The changes in various iron compounds in culture media for algae. [Translation from: Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplemente Band 38(1/2) 151-169, 1970.]

The purpose of this work is a contribution to the quantitative record of the use of iron by planktonic algae. Preliminary experiments with Chlorella to determine the rate of iron intake in the presence of inorganic sources of iron did not produce the desired result. The crucial point of this work is the investigation of the influence of various external factors on the stability of FeEDTA (FeEDTA = Ferric(III)-compound of ethylene-diamine tetra-acetic acid), since this compound appears to be particularly well-suited as a source of iron for planktonic algae (e.g. TAMIYA et al. 1953). Cultures of Chlorella fusca in a light thermostat were used in experimental research. Methods and results are discussed.

Pulse shaping properties of volume holographic gratings in anisotropic media

Based on a modified coupled wave theory, the pulse shaping properties of volume holographic gratings (VHGs) in anisotropic media VHGs are studied systematically. Taking photorefractive LiNbO3 crystals as an example, the combined effect that the grating parameters, the dispersion and optical anisotropy of the crystal, the pulse width, and the polarization state of the input ultrashort pulsed beam (UPB) have on the pulse shaping properties are considered when the input UPB with arbitrary polarization state propagates through the VHG. Under the combined effect, the diffraction bandwidth, pulse profiles of the diffracted and transmitted pulsed beams, and the total diffraction efficiency are shown. The studies indicate that the properties of the shaping of the o and e components of the input UPB in the crystal are greatly different; this difference can be used for pulse shaping applications. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Anisotropic diffraction of stratified volume holographic grating in photorefractive media

We have studied the anisotropic diffraction properties of the stratified volume holographic gratings recorded in photorefractive media using the anisotropic coupled wave theory. It is shown that the diffraction efficiency of such system exhibit the uniform periodic Bragg selectivity properties. In addition the dependence of the stratified volume holographic optical elements (SVHOEs) diffraction properties on the buffer-layer thickness, grating-layer thickness, number of modulation layers, and total thickness of system are discussed in detail. (c) 2005 Elsevier GrnbH. All rights reserved.

The resolution of the thermodynamic paradox and the theory of guided wave propagation in anisotropic media

The resolution of the so-called thermodynamic paradox is presented in this paper. It is shown, in direct contradiction to the results of several previously published papers, that the cutoff modes (evanescent modes having complex propagation constants) can carry power in a waveguide containing ferrite. The errors in all previous “proofs” which purport to show that the cutoff modes cannot carry power are uncovered. The boundary value problem underlying the paradox is studied in detail; it is shown that, although the solution is somewhat complicated, there is nothing paradoxical about it.

The general problem of electromagnetic wave propagation through rectangular guides filled inhomogeneously in cross-section with transversely magnetized ferrite is also studied. Application of the standard waveguide techniques reduces the TM part to the well-known self-adjoint Sturm Liouville eigenvalue equation. The TE part, however, leads in general to a non-self-adjoint eigenvalue equation. This equation and the associated expansion problem are studied in detail. Expansion coefficients and actual fields are determined for a particular problem.

Microscopic Origin of Macroscopic Strength in Granular Media: A Numerical and Analytical Approach

Constitutive modeling in granular materials has historically been based on macroscopic experimental observations that, while being usually effective at predicting the bulk behavior of these type of materials, suffer important limitations when it comes to understanding the physics behind grain-to-grain interactions that induce the material to macroscopically behave in a given way when subjected to certain boundary conditions.

The advent of the discrete element method (DEM) in the late 1970s helped scientists and engineers to gain a deeper insight into some of the most fundamental mechanisms furnishing the grain scale. However, one of the most critical limitations of classical DEM schemes has been their inability to account for complex grain morphologies. Instead, simplified geometries such as discs, spheres, and polyhedra have typically been used. Fortunately, in the last fifteen years, there has been an increasing development of new computational as well as experimental techniques, such as non-uniform rational basis splines (NURBS) and 3D X-ray Computed Tomography (3DXRCT), which are contributing to create new tools that enable the inclusion of complex grain morphologies into DEM schemes.

Yet, as the scientific community is still developing these new tools, there is still a gap in thoroughly understanding the physical relations connecting grain and continuum scales as well as in the development of discrete techniques that can predict the emergent behavior of granular materials without resorting to phenomenology, but rather can directly unravel the micro-mechanical origin of macroscopic behavior.

In order to contribute towards closing the aforementioned gap, we have developed a micro-mechanical analysis of macroscopic peak strength, critical state, and residual strength in two-dimensional non-cohesive granular media, where typical continuum constitutive quantities such as frictional strength and dilation angle are explicitly related to their corresponding grain-scale counterparts (e.g., inter-particle contact forces, fabric, particle displacements, and velocities), providing an across-the-scale basis for better understanding and modeling granular media.

In the same way, we utilize a new DEM scheme (LS-DEM) that takes advantage of a mathematical technique called level set (LS) to enable the inclusion of real grain shapes into a classical discrete element method. After calibrating LS-DEM with respect to real experimental results, we exploit part of its potential to study the dependency of critical state (CS) parameters such as the critical state line (CSL) slope, CSL intercept, and CS friction angle on the grain's morphology, i.e., sphericity, roundness, and regularity.

Finally, we introduce a first computational algorithm to ``clone'' the grain morphologies of a sample of real digital grains. This cloning algorithm allows us to generate an arbitrary number of cloned grains that satisfy the same morphological features (e.g., roundness and aspect ratio) displayed by their real parents and can be included into a DEM simulation of a given mechanical phenomenon. In turn, this will help with the development of discrete techniques that can directly predict the engineering scale behavior of granular media without resorting to phenomenology.

Visibility recovery on images acquired in attenuating media. Application to underwater, fog, and mammographic imaging

136 p.

Hartle's model within the general theory of perturbatiye matchings: the change in mass

Hartle's model provides the most widely used analytic framework to describe isolated compact bodies rotating slowly in equilibrium up to second order in perturbations in the context of General Relativity. Apart from some explicit assumptions, there are some implicit, like the "continuity" of the functions in the perturbed metric across the surface of the body. In this work we sketch the basics for the analysis of the second order problem using the modern theory of perturbed matchings. In particular, the result we present is that when the energy density of the fluid in the static configuration does not vanish at the boundary, one of the functions of the second order perturbation in the setting of the original work by Hartle is not continuous. This discrepancy affects the calculation of the change in mass of the rotating star with respect to the static configuration needed to keep the central energy density unchanged.