Quantifica����o de biomassa e carbono da parte a��rea em uma ��rea de Mata Atlântica, na Serra da Cantareira, S��o Paulo

A atividade humana tem contribu��do com as emiss��es de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) associadas, principalmente, com queima de combust��veis f��sseis e mudan��as no uso da terra. Assim, se faz necess��rio que sejam adotadas medidas visando o retardamento dos efeitos das mudan��as clim��ticas. As florestas exercem papel essencial no balan��o de carbono principalmente por funcionarem como sumidouros de CO2. Por outro lado, se desmatadas, promovem emiss��es e liberam parte do carbono estocado. A quantidade de biomassa florestal e o teor de carbono podem variar em fun����o do tipo florestal, bem como de sua localiza����o. Entretanto, fator importante diz respeito �� confiabilidade dos dados mensurados neste tipo de pesquisa. A biomassa e o carbono da parte a��rea podem ser determinados via m��todo destrutivo, ou estimados via m��todo n��o destrutivo. A constru����o do Rodoanel M��rio Covas trecho norte e a supress��o de uma ��rea de Mata Atlântica possibilitou a realiza����o de estudo de biomassa da parte a��rea via m��todo destrutivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o tamanho e forma de parcelas, a intensidade amostral, quantificar a biomassa e o carbono na parte a��rea, comparar m��todos destrutivos e n��o destrutivos para a quantifica����o de biomassa e carbono na parte a��rea, estudar a varia����o da densidade b��sica da madeira das esp��cies nas diferentes classes de DAP e grupos sucessionais e comparar as medidas de altura total e DAP obtidas a campo no invent��rio com as medidas coletadas ap��s o corte. O tamanho mais conveniente de parcela foi 400 m 2, com forma retangular e dimens��o de 10 x 40 m. A intensidade amostral variou entre 39 e 75 unidades amostrais. A biomassa da parte a��rea obtida, via m��todo destrutivo, foi de 188,3 Mg ha-1 e o carbono, 85,1 Mg ha-1. A biomassa estimada por equa����es alom��tricas da literatura foi subestimada, quando comparada ao valor real, obtido via m��todo destrutivo. As menores classes de DAP apresentaram as maiores densidades b��sicas da madeira. A densidade b��sica foi 0,488 g cm-3 na m��dia das esp��cies. A porcentagem de carbono contida nos troncos e galhos n��o diferiu entre as classes de DAP. O teor de carbono foi 45,41%, na m��dia dos troncos e galhos. Esp��cies pioneiras acumularam maior quantidade de biomassa e carbono nos galhos e apresentaram maior densidade b��sica que as n��o pioneiras. A utiliza����o dos dados coletados na fase de invent��rio e ap��s o corte n��o afetaram os valores de biomassa estimados.

An��lise das muta����es C288Y, S65C e H63D e frequ��ncia al��lica do gene HFE em pacientes com hiperferritinemia, em uma cidade do Nordeste, Brasil

Background & Aims: HFE-associated Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is one of the most frequent autosomal recessive disease in the caucasian population, caused by the high absorption and deposition of iron in several organs. This accumulation results in several clinical complications such as cirrhosis, arthritis, cardiopathies, diabetes, sexual disorders and skin darkening. Although most of the cases are homozygous individuals for the C282Y mutation, another two mutations, H63D and S65C, have been reported to be associated with milder forms of the disease. The objective is to avaluate the distribution of C282Y, H63D and S65C mutations in the HFE gene in patients with suspected HH in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Methods: Samples of peripheral blood were taken from 335 patients originating from Natal-RN, a city in northeastern Brazil with suspected of HH and which were screened for the HFE gene C282Y, H63D and S65C mutations, using molecular genetics assays (Polymerase Chain Reaction- Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism). The main criterion for including such patients in the study was the increasing of persistent serum ferritin in individuals aged between 18 and 70 or older, both males and females. As to the exclusion criteria, individuals holding hemolytical anemia, talassemy and previously report of blood transfusion did not take part of the study. Results: Out of the 335 patients studied, 143 patients showed absence of mutation and 195 showed some kind of mutation in the HFE gene: 07/335 (2,08%) were homozigous C282Y, 25/335 heterozygous C282Y, 25/335 (7,46%) were homozigous H63D, 115/335 (34,32%) heterozygous H63D, 5/335 (1,48%) heterozygous S65D, 11/ 335 (3,28%) and were double heterozygous (H63D/C282Y). None patients were Homozygous S65D and S65D heterozygous (S65D/H63D and S65D/C282Y). Conclusions. The distribution of the HFE gene C282Y, H63D and S65C mutations found in our group matches the tendencies observed in other European countries. Due to the high prevalence of hemochromatosis, its seriousness and easy treatment, the genetic diagnosis of HH has become a dream, especially in the high risk group.

Ecologia alimentar de aves inset��voras de um fragmento de mata dec��dua do extremo norte da Mata Atlântica

The diet study of birds has contributed historically as a model for use to understanding ecological patterns and strategies used by several other groups of vertebrates, which are observed in season patterns and temporal availability of resources, and other. This study has as objective generate information concerning the diet of insectivorous birds during rainy season and dry season, as well as analyze Index food importance, niche overlap, niche breadth, electivity, and seasonal availability of prey. The study was conducted in a fragment of about 270 ha (center coordinates and 5 �� 53'S 35 �� 23'W). The sampling of birds occurred between March 2008 and December 2009 in three pre-established trails. Catches of birds were performed using 10 mist nets placed in line, where each trails was sampled once a month. Samples of pellets were obtained by means of tartar emetic. Sampling of availability of prey occurred between February 2009 to December 2009. We used two methods of sampling (pitfall traps and Shake cloths). We captured 269 individuals of 21 species of insectivorous birds. We collected 4116 invertebrates of which 3259 in the rainy season and 857 in the dry season. We obtained 174 samples stomach, where 10 species were exclusively insectivorous diet, nine fed on insect/plant material, an insect/plant material/vertebrate and one for insect/vertebrate. During the rainy season was observing difference between the consumption of items with higher food importance. The Coleoptera was item with higher food importance (73%), followed by Formicidae (7%) and Araneae (6%). During the dry season, no difference was found difference between the consumption of items with higher food importance. The Coleoptera was item with higher food importance (34%), followed by seeds (29%) and Formicidae (18%). The highest levels of niche overlap occurred during the rainy season, while the dry season was characterized by high levels of niche 11 segregation. This indicates that the local insectivorous birds community was structured differently between periods. No was found correlation between the values of niche breadth to the mean weight of the body size. We observed seasonal patterns in prey availability, with the peak availability of invertebrates observed seasonal patterns in rainy season. The insectivorous birds selected the same species richness during both periods, showing a specialized diet. Thamnophilus pelzelni was the only species that had their diet influenced by seasonality. Regarding the overall diet of insectivorous birds, observed a high consumption of prey, whose food availability caused the birds could invest and increase their food resources

Biomassa radicular fina em fragmentos da Mata Atlântica fluminense.

A escassez de estudos emp��ricos dos sistemas radiculares limita a precis��o das predi����es relativas �� economia de carbono, pois eles representam at�� 55% da biomassa florestal. Somente as ra��zes finas (di��metro <2 mm) respondem por cerca de um ter��o da produ����o prim��ria l��quida dos ecossistemas terrestres. A hip��tese de que a maior disponibilidade de ��gua e nutrientes no solo reduz a aloca����o de biomassa nas ra��zes tem sido contestada na literatura cientifica tanto em rela����o ��s ra��zes finas (BRF) como a toda biomassa radicular. Avaliou-se aqui a correla����o (Pearson) entre BRF e vari��veis ed��ficas at�� 10 cm de profundidade em seis fragmentos florestais (48 amostras.fragmento.esta����o-1) na Baixada Litor��nea Fluminense, nas esta����es de seca e de chuvas. Os solos apresentaram diferentes n��veis de fertilidade. A BRF m��dia geral foi de 641 g.m-2 (florestas similares = 140?1040 g.m-2). As m��dias de BRF obtidas no per��odo chuvoso ou na v��rzea foram significativamente mais elevadas. Foram detectadas correla����es positivas e significativas de BRF com Ca + Mg, K, P e N. Os resultados n��o respaldam a hip��tese de redu����o da BRF em resposta ao aumento de ��gua e nutrientes do solo.

A INFLU��NCIA DO ESTOQUE DE MAT��RIA ORG��NICA DO SOLO EM FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS DE MATA ATL��NTICA

In the Atlantic forest biome, very fragmented and with high diversity of ecosystems, of species, and high endemism degree, the maintenance of the status of the biological diversity presupposes the recovery and conservation of the mosaic of existent fragments. In that context, the use of global functional indicators for the evaluation of the state of conservation of fragments, for the character of systemic synthesis that they act becomes interesting. In tropical forests ecosystems, the surface organic matter stock of the soil is one functional indicator of the decomposition subsystem and they are responsible in big measured by the maintenance and survival of the communities of those ecosystems group. The human action when fragmenting the forest ecosystems, as it substitutes the native forest for different forms of use of the soil, it creates different head offices that they exercise pressures differentiated on the fragment and, consequently, on the operation of the fundamental processes of the ecosystem that represents it. Thus, in the sense of understanding the state of functional conservation of fragments forest remainders of the Atlantic forest, in the extent of the Environmental Protection Area of Petr��polis - Rio de Janeiro, which interferes in the Mosaic of Units of Conservation of the Fluminense Central Atlantic forest and, in a larger scale still, in the Ecological Corridor of the Serra do Mar, in the present study the stock of organic matter of surface of four forest fragments in summer of 2008 and summer of 2009 are analyzed comparatively.