Self-Reported Memory Symptoms with Coronary Artery Disease: A Prospective of CABG Patients and Nonsurgical Controls

Background. Subjective memory complaints are common after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), but previous studies have concluded that such symptoms are more closely associated with depressed mood than objective cognitive dysfunction. We compared the incidence of self-reported memory symptoms at 3 and 12 months after CABG with that of a control group of patients with comparable risk factors for coronary artery disease but without surgery. Methods. Patients undergoing CABG (n = 140) and a demographically similar nonsurgical control group with coronary artery disease (n = 92) were followed prospectively at 3 and 12 months. At each follow-up time, participants were asked about changes since the previous evaluation in areas of memory, calculations, reading, and personality. A Functional Status Questionnaire (FSQ) and self-report measure of symptoms of depression (CES-D) were also completed. Results. The frequency of self-reported changes in memory, personality, and reading at 3 months was significantly higher among CABG patients than among nonsurgical controls. By contrast, there were no differences in the frequency of self-reported symptoms relating to calculations or overall rating of functional status. After adjusting for a measure of depression (CES-D rating score), the risk for self-reported memory changes remained nearly 5 times higher among the CABG patients than control subjects. The relative risk of developing new self-reported memory symptoms between 3 and 12 months was 2.5 times higher among CABG patients than among nonsurgical controls (CI 1.24 – 5.02), and the overall prevalence of memory symptoms at 12 months was also higher among CABG patients (39%) than controls (14%). Conclusions. The frequency of self-reported memory symptoms 3 and 12 months after baseline is significantly higher among CABG patients than control patients with comparable risk factors for coronary and cerebrovascular disease. These differences could not be accounted for by symptoms of depression. The self-reported cognitive symptoms appear to be relatively specific for memory, and may reflect aspects of memory functioning that are not captured by traditional measures of new verbal learning and memory. The etiology of these self-reported memory symptoms remains unclear, but our findings as well as those of others, may implicate factors other than cardiopulmonary bypass itself.

The impact of input fluctuations on the frequency-current relationships of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex

The role of irregular cortical firing in neuronal computation is still debated, and it is unclear how signals carried by fluctuating synaptic potentials are decoded by downstream neurons. We examined in vitro frequency versus current (f-I) relationships of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using fluctuating stimuli. Studies in the somatosensory cortex show that L5 neurons become insensitive to input fluctuations as input mean increases and that their f-I response becomes linear. In contrast, our results show that mPFC L5 pyramidal neurons retain an increased sensitivity to input fluctuations, whereas their sensitivity to the input mean diminishes to near zero. This implies that the discharge properties of L5 mPFC neurons are well suited to encode input fluctuations rather than input mean in their firing rates, with important consequences for information processing and stability of persistent activity at the network level.

Circulating plasma surfactant protein type B as biological marker of alveolar-capillary barrier damage in chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND: Surfactant protein type B (SPB) is needed for alveolar gas exchange. SPB is increased in the plasma of patients with heart failure (HF), with a concentration that is higher when HF severity is highest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma SPB and both alveolar-capillary diffusion at rest and ventilation versus carbon dioxide production during exercise. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty patients with chronic HF and 20 healthy controls were evaluated consecutively, but the required quality for procedures was only reached by 71 patients with HF and 19 healthy controls. Each subject underwent pulmonary function measurements, including lung diffusion for carbon monoxide and membrane diffusion capacity, and maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. Plasma SPB was measured by immunoblotting. In patients with HF, SPB values were higher (4.5 [11.1] versus 1.6 [2.9], P=0.0006, median and 25th to 75th interquartile), whereas lung diffusion for carbon monoxide (19.7+/-4.5 versus 24.6+/-6.8 mL/mm Hg per min, P<0.0001, mean+/-SD) and membrane diffusion capacity (28.9+/-7.4 versus 38.7+/-14.8, P<0.0001) were lower. Peak oxygen consumption and ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope were 16.2+/-4.3 versus 26.8+/-6.2 mL/kg per min (P<0.0001) and 29.7+/-5.9 and 24.5+/-3.2 (P<0.0001) in HF and controls, respectively. In the HF population, univariate analysis showed a significant relationship between plasma SPB and lung diffusion for carbon monoxide, membrane diffusion capacity, peak oxygen consumption, and ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope (P<0.0001 for all). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, membrane diffusion capacity (beta, -0.54; SE, 0.018; P<0.0001), peak oxygen consumption (beta, -0.53; SE, 0.036; P=0.004), and ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope (beta, 0.25; SE, 0.026; P=0.034) were independently associated with SPB. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating plasma SPB levels are related to alveolar gas diffusion, overall exercise performance, and efficiency of ventilation showing a link between alveolar-capillary barrier damage, gas exchange abnormalities, and exercise performance in HF.

A very rare cancer in Down syndrome: medulloblastoma. Epidemiological data from 13 countries

Persons with Down syndrome (DS) uniquely have an increased frequency of leukemias but a decreased total frequency of solid tumors. The distribution and frequency of specific types of brain tumors have never been studied in DS. We evaluated the frequency of primary neural cell embryonal tumors and gliomas in a large international data set. The observed number of children with DS having a medulloblastoma, central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor (CNS-PNET) or glial tumor was compared to the expected number. Data were collected from cancer registries or brain tumor registries in 13 countries of Europe, America, Asia and Oceania. The number of DS children with each category of tumor was treated as a Poisson variable with mean equal to 0.000884 times the total number of registrations in that category. Among 8,043 neural cell embryonal tumors (6,882 medulloblastomas and 1,161 CNS-PNETs), only one patient with medulloblastoma had DS, while 7.11 children in total and 6.08 with medulloblastoma were expected to have DS. (p 0.016 and 0.0066 respectively). Among 13,797 children with glioma, 10 had DS, whereas 12.2 were expected. Children with DS appear to be specifically protected against primary neural cell embryonal tumors of the CNS, whereas gliomas occur at the same frequency as in the general population. A similar protection against neuroblastoma, the principal extracranial neural cell embryonal tumor, has been observed in children with DS. Additional genetic material on the supernumerary chromosome 21 may protect against embryonal neural cell tumor development.

Human Trafficking Victims and Their Children: Assessing Needs, Vulnerabilities, Strengths, and Survivorship

Given the increased awareness and attention to human trafficking, including the establishment of federal laws and policies, federally funded task forces that provide law enforcement responses, and specialized victim services, it is important to assess the impact of these procedures and services on survivors/victims of international human trafficking and their immigrant children. By federal definition, certified victims of international human trafficking are eligible for all services provided to refugees in this country, including reunification with their minor children. This research is based on a qualitative study conducted in Austin and Houston, Texas with human trafficking victims/survivors. The project’s goal was to gain an understanding of the needs of human trafficking survivors after their rescue, their overall integration into American life, and the subsequent needs of their immigrant children after reunification. The project objectives examined the factors that either promote or hinder self-sufficiency, the determination of social service needs, and policy and practice recommendations to strengthen survivors, their children and their families living both locally and abroad. For this project, nine (n = 9) in-depth interviews were conducted with adult foreign-born victims of human trafficking. Researchers gathered data using a semi-structured questionnaire that queried about factors that promote or hinder victims’ services and needs. Interviews were conducted in participants’ homes using bilingual research staff and/or trained interpreters, were digitally-recorded, and subsequently transcribed. Participation in this study was completely voluntary. Specific steps were taken to ensure that the participants’ identities were protected. Open coding of data was utilized and the data were subsequently organized or grouped into properties and later developed into contextual themes around the research questions. The findings are grounded with the use of direct quotes from participants. As a result of progressive U.S. policy, many victims of human trafficking are being reunited with their minor children. Immigrant children are one of the largest and fastest growing populations in the U.S. and for a variety of reasons are vulnerable to exploitation. Research also indicates that victims of trafficking are identified by traffickers because of their perceived “vulnerabilities” or lack of opportunities (Clark, 2003). Therefore, it is important that practices and policies are developed to address the unique needs of these families with an eye toward positive outcomes for parent and child safety and well-being. Social service providers are provided a toolkit that may be utilized before and during the reunification period.

Evaluation of colon cancer histomorphology: a comparison between formalin and PAXgene tissue fixation by an international ring trial.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the quality of histo- and cytomorphological features of PAXgene-fixed specimens and their suitability for histomorphological classification in comparison to standard formalin fixation. Fifteen colon cancer tissues were collected, divided into two mirrored samples and either formalin fixed (FFPE) or PAXgene fixed (PFPE) before paraffin embedding. HE- and PAS-stained sections were scanned and evaluated in a blinded, randomised ring trial by 20 pathologists from Europe and the USA using virtual microscopy. The pathologists evaluated histological grading, histological subtype, presence of adenoma, presence of lymphovascular invasion, quality of histomorphology and quality of nuclear features. Statistical analysis revealed that the reproducibility with regard to grading between both fixation methods was rather satisfactory (weighted kappa statistic (k w) = 0.73 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.41-0.94)), with a higher agreement between the reference evaluation and the PFPE samples (k w = 0.86 (95 % CI, 0.67-1.00)). Independent from preservation method, inter-observer reproducibility was not completely satisfactory (k w = 0.60). Histomorphological quality parameters were scored equal or better for PFPE than for FFPE samples. For example, overall quality and nuclear features, especially the detection of mitosis, were judged significantly better for PFPE cases. By contrast, significant retraction artefacts were observed more frequently in PFPE samples. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the PAXgene Tissue System leads to excellent preservation of histomorphology and nuclear features of colon cancer tissue and allows routine morphological diagnosis.

Genetic association study of QT interval highlights role for calcium signaling pathways in myocardial repolarization

The QT interval, an electrocardiographic measure reflecting myocardial repolarization, is a heritable trait. QT prolongation is a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) and could indicate the presence of the potentially lethal mendelian long-QT syndrome (LQTS). Using a genome-wide association and replication study in up to 100,000 individuals, we identified 35 common variant loci associated with QT interval that collectively explain ∼8-10% of QT-interval variation and highlight the importance of calcium regulation in myocardial repolarization. Rare variant analysis of 6 new QT interval-associated loci in 298 unrelated probands with LQTS identified coding variants not found in controls but of uncertain causality and therefore requiring validation. Several newly identified loci encode proteins that physically interact with other recognized repolarization proteins. Our integration of common variant association, expression and orthogonal protein-protein interaction screens provides new insights into cardiac electrophysiology and identifies new candidate genes for ventricular arrhythmias, LQTS and SCD.

Trips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) en montes de cerezo en Mendoza, Argentina

En las últimas temporadas se ha relacionado la presencia de trips con daños observados en cerezas en Mendoza, Argentina. Los daños serían producidos por la oviposición de estos insectos sobre frutos pequeños. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar la evolución de poblaciones de las especies de trips en dos montes frutales con diferente manejo de malezas. Se tomaron muestras de malezas y de flores de cerezo en los dos montes y se analizó la evolución de las poblaciones de trips. Tres especies de trips fueron frecuentes en flores de cerezo en ambos montes: Frankliniella australis, F. occidentalis y Thrips tabaci. F. australis es la de mayor reproducción de las tres. No se observaron diferencias consistentes en cuanto al número de trips por flor de cerezo en ambas fincas y esto puede atribuirse a que la abundancia de dichos insectos en las flores de cerezo depende de otras variables tales como densidad de plantación, aporte por migración de áreas vecinas además de los niveles de infestación de malezas en el cultivo.

Concentración de benciladenina, tipo y dosis de carbohidratos en el medio de cultivo para proliferación de brotes de Agave americana

Para evaluar la proliferación in vitro de brotes de Agave americana var. oaxacensis, piezas de callo con dos a tres brotes adventicios se establecieron en diversos medios de cultivo con pH 5,8 y consistencia de gel, con sales minerales MS, 100 mg L-1 myo-inositol, diversas concentraciones de benciladenina (BA) (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 y 10 mg L-1), tipo de carbohidrato (sacarosa o jarabe fructosado) y concentración de carbohidrato (20, 30, 40 g). Los cultivos se incubaron 60 días bajo luz fluorescente blanca en 16 h luz/8 h oscuridad, temperatura 20- 28°C. El experimento se estableció según un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 6x2x3. La sacarosa resultó mejor fuente de carbohidrato que el jarabe fructosado. Los explantos en el medio de cultivo sin BA y 20 g L-1 de sacarosa formaron cuatro brotes de 10,8 cm, con raíces adventicias. Al aumentar la concentración de BA y sacarosa los explantos formaron más brotes, pero en el medio con 6 mg L-1 BA y 40 g L-1 sacarosa los explantos formaron hasta 21 brotes de 6,5 cm de tamaño. La citocinina inhibió la formación de raíces.

El dibujo y el collage en la narrativa de Martín Gaite

Los dibujos y collages realizados por la escritora han sido poco estudiados por la crítica. Se cuenta con el excelente artículo de Kathleen Glenn titulado ┤Collage, Textile and Palimpsest: Carmen Martín Gaite's Nubosidad variable' en el que analiza detalladamente el collage que adorna la portada de la novela y lo considera como "a visualization of the novel's content and structure" (Glenn, 1993: 409). Años anteriores a la publicación de dicha novela, Martín Gaite ya había elaborado otros collages. Cinco de ellos aparecen en From Fiction to Metafiction. Con la publicación de Cuadernos de todo, se incrementa el material visual elaborado por la escritora ya que además de collages, se pueden apreciar algunos dibujos. Cualquier persona que haya leído Caperucita en Manhattan se habrá dado cuenta que los dibujos de la novela fueron hechos por la autora de la novela. Durante los años noventa, Martín Gaite escribe conferencias donde comenta el trabajo de pintores españoles como Dalí, Murillo, Maura y Montaner y Tuset. En esa misma época, participa en el Museo Thyssen Bornemisza con el comentario sobre Habitación de hotel de Edward Hopper. En este artículo, voy a trabajar con los dibujos, los collages y los artículos sobre los pintores ya mencionados porque en todos ellos radica la idea de que lo visual es material para lo literario y lo literario también se entrecruza con lo visual. Me interesa mostrar el proceso de cómo Martín Gaite utiliza la imagen visual y la convierte en texto porque considero que existe una serie de acciones similares a las identificadas y señaladas en sus reflexiones de cómo construir una novela vaciadas en El cuento de nunca acabar. También analizaré el proceso inverso, es decir, el de tener primero un texto que posteriormente se represente visualmente. Con esto, pretendo mostrar la relación intrínseca entre lo visual y lo literario por medio del dibujo, el collage y la pintura en la narrativa de los noventa de Martín Gaite.

El valor pedagógico del análisis y reflexión crítica sobre las representaciones iniciales. Articulación entre docencia e investigación en torno a la "infancia"

El objetivo del trabajo es presentar algunos avances en la articulación de investigación y práctica docente que realizamos como equipo de la Cátedra de Actualización del Pensamiento Pedagógico, correspondiente a las Diplomaturas Universitarias en Organización y Conducción de Instituciones Educativas y Desarrollo Curricular de la UNTREF, en sus modalidades presencial y virtual. La propuesta formativa de la cátedra centra su recorrido en cuatro ideas claves: - Que la modernidad en su profunda imbricación con la educación ha sido un espacio de debate intenso entre distintas racionalidades, que han dado lugar a diferentes formas de abordar a la educación como objeto de la pedagogía y a la infancia como destinataria de la acción pedagógica configurando sentidos y prácticas. - Que dichas racionalidades se rearticulan en la formación inicial de los y las maestros/as y en la práctica profesional, expresando cristalizaciones y representaciones sobre cuestiones diversas tales como la pedagogía, la educación, la escuela y la infancia. - Que la crisis de la cultura moderna, requiere de los/las actores educativos una revisión crítica de estos sentidos y un debate profundo sobre las alternativas a construir dentro del campo pedagógico atendiendo a la complejidad de los problemas que enfrenta. - Que el análisis y debate en torno a los problemas de la Pedagogía requiere una indagación en forma contextualizada, como pensar situado que reconoce la incidencia de nuestra propia matriz y horizonte simbólico como contexto cultural de debate. En relación a esta propuesta, el proyecto de investigación: "Las representaciones sobre la infancia de los maestros y maestras estudiantes de las carreras de educación de la UNTREF (de modalidad presencial y virtual). El impacto de la formación universitaria sobre sus conceptualizaciones iniciales. Estudio de la cohorte (2009 - 2010)", se ha orientado al análisis de las representaciones iniciales sobre "la infancia" de los/las maestros/as - estudiantes de la UNTREF y de las consideraciones que hacen sobre ellas al finalizar su trayecto universitario, poniendo en relación la permanencia/cambio de estas representaciones con eventos o experiencias durante la formación. Construiremos el desarrollo de la ponencia en tres momentos: 1. - presentando el análisis de las representaciones iniciales sobre "la infancia", elaborado en la primera parte de la investigación. 2. - analizando las relaciones que los/las actores establecen con su experiencia en la formación de la universidad, como avance preliminar de la segunda etapa de la investigación. 3. - reflexionando sobre el valor pedagógico del análisis crítico de las representaciones en el espacio formativo de la universidad, como intento de vincular investigación y práctica docente

El dibujo y el collage en la narrativa de Martín Gaite

Los dibujos y collages realizados por la escritora han sido poco estudiados por la crítica. Se cuenta con el excelente artículo de Kathleen Glenn titulado ┤Collage, Textile and Palimpsest: Carmen Martín Gaite's Nubosidad variable' en el que analiza detalladamente el collage que adorna la portada de la novela y lo considera como "a visualization of the novel's content and structure" (Glenn, 1993: 409). Años anteriores a la publicación de dicha novela, Martín Gaite ya había elaborado otros collages. Cinco de ellos aparecen en From Fiction to Metafiction. Con la publicación de Cuadernos de todo, se incrementa el material visual elaborado por la escritora ya que además de collages, se pueden apreciar algunos dibujos. Cualquier persona que haya leído Caperucita en Manhattan se habrá dado cuenta que los dibujos de la novela fueron hechos por la autora de la novela. Durante los años noventa, Martín Gaite escribe conferencias donde comenta el trabajo de pintores españoles como Dalí, Murillo, Maura y Montaner y Tuset. En esa misma época, participa en el Museo Thyssen Bornemisza con el comentario sobre Habitación de hotel de Edward Hopper. En este artículo, voy a trabajar con los dibujos, los collages y los artículos sobre los pintores ya mencionados porque en todos ellos radica la idea de que lo visual es material para lo literario y lo literario también se entrecruza con lo visual. Me interesa mostrar el proceso de cómo Martín Gaite utiliza la imagen visual y la convierte en texto porque considero que existe una serie de acciones similares a las identificadas y señaladas en sus reflexiones de cómo construir una novela vaciadas en El cuento de nunca acabar. También analizaré el proceso inverso, es decir, el de tener primero un texto que posteriormente se represente visualmente. Con esto, pretendo mostrar la relación intrínseca entre lo visual y lo literario por medio del dibujo, el collage y la pintura en la narrativa de los noventa de Martín Gaite.