. (1983) [1], Felcar et al. (2007) [10], Revellin and Thome (2007) [3] and Ong and Thome (2009) [11]. From this comparison, it was found that the methods proposed by Felcar et al. (2007) [10] and Ong and Thome (2009) [1] predicted relatively well the present database. Additionally, elongated bubble velocities, frequencies and lengths were determined based on the analysis of high-speed videos. Results suggested that the elongated bubble velocity depends on mass velocity, vapor quality and saturation temperature. The bubble velocity increases with increasing mass velocity and vapor quality and decreases with increasing saturation temperature. Additionally, bubble velocity was correlated as linear functions of the two-phase superficial velocity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Film thickness measurement techniques applied to micro-scale two-phase flow systems

Recently semi-empirical models to estimate flow boiling heat transfer coefficient, saturated CHF and pressure drop in micro-scale channels have been proposed. Most of the models were developed based on elongated bubbles and annular flows in the view of the fact that these flow patterns are predominant in smaller channels. In these models, the liquid film thickness plays an important role and such a fact emphasizes that the accurate measurement of the liquid film thickness is a key point to validate them. On the other hand, several techniques have been successfully applied to measure liquid film thicknesses during condensation and evaporation under macro-scale conditions. However, although this subject has been targeted by several leading laboratories around the world, it seems that there is no conclusive result describing a successful technique capable of measuring dynamic liquid film thickness during evaporation inside micro-scale round channels. This work presents a comprehensive literature review of the methods used to measure liquid film thickness in macro- and micro-scale systems. The methods are described and the main difficulties related to their use in micro-scale systems are identified. Based on this discussion, the most promising methods to measure dynamic liquid film thickness in micro-scale channels are identified. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

New prediction methods for CO2 evaporation inside tubes: Part II - An updated general flow boiling heat transfer model based on flow patterns

Corresponding to the updated flow pattern map presented in Part I of this study, an updated general flow pattern based flow boiling heat transfer model was developed for CO2 using the Cheng-Ribatski-Wojtan-Thome [L. Cheng, G. Ribatski, L. Wojtan, J.R. Thome, New flow boiling heat transfer model and flow pattern map for carbon dioxide evaporating inside horizontal tubes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 49 (2006) 4082-4094; L. Cheng, G. Ribatski, L. Wojtan, J.R. Thome, Erratum to: ""New flow boiling heat transfer model and flow pattern map for carbon dioxide evaporating inside tubes"" [Heat Mass Transfer 49 (21-22) (2006) 4082-4094], Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 50 (2007) 391] flow boiling heat transfer model as the starting basis. The flow boiling heat transfer correlation in the dryout region was updated. In addition, a new mist flow heat transfer correlation for CO2 was developed based on the CO2 data and a heat transfer method for bubbly flow was proposed for completeness sake. The updated general flow boiling heat transfer model for CO2 covers all flow regimes and is applicable to a wider range of conditions for horizontal tubes: tube diameters from 0.6 to 10 mm, mass velocities from 50 to 1500 kg/m(2) s, heat fluxes from 1.8 to 46 kW/m(2) and saturation temperatures from -28 to 25 degrees C (reduced pressures from 0.21 to 0.87). The updated general flow boiling heat transfer model was compared to a new experimental database which contains 1124 data points (790 more than that in the previous model [Cheng et al., 2006, 2007]) in this study. Good agreement between the predicted and experimental data was found in general with 71.4% of the entire database and 83.2% of the database without the dryout and mist flow data predicted within +/-30%. However, the predictions for the dryout and mist flow regions were less satisfactory due to the limited number of data points, the higher inaccuracy in such data, scatter in some data sets ranging up to 40%, significant discrepancies from one experimental study to another and the difficulties associated with predicting the inception and completion of dryout around the perimeter of the horizontal tubes. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influence of Microstructures on Polarization Resistance and Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of a Micro-Alloyed Steel Submitted to Different Cooling Rates

The effect of different microstructures on the polarization resistance (Rp) and the hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) of a micro-alloyed steel austenitized and submitted to different cooling rates was studied. Samples 19.1 x 6 x 2 mm, containing the whole thickness of the plate were extracted from a 20 mm plate and heat treated on a quenching dilatometer, were submitted to Rp and HIC corrosion tests. Both Rp and HIC tests followed as close as possible ASTM G59 and NACE standard TM0284-2003, in this case, modified only with regard to the size of the samples. Steel samples transformed from austenite by a slow cooling (cooling rate of 0.5 degrees C.s(-1)) showed higher susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking, with large cracks in the middle of the sample propagating along segregation bands, corresponding to the centerline of the plate thickness. For cooling rates of 10 degrees C.s(-1), only small cracks were found in the matrix and micro cracks nucleated at non-metallic inclusions. For higher cooling rates (40 degrees C.s(-1)) very few small cracks were detected, linked to non-metallic inclusions. This result suggests that structures formed by polygonal structures and segregation bands (were cutectoid microconstituents predominate) have higher susceptibility to HIC. Structures predominantly formed by acicular ferrite make it difficult to propagate the cracks among non-oriented and interlaced acicular ferrite crystals. Smaller segregation bands containing eutectoid products also help inhibit cracking and crack propagation; segregation bands can function as pipelines for hydrogen diffusion and offer a path of stress concentration for the propagation of cracks, frequently associated to non-metallic inclusions. Polarization resistance essays performed on the steel in theas received condition, prior to any heat treatment, showed larger differences between the regions of the plate, with a considerably lower Rp in the centerline. The austenitization heat treatments followed by cooling rates of 0.5 e 10 degrees C.s(-1) made more uniform the corrosion resistance along the thickness of the plate. The effects of heat treatments on the corrosion resistance are probably related to the microconstituent formed, allied to the chemical homogenization of the impurities concentrated on the centerline of the plate.

Heat transfer and entropy generation optimization of forced convection in a porous-saturated duct of rectangular cross-section

We investigate analytically the first and the second law characteristics of fully developed forced convection inside a porous-saturated duct of rectangular cross-section. The Darcy-Brinkman flow model is employed. Three different types of thermal boundary conditions are examined. Expressions for the Nusselt number, the Bejan number, and the dimensionless entropy generation rate are presented in terms of the system parameters. The conclusions of this analytical study will make it possible to compare, evaluate, and optimize alternative rectangular duct design options in terms of heat transfer, pressure drop, and entropy generation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Design gráfico : análise da relação com a performance da micro e pequena empresa

O design possui um papel central nos negócios, participando de forma crucial no intercambio cultural e econômico da sociedade. Uma das competências do profissional de design gráfico é o desenvolvimento da Identidade Visual Corporativa (IVC). Ela tem como função definir visualmente o perfil de uma empresa, configurando-se, assim, como um composto mercadológico de fundamental importância para diferenciação das organizações, possuindo um importante papel para o crescimento das micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs). O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar de que forma os gestores de MPEs percebem a atuação do design gráfico sobre a performance do seu negócio, avaliada a partir da sua experiência com a IVC desenvolvida por um profissional de design e aplicada pela empresa em suas atividades. A pesquisa é aplicada, em relação a sua finalidade, e exploratória, quanto ao seu objetivo. Sua condução se deu a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevista semiestruturada com os gestores das MPEs investigadas e pesquisa documental em materiais fornecidos pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, realizando-se, desta forma, uma triangulação metodológica a fim de contribuir para o exame do fenômeno. Como estratégia de investigação foi utilizado o estudo de casos múltiplos, realizado com 7 (sete) MPEs que haviam incorporado sua IVC há pelo menos 2 (dois) anos, dos setores de comércio e serviço, localizadas nos municípios de Vitória, Vila Velha, Serra ou Cariacica. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, com base nas etapas descritas por Bardin (1977) e Laville (1999), distribuindo as unidades de análise (frases e parágrafos) nas categorias desenvolvidas: Motivação, Integração da IVC, Gestão da IVC, Relevância da IVC, IVC e Performance e Expressão Visual. A análise utilizou a abordagem quantitativa, realizada por meio da técnica de percentagem, e qualitativa, com maior ênfase na última, onde foram analisadas as categorias e seus elementos, assim como as relações entre elas, buscando extrair os significados construídos. Desta forma, foi possível verificar que a maior parte dos gestores das MPEs investigadas identificam que o design gráfico, por meio da IVC, contribui de forma positiva para a performance do seu negócio, proporcionando diferentes tipos de benefícios, dentre os mais citados foram: Identificação/Reconhecimento, Fortalecimento (solidez, estabilidade, profissionalismo), Novos Clientes, Imagem, Receptividade, Agregação de Valor para a Marca e Diferenciação.

Design gráfico : análise da relação com a performance da micro e pequena empresa

O design possui um papel central nos negócios, participando de forma crucial no intercambio cultural e econômico da sociedade. Uma das competências do profissional de design gráfico é o desenvolvimento da Identidade Visual Corporativa (IVC). Ela tem como função definir visualmente o perfil de uma empresa, configurando-se, assim, como um composto mercadológico de fundamental importância para diferenciação das organizações, possuindo um importante papel para o crescimento das micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs). O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar de que forma os gestores de MPEs percebem a atuação do design gráfico sobre a performance do seu negócio, avaliada a partir da sua experiência com a IVC desenvolvida por um profissional de design e aplicada pela empresa em suas atividades. A pesquisa é aplicada, em relação a sua finalidade, e exploratória, quanto ao seu objetivo. Sua condução se deu a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevista semiestruturada com os gestores das MPEs investigadas e pesquisa documental em materiais fornecidos pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, realizando-se, desta forma, uma triangulação metodológica a fim de contribuir para o exame do fenômeno. Como estratégia de investigação foi utilizado o estudo de casos múltiplos, realizado com 7 (sete) MPEs que haviam incorporado sua IVC há pelo menos 2 (dois) anos, dos setores de comércio e serviço, localizadas nos municípios de Vitória, Vila Velha, Serra ou Cariacica. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, com base nas etapas descritas por Bardin (1977) e Laville (1999), distribuindo as unidades de análise (frases e parágrafos) nas categorias desenvolvidas: Motivação, Integração da IVC, Gestão da IVC, Relevância da IVC, IVC e Performance e Expressão Visual. A análise utilizou a abordagem quantitativa, realizada por meio da técnica de percentagem, e qualitativa, com maior ênfase na última, onde foram analisadas as categorias e seus elementos, assim como as relações entre elas, buscando extrair os significados construídos. Desta forma, foi possível verificar que a maior parte dos gestores das MPEs investigadas identificam que o design gráfico, por meio da IVC, contribui de forma positiva para a performance do seu negócio, proporcionando diferentes tipos de benefícios, dentre os mais citados foram: Identificação/Reconhecimento, Fortalecimento (solidez, estabilidade, profissionalismo), Novos Clientes, Imagem, Receptividade, Agregação de Valor para a Marca e Diferenciação.

Two divergent ways to manage HR and to get to the top: an exploratory study in micro firms

Aim of the paper: The purpose of this paper is to examine human resources management practices (HRM practices) in small firms and to improve the understanding of the relationship between this kind of practices and business growth. This exploratory study is based on the resource-based view of the firm and empirical work carried out in two small firms by relating HRM practices with the firms’ results. Contribution to the literature: This is an in-depth study of HRM practices and its impact on performance growth in micro firms, isolating and controlling for most of the contextual and internal variables considered in the literature that relate HRM to growth. Firm growth analysis was broadened by the use of several dependent variables: employment growth and operational and financial performance growth. Some hypotheses for further research in identifying HRM practices in small business and its relation with firm growth are suggested. Methodology: Case study methodology was used to study two firms. The techniques used to collect data were semi-structured interviews to the owner and all the employees, unstructured observation at the firms’ facilities (during two days), entrepreneur profile definition (survey answer) and document data collection (on demographic characterization and performance results). Data was analyzed through content analysis methodology, and categories derived from the interviews’ protocols and literature. Results and implications: Results revealed that despite the firms’ organizational characteristics similarities, they differ significantly in owners’ motivation to grow, HRM practices and organizational performance and growth. Future studies should pay special attention to owner willingness to grow, to firms’ years of experience in business, to staff’s years of experience in their field of work and turnover. HRM practices in micro/small firms should be better defined and characterized. The external image of management posture relating to longitudinal financial results and growth should also be explored.

Análise da viabilidade económica da implementação de uma central de micro-cogeração no setor da agropecuária

O crescente aumento do consumo energético das sociedades desenvolvidas e emergentes, motivado pelo progresso económico e social, tem induzido a procura de alternativas focalizadas nas energias renováveis, que possam contribuir para assegurar o fornecimento de energia sem agravar o consumo de combustíveis fósseis e a emissão de gases com efeito de estufa. Nesse sentido, a produção de energia eléctrica a partir do gás metano resultante da estabilização anaeróbia de efluentes tem vindo a ser estudada e praticada desde finais do século XIX, tendo assumido maior expressão a partir dos anos 70 do século XX, na sequência das primeiras crises petrolíferas. As instalações agropecuárias reúnem dois fatores chave para o sucesso do aproveitamento energético do biogás produzido no tratamento dos efluentes: por um lado, produzem matéria-prima com potencial energético – dejeto animal com um potencial enorme de criação de biogás quando procedido de tratamento anaeróbio - e, por outro, necessitam de energia eléctrica para o funcionamento dos equipamentos electromecânicos e de calor para a manutenção das instalações. A valorização energética do biogás produzido na estabilização anaeróbia dos efluentes agro-pecuários, para além de permitir obter um retorno financeiro, que contribui para o equilíbrio dos custos de investimento e de exploração, contribui igualmente para a redução das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa, como o dióxido de carbono e o metano, e para a segurança de abastecimento energético à instalação, na medida em que assegura a alimentação de energia eléctrica em caso de falha no fornecimento pela rede nacional. A presente dissertação apresenta um contributo para estudos a desenvolver por proprietários de agropecuárias, cooperativas regionais do setor da agropecuária, empresas de projecto e estudantes de Engenharia, constituído por uma compilação da informação mais relevante associada à estabilização anaeróbia de efluentes e à valorização energética do biogás produzido. Com base em informação referente ao número real de animais existentes em Portugal, este trabalho pretende fazer ver a essas entidades que o aproveitamento energético do biogás é viável e útil para o país. Com a criação de uma aplicação informática de análise económica de investimento, provar que o investimento em pequenas propriedades, com apenas 80 cabeças normais, pode obter um retorno financeiro razoável, com um prazo de recuperação do investimento bastante baixo, aproveitando um recurso que caso contrário será desperdiçado e poluirá o ambiente.

Imunobiossensores capacitivos interdigitais com camadas sensíveis micro e nano-estruturadas

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

Use of the heat dissipation method for sap flow measurement in citrus nursery trees1

Sap flow could be used as physiological parameter to assist irrigation of screen house citrus nursery trees by continuous water consumption estimation. Herein we report a first set of results indicating the potential use of the heat dissipation method for sap flow measurement in containerized citrus nursery trees. 'Valencia' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] budded on 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) was evaluated for 30 days during summer. Heat dissipation probes and thermocouple sensors were constructed with low-cost and easily available materials in order to improve accessibility of the method. Sap flow showed high correlation to air temperature inside the screen house. However, errors due to natural thermal gradient and plant tissue injuries affected measurement precision. Transpiration estimated by sap flow measurement was four times higher than gravimetric measurement. Improved micro-probes, adequate method calibration, and non-toxic insulating materials should be further investigated.

A Practical Micro Mechanical Model Based Local Approach Methodology for the Analysis of Ductile Fracture of Welded T-Joints

This thesis concentrates on developing a practical local approach methodology based on micro mechanical models for the analysis of ductile fracture of welded joints. Two major problems involved in the local approach, namely the dilational constitutive relation reflecting the softening behaviour of material, and the failure criterion associated with the constitutive equation, have been studied in detail. Firstly, considerable efforts were made on the numerical integration and computer implementation for the non trivial dilational Gurson Tvergaard model. Considering the weaknesses of the widely used Euler forward integration algorithms, a family of generalized mid point algorithms is proposed for the Gurson Tvergaard model. Correspondingly, based on the decomposition of stresses into hydrostatic and deviatoric parts, an explicit seven parameter expression for the consistent tangent moduli of the algorithms is presented. This explicit formula avoids any matrix inversion during numerical iteration and thus greatly facilitates the computer implementation of the algorithms and increase the efficiency of the code. The accuracy of the proposed algorithms and other conventional algorithms has been assessed in a systematic manner in order to highlight the best algorithm for this study. The accurate and efficient performance of present finite element implementation of the proposed algorithms has been demonstrated by various numerical examples. It has been found that the true mid point algorithm (a = 0.5) is the most accurate one when the deviatoric strain increment is radial to the yield surface and it is very important to use the consistent tangent moduli in the Newton iteration procedure. Secondly, an assessment of the consistency of current local failure criteria for ductile fracture, the critical void growth criterion, the constant critical void volume fraction criterion and Thomason's plastic limit load failure criterion, has been made. Significant differences in the predictions of ductility by the three criteria were found. By assuming the void grows spherically and using the void volume fraction from the Gurson Tvergaard model to calculate the current void matrix geometry, Thomason's failure criterion has been modified and a new failure criterion for the Gurson Tvergaard model is presented. Comparison with Koplik and Needleman's finite element results shows that the new failure criterion is fairly accurate indeed. A novel feature of the new failure criterion is that a mechanism for void coalescence is incorporated into the constitutive model. Hence the material failure is a natural result of the development of macroscopic plastic flow and the microscopic internal necking mechanism. By the new failure criterion, the critical void volume fraction is not a material constant and the initial void volume fraction and/or void nucleation parameters essentially control the material failure. This feature is very desirable and makes the numerical calibration of void nucleation parameters(s) possible and physically sound. Thirdly, a local approach methodology based on the above two major contributions has been built up in ABAQUS via the user material subroutine UMAT and applied to welded T joints. By using the void nucleation parameters calibrated from simple smooth and notched specimens, it was found that the fracture behaviour of the welded T joints can be well predicted using present methodology. This application has shown how the damage parameters of both base material and heat affected zone (HAZ) material can be obtained in a step by step manner and how useful and capable the local approach methodology is in the analysis of fracture behaviour and crack development as well as structural integrity assessment of practical problems where non homogeneous materials are involved. Finally, a procedure for the possible engineering application of the present methodology is suggested and discussed.