Queens and Workers of the Primitively Eusocial Wasp Ropalidia marginata do not Differ in Their Dufour's Gland Morphology

Ropalidia marginata is a primitively eusocial paper wasp found in peninsular India, where recent work suggests the role of the Dufour's gland hydrocarbons in queen signaling. It appears that the queen signals her presence to workers by rubbing the tip of her abdomen on the nest surface, thereby presumably applying her Dufour's gland secretion to the nest. Since the queen alone produces pheromone from the Dufour's gland and also applies it on the nest surface, the activity level of queen gland should be higher than that of worker gland, as the gland contents would have to get replenished periodically for queens but not for workers. The difference in activity level can be manifested in difference in Dufour's gland morphology, larger glands implying higher activity levels and smaller glands implying lower activity levels, as positive correlation between gland size and gland activity has been reported in exocrine glands of various taxa (including Hymenopteran insects). Hence we investigated whether there is any size difference between Dufour's glands of queens and workers in R. marginata. We found that there was no difference between queens and workers in their Dufour's gland size, implying that Dufour's gland activity and Dufour's gland size are likely to be uncorrelated in this species.

Malaria Parasite-Synthesized Heme Is Essential in the Mosquito and Liver Stages and Complements Host Heme in the Blood Stages of Infection

Heme metabolism is central to malaria parasite biology. The parasite acquires heme from host hemoglobin in the intraerythrocytic stages and stores it as hemozoin to prevent free heme toxicity. The parasite can also synthesize heme de novo, and all the enzymes in the pathway are characterized. To study the role of the dual heme sources in malaria parasite growth and development, we knocked out the first enzyme, d-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS), and the last enzyme, ferrochelatase (FC), in the heme-biosynthetic pathway of Plasmodium berghei (Pb). The wild-type and knockout (KO) parasites had similar intraerythrocytic growth patterns in mice. We carried out in vitro radiolabeling of heme in Pb-infected mouse reticulocytes and Plasmodium falciparum-infected human RBCs using 4-(14) C] aminolevulinic acid (ALA). We found that the parasites incorporated both host hemoglobin-heme and parasite-synthesized heme into hemozoin and mitochondrial cytochromes. The similar fates of the two heme sources suggest that they may serve as backup mechanisms to provide heme in the intraerythrocytic stages. Nevertheless, the de novo pathway is absolutely essential for parasite development in the mosquito and liver stages. PbKO parasites formed drastically reduced oocysts and did not form sporozoites in the salivary glands. Oocyst production in PbALASKO parasites recovered when mosquitoes received an ALA supplement. PbALASKO sporozoites could infect mice only when the mice received an ALA supplement. Our results indicate the potential for new therapeutic interventions targeting the heme-biosynthetic pathway in the parasite during the mosquito and liver stages.

Function of the Dufour's gland in solitary and social Hymenoptera

The poison gland and Dufour's gland are the two glands associated with the sting apparatus in female Apocrita (Hymenoptera). While the poison gland usually functions as an integral part of the venom delivery system, the Dufour's gland has been found to differ in its function in various hymenopteran groups. Like all exocrine glands, the function of the Dufour's gland is to secrete chemicals, but the nature and function of the secretions varies in different taxa. Functions of the Dufour's gland secretions range from serving as a component of material used in nest building, larval food, and pheromones involved in communicative functions that are important for both solitary and social species. This review summarizes the different functions reported for the Dufour's gland in hymenopterans, illustrating how the Dufour's gland secretions can be adapted to give rise to various functions in response to different challenges posed by the ways of life followed by different taxa. Aspects of development, structure, chemistry and the evolution of different functions are also touched upon briefly.

Lobe-specific Expression of Phosphodiesterase 5 in Rat Prostate

OBJECTIVE To investigate the level and location of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) expression in rat prostate. METHODS The ventral, dorsal, and lateral lobes of rat prostate were examined for PDE5 expression by Western blotting. Intact rat urogenital complex, including the urinary bladder and accessory reproductive glands, was examined for PDE5 expression by immunohistochemistry. Individual prostatic lobes were further examined by immunofluorescence for expression of PDE5, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and rat endothelial cell antigen. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed that PDE5 was expressed at a significantly lower level in dorsal lobe (DL) than in ventral lobe (VL) or lateral lobe (LL). Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses showed that PDE5 was expressed in both acinar epithelium and periacinar smooth muscle. However, although similar levels of smooth muscle PDE5 expression were observed in all 3 prostatic lobes, significantly lower level of epithelial PDE5 expression was found in DL compared with VL or LL. In prostatic blood vessels, PDE5 expression was clearly visible in the endothelium but not as easily detectable in the smooth muscle. CONCLUSION PDE5 was expressed in the acinar epithelium and periacinar smooth muscle of rat prostate. However, the epithelial PDE5 expression was significantly less in DL than in VL or LL. Regardless, the acinar wall, not the blood vessel wall, is the predominant PDE5 expression site in rat prostate. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc.

Systematic status of Fejervarya ((Amphibia, Anura, Dicroglossidae) from South and SE Asia with the description of a new species from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India

We carried out a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of fejervaryan (dicroglossid frogs with `Fejervaryan lines' on the ventral side of the body) frogs, distributed in South and SE Asia, using published and newly generated sequences of unidentified individuals from the northern Western Ghats. The results corroborate the presence of a larger fejervaryan clade with a sister relationship to a clade composed of Sphaerotheca. Two sister clades could be discerned within the lager fejervaryan clade. The unidentified individuals formed a monophyletic group and showed a strong support for a sister relationship with Minervarya sahyadris. The species was found to be highly divergent (16S rRNA-4% and tyr-1%) from its sister lineage Minervarya sahyadris, and the clade composed of these two lineages were found to be deeply nested within the larger clade of Fejervarya. Based on this, the genus Minervarya Dubois, Ohler and Biju, 2001 is synonymized under the genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915. The unidentified lineage is recognized, based on phylogenetic position, genetic divergence and morphological divergence, as a distinct species and named here as Fejervarya gomantaki sp. nov. The presence of rictal glands was observed to be a synapomorphic character shared by the nested clade members, Fejervarya sahyadris and Fejervarya gomantaki sp. nov. Based on the presence of rictal gland and small size, Minervarya chilapata, a species from a lowland region in the Eastern Himalayas, is synonymized under Fejervarya and evidence for morphological separation from the new species, Fejervarya gomantaki sp. nov. is provided. For the fejervaryan frogs, currently three generic names (Frost, 2015) are available for the two phylogenetic subclades; the genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 for the species of fejervaryan frogs having distribution in the South East Asia; the genus Zakerana Howlader, 2011 for the species of fejervaryan frogs having distribution in the South Asia and the genus Minervarya Dubois, Ohler and Biju, 2001 nested within the `Zakerana clade'. In the phylogenetic analysis Minervarya sahyadris, the new species described herein as Fejervarya gomantaki sp. nov. are nested within the `Zakerana clade', if the `Zakerana clade' for the fejervaryan frogs having distribution in the South Asia is provided a generic status the nomen `Minervarya' should be considered as per the principle of priority of the ICZN Code. Taking into consideration the overlapping distribution ranges of members of the sister clades within the larger fejervaryan clade and the absence of distinct morphological characteristics, we also synonymize the genus Zakerana Howlader, 2011, a name assigned to one of the sister clades with members predominantly distributed in South Asia, under the genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915. We discuss the need for additional sampling to identify additional taxa and determine the geographical ranges of the members of the sister clades within Fejervarya to resolve taxonomy within this group.

A new genus and species of arboreal toad with phytotelmonous larvae, from the Andaman Islands, India (Lissamphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)

A new bufonid amphibian, belonging to a new monotypic genus, is described from the Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, Republic of India, based on unique external morphological and skeletal characters which are compared with those of known Oriental and other relevant bufonid genera. Blythophryne gen. n. is distinguished from other bufonid genera by its small adult size (mean SVL 24.02 mm), the presence of six presacral vertebrae, an absence of coccygeal expansions, presence of an elongated pair of parotoid glands, expanded discs at digit tips and phytotelmonous tadpoles that lack oral denticles. The taxonomic and phylogenetic position of the new taxon (that we named as Blythophryne beryet gen. et sp. n.) was ascertained by comparing its 12S and 16S partial genes with those of Oriental and other relevant bufonid lineages. Resulting molecular phylogeny supports the erection of a novel monotypic genus for this lineage from the Andaman Islands of India.

Retroviral Infections in Sheep and Goats: Small Ruminant Lentiviruses and Host Interaction

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retrovirus family comprising the closely related Visna/Maedi Virus (VMV) and the Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV), which infect sheep and goats. Both infect cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and cause lifelong infections. Infection by VMV and CAEV can lead to Visna/Maedi (VM) and Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE) respectively, slow progressive inflammatory diseases primarily affecting the lungs, nervous system, joints and mammary glands. VM and CAE are distributed worldwide and develop over a period of months or years, always leading to the death of the host, with the consequent economic and welfare implications. Currently, the control of VM and CAE relies on the control of transmission and culling of infected animals. However, there is evidence that host genetics play an important role in determining Susceptibility/Resistance to SRLV infection and disease progression, but little work has been performed in small ruminants. More research is necessary to understand the host-SRLV interaction.

Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), toad and Clarias pituitary hormogenates on spawning in the catfish: Clarias Lazera (C. and V.) and Clarias anguillaris (Linne)

Experiment on induced spawning of Clarias lazera and C. anguillaris using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) freshly prepared toad and Clarias pituitary hormogenates were carried out. Clarias pituitary hormogenates induced spawning in C. lazera and C. anguillaris at dosage levels of 0.27-0.46 mg/150 g body weight or 2 glands/fish of equivalent weights. HCG induced spawning in C. anguillaris at 500 i.u/500 g body weight but failed in C. lazera. Toad pituitary was not successful at even a higher dosage level of 0.60 mg/150 g body weight. The implications of these results are discussed. Spawning occurred in the HCG (and Clarias pituitary treated females in less than 12 hours after injection and subsequent examination of ovaries of the spawned fish showed incomplete spawning. Furthermore, fertilization occurred, following spawning in the piscine pituitary hormone treated male and female fish but failed in the HCG (treated pair. A mean fertilization rate of 50-90% was recorded. Possible explanations of these observations are advanced. The hatching time of 24-48 hours and a mean hatching rate of 75-90% were recorded. A high larval mortality of up to 95% was observed in the post yolk-sac stag after 8 days. The need for the development of appropriate larval food for Clarias species in culture practice is stressed

Cytokine control of neuronal phenotype

Diffusible proteins regulate neural development at a variety of stages. Using a novel neuronal culture assay, I have identified several cytokines that regulate the expression of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in sympathetic neurons. These cytokines fall into two families. The first group is termed the neuropoietic cytokines, while including CDF/LIF, CNTF, OSM and GPA, induces expression of the same set of neuropeptide mRNAs in cultured sympathetic neurons. These four factors not only exhibit similar biological activities; they also share a predicted secondary structure and bind to a signal-transducing receptor subunit in common with IL-6 and IL-11. The latter two cytokines display a weaker activity in this assay. In addition, I find that several members of the TGF-β superfamily, activin A, BMP-2, and BMP-6, have a selective overlap with the neuropoietic family in the spectrum of neuropeptides that these cytokines induce in sympathetic neurons. Different patterns of neuropeptides induced by the TGF-β family members, however, demonstrate that the activities of these cytokines are distinct from those of the neuropoietic family. Another 30 cytokines are without detectable effect in this neuronal assay.

Activin A induces a set of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that is somewhat similar to the phenotype of sympathetic neurons innervating sweat glands in rat footpads. In situ hybridization and RNase protection were carried out to test whether activins were involved in the phenotypic transition when sympathetic neurons contact sweat glands. I find that activin mRNA is present in both cholinergic and noradrenergic targets. Moreover, homogenates of footpads do not contain activin-like activity in the neuronal assay in vitro. Taken together, these data do not support activins as the best candidates for the sweat gland factor.

Several novel factors that regulate neuropeptide expression exist in heart cell conditioned medium. I attempted to purify these factors in collaboration with Dr. Jane Talvenheimo. Our results suggest that these factors are sensitive to the storage conditions used. Several modifications of purification strategy are discussed.

A biologically active peptide in the skin of lampreys (Eudontomyzon danfordi vladykovi). [Translation from: Z.Naturforsch. (B), 26(10), 1021-1023, 1971. ]

In recent years interest in the production and description of kinin-type substances has been greatly intensified. So, for example, bradykinin, phyllokinin, physalaemin, ranatensin and caerulein could be extracted from the skin of amphibians as well as. eledoisin out of the salivary glands of Eledon moschata. An examination of lampreys seemed to us particularly profitable in the search for the incidence of further kinins. Ammocoetes of different sizes and also adults of both sexes of the species Eudontomyzon danfordi vladykovi were studied in this research. This species is found in many tributaries of the Danube. Skin extracts were tested on on isolated rat uterus, rat duodenum, guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum, further tests were done in order to determine a peptide character of the biologically active substance.

Changes in the organism of females of some Cladocera in transition to gamogenesis. [Translation from: Zoologicheskie Zhurnal 49 1573-1575, 1970. ]

In species of Cladocera not forming ephippia, the latent eggs have a sheath formed by glands of the reproductive canals. Representatives of the families Daphniidae and Moinidae Goulden, 1968, in connection with the formation of their complex-structured ephippia, lost these glands. It was investigated whether there are such glands in species the latent eggs of which are enclosed in primitive ephippia. For this, with the help of histological methods, 55 females of Acroperus elongatus (Sars) (Chydoridea) and 88 females of Lathonura rectirostris (O. F. Muller), (Macrothricidae) were collected near Leningrad, were studied.

Desenvolvimento do sistema reprodutivo de Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda: Digenea) de hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) experimentalmente infectados, analisado por microscopia de luz de campo e microscopia laser confocal

O conhecimento da morfologia e ultraestrutura dos helmintos permite a correta classificação destes organismos, bem como fornece subsídios que poderão ser utilizados para diagnóstico e controle. A microscopia laser confocal é uma ferramenta para estudar a organização estrutural de várias espécies de helmintos, possibilitando acesso a detalhes morfológicos não evidenciados pela microscopia óptica. Echinostoma paraensei é um trematódeo, digenético, hermafrodita parasito de numerosos hospedeiros vertebrados. Neste trabalho foi investigado o desenvolvimento dos órgãos reprodutivo e a morfometria de E. paraensei, desde a fase jovem até a adulta, como contribuição ao conhecimento do desenvolvimento reprodutivo desta espécie. Os trematódeos foram recuperados aos 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14 e 21 dias posterior à infecção (dpi) experimental em hamsters. Estes foram corados em carmim clorídrico, desidratados em série alcoólica e montados em lâmina permanente em bálsamo do Canadá, fotografados e medidos usando microscopia de luz de campo claro (MCC) e microscopia de varredura laser confocal (MVLC). Entre 3 e 4 dpi, os primórdios genitais estavam presentes e nenhuma organização do sistema reprodutivo foi visualizada por MCC e MVLC. Os primórdio do ovário, dos testículos e da bolsa do cirro foram visualizados por MCC aos 5 e 6 dpi, no entanto, MVLC dos helmintos aos 5dpi mostra que estes primórdios, o ootipo e o útero estavam presentes, como estruturas individualizadas. A bolsa do cirro apresenta metratermo e o ovário com primórdio do oótipo adjacente aos 7dpi por MVLC. A vesícula seminal, receptáculo seminal, células diferenciadas nos testículos, ducto e reservatório vitelínico e oviducto foram visualizados após 10 dias, enquanto os espermatozóides na vesícula seminal, ovos e oócitos, células vitelínicas, poro e canal de Laurer aos 14 dias. A morfometria evidencia um acelerado crescimento dos órgãos reprodutores a partir do 7 dia. Os testículos apresentam aumento significativo no comprimento do 7 ao 21 dia e o ovário durante o período de 7 à 10 dpi. Aos 21 dpi, todos os helmintos apresentaram glândulas vitelínicas, útero contendo ovos e espermatozóides no oviducto enquanto outros ovos estão sendo formados. As mudanças morfológicas acentuadas durante a gametogênese consistem no aumento do comprimento do helminto, maturação das gônadas, desenvolvimento e maturação das glândulas vitelínicas. O desenvolvimento do helminto como um todo está relacionado à maturação dos órgãos reprodutivo masculino e feminino indicando o investimento deste trematódeo em garantir a produção e eliminação dos ovos ao meio exterior.

Diagnóstico sorológico da infecção pulmonar por Pseudomonas aeruginosa em crianças com Fibrose Cística

A Fibrose Cística (FC) é uma doença letal, de caráter autossômico recessivo, que acomete populações de diferentes etnias. A doença caracteriza-se pelo comprometimento sistêmico das glândulas exócrinas e, na maioria dos pacientes, a doença pulmonar acaba tornando-se a patologia predominante. A infecção por P. aeruginosa é a principal causa de mortalidade dos pacientes com FC. O Sistema de Secreção Tipo III da bactéria é expresso na fase aguda da doença e é responsável por injetar proteínas citotóxicas no interior da célula eucariótica. Há um grande interesse em se investigar a resposta de anticorpos anti P. aeruginosa em pacientes com FC a fim de diagnosticar a colonização e ou infecção pulmonar antes da cultura, permitindo a antibioticoterapia preventiva, a fim de se evitar a infecção pulmonar crônica. Nesta tese, investigamos a resposta de anticorpos (IgG+IgM+IgA) contra as proteínas do SSTT de P. aeruginosa, através do Western-Blot. Participaram do estudo 51 pacientes com FC, de 1.1 a 16.8 anos acompanhados no Departamento de Pneumologia do Instituto Fernandes Figueira - FioCruz, durante um período aproximado de 2 anos. De cada paciente foram coletadas de 1 a 4 amostras de sangue, com intervalo médio de 6 meses entre as coletas. O grupo controle negativo consistiu de 28 indivíduos não fibrocísticos, de 2 a 17 anos, atendidos no Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto - HUPE UERJ. As proteínas do SSTT foram extraídas das cepas PAO1 e PAOΔExsA (regulador da expressão do SSTT) de P. aeruginosa. Controles positivos e negativos foram utilizados em todas as reações. Para a identificação das proteínas do SSTT na reação utilizou-se antisoro de camundongos imunizados com a proteína recombinante PcrV. Doze (75%) dos 16 pacientes fibrocísticos considerados não infectados por P. aeruginosa tiveram a primeira sorologia positiva para PopB e 15 (93,75%) para ExoS/ExoT, indicando a colonização ou infecção por P. aeruginosa. Aproximadamente 25% e 35,7% dos soros do grupo controle mostraram reatividade fraca com PopB ou ExoS/ExoT, respectivamente. O tempo decorrido entre a primeira sorologia positiva e o primeiro isolamento de P. aeruginosa nestes pacientes variou de 18 a 30 meses. Concluindo, é possível fazer o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção pulmonar por P. aeruginosa antes do isolamento da bactéria pela cultura.

Efeitos do tratamento prolongado com isoflavonas de soja no útero, mamas, tecidos adiposo e ósseo de ratas ovariectomizadas

A menopausa, fenômeno fisiológico que ocorre em todas as mulheres, em média, aos 51 anos, é acompanhada em cerca de 80% dos casos de sintomas como fogachos, secura vaginal, irritabilidade e insônia, que interferem na qualidade de vida e na produtividade socioeconômica das mulheres, além de predispô-las a doenças crônico-degenerativas, como arteriosclerose, obesidade e distúrbios cardiovasculares. A terapia de reposição hormonal à base de estrógenos, que visa reduzir os incômodos da menopausa, está associada ao aumento do risco de câncer de mama e do endométrio, como foi demonstrado em estudos científicos. Considerando que as mulheres orientais, consumidoras de soja, apresentam doenças crônico-degenerativas e câncer em taxas inferiores às dos países ocidentais, as isoflavonas da soja têm sido testadas em estudos clínicos e experimentais, porém com obtenção de dados até contraditórios. O presente estudo investigou o efeito da administração crônica de isoflavonas de soja no útero, mamas e tecidos adiposo e ósseo de ratas ovariectomizadas. Quarenta ratas Wistar adultas foram distribuídas em quatro grupos experimentais: a) ovariectomizadas: grupo ISO, recebendo isoflavonas de soja (100mg/kg/dia/v.o.); b) ovariectomizadas: grupo BE, recebendo benzoato de estradiol (10g/kg/dia/s.c.); c) ovariectomizadas: grupo OVX, recebendo salina (0,1ml/100g/dia/v.o.); d) controles: grupo FO, recebendo salina (0,1ml/100g/dia/v.o.). Antes e durante os 90 dias de tratamento, foram analisados os esfregaços vaginais, para acompanhamento do ciclo estral, determinação do peso corporal e do consumo de ração semanal. Após esse período, os animais foram anestesiados e o sangue coletado para análise de estradiol e progesterona séricos, por radioimunoensaio; e lipidograma e glicose, por espectrofotometria. Posteriormente, os animais foram sacrificados e necropsiados, coletando-se o útero, mamas, gordura intra-abdominal e fêmur para macroscopia e pesagem. Os tecidos selecionados para o estudo foram corados em HE, analisados por microscopia óptica e histomorfometria, visando investigar alterações do crescimento celular (software V.S NIH Image-J; imagens digitais-optronicos CCD). No grupo tratado com isoflavonas, o peso corporal diminuiu em relação OVX, no qual ocorreu aumento de peso em comparação aos animais falso-operados. O exame macroscópico revelou que o útero diminuiu de peso nas ratas do grupo ISO, semelhante às do OVX. Além disso, a histopatologia das glândulas endometriais não mostrou alterações entre os grupos ISO e OVX. Contudo, o grupo BE apresentou proliferação glandular, pseudoestratificação epitelial, frequentes mitoses típicas, metaplasia escamosa, infiltrado eosinofílico e hidrométrio. A concentração de estradiol no grupo ISO foi semelhante à do OVX. Porém, no grupo BE, o estradiol e o peso uterino apresentaram-se aumentados em relação ao OVX. Não foram observadas diferenças na histomorfometria mamária entre os grupos. Houve redução no peso do tecido adiposo abdominal no grupo ISO, comparado com o OVX, sem identificação de alterações morfológicas significativas, apenas hipotrofia celular, confirmada pela histomorfometria. Apesar de não ter havido diferenças na concentração de glicose, colesterol total e triglicerídeos, entre os grupos, o colesterol-HDL apresentou aumento no grupo ISO. Não houve diferença na densitometria do fêmur entre os grupos avaliados. Esses resultados indicam que o tratamento crônico com isoflavonas de soja, na dose testada, não induz mudanças significativas no útero, mamas e tecidos adiposo e ósseo, sugerindo segurança no tratamento, sem risco para o desenvolvimento de câncer.

Características morfológicas de vermes adultos de Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 recuperados de camundongos alimentados com dieta hiperlípidíca na fase crônica da infecção esquistossomótica. Análise por microscopia de campo claro e confocal

Estudos em animais experimentais evidenciaram associações significativas entre esquistossomose mansoni e hipercolesterolemia. Estudos in vitro e in vivo já demonstraram que o colesterol é essencial para Schistosoma mansoni, embora este não tenha capacidade de sintetizá-lo. A captação é realizada a partir do ambiente (cultivo ou hospedeiro) através do tegumento. O colesterol está envolvido nos mecanismos de evasão do helminto contra a resposta imunológica, além de poder participar na modulação da sinalização celular e reprodução, estimulando os órgãos reprodutores dos helmintos adultos como observado na fase aguda da infecção experimental. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar se o mesmo fenômeno ocorre na fase crônica. Os helmintos foram recuperados de dez camundongos submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica ou padrão (controle) foram corados pelo carmin cloridrico e montados, individualmente, em lâmina histológica com bálsamo do Canadá. A preparação foi analisada por microscopia de campo claro nos seguintes caracteres: tegumento e o sistema reprodutor nos vermes machos (lobos testiculares, vesícula seminal, lobos testiculares supranumerários e canal ginecóforo) e, nas fêmeas (ovário, oótipo, útero, ovo, glândulas vitelínicas e espermateca). Posteriormente, algumas lâminas foram separadas para visualização pela microscopia confocal dos órgãos do sistema reprodutores acima descritos. Apesar de ter sido observado uma maior quantidade de espermatozoides, uma maior quantidade de oócitos sendo liberados no grupo da dieta, não houve diferença estatística significativa (p>0,05) entre os grupos analisados. Houve um aumento na oogênese como observado na fase aguda. Dessa forma, o colesterol pode estar relacionado com a estimulação na atividade dos órgãos reprodutores dos helmintos adultos na fase crônica da infecção.