La cuestión femenina : discurso pronunciado en el acto de clausura de la exposición femenina, en el pabellón argentino, el 20 de noviembre de 1898 /

"Este discurso fué publicado en la revista La Quincena, correspondiente á noviembre y diciembre de 1898."

Cambios y continuidades en la movilidad laboral de la fuerza de trabajo femenina en México

Este artículo tiene por objeto analizar diferentes transiciones laborales de mujeres mexicanas de tres generaciones, desde su primer empleo hasta los 30 años. La finalidad es doble: por una parte, observar procesos de informalización, descalificación, desalarización y tercerización del mercado de trabajo femenino en los últimos años, y, por la otra, analizar en qué medida estos procesos se manifiestan en la movilidad individual de las trayectorias laborales femeninas. En primer término, los hallazgos indicarían que los cambios generacionales asociados a las transiciones laborales en el sector de actividad, la posición en el empleo, el estatus ocupacional y la rama de la economía no son procesos intercambiables. En segundo lugar, reflejarían que las movilidades estructurales del mercado de trabajo no se corresponden, punto por punto, con las movilidades individuales de la fuerza de trabajo femenina. Los resultados también dan cuenta de que las condiciones de entrada al mercado laboral tienen gran incidencia en las posibilidades futuras de las trayectorias laborales de las mujeres.

Mujer y poesía:la inscripción de la subjetividad femenina y la conciencia creativa del lenguaje poético

This article explores the place of Spanish women poets within the Spanish cultural space at the end of the 20th century. In clear opposition to the arguments presented by the editors and many of the articles included in this volume, Raquel Medina sees in the most recent poetry written by women an evolution towards a new and independent female poetic voice which clearly fights against the supremacy of male poetic voices and their manipulative poetic language. No longer stealing the male poetic word is necessary for the last generation of Spanish women poets. On the contrary, these women poets create their own language, their own poetic universe, and demolish a long tradition of male poetry which situated the female subject as a dead object of male poetry.

Literatura femenina en el Peru decimononico. La cuestion del naturalismo y el feminismo en la obra de Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera

Women writers in the nineteenth century were often underestimated and in some cases completely ignored. At the end of that century, a considerable group of Peruvian women writers had a significant influence in the development of Lima's cultural life. Either together in the “veladas literarias” or individually in their own work, they showed a common interest in women's concerns and especially in the problems regarding women education or, better to say, the lack of it. Although frequently these writers just followed the paths men have marked for them, they often tried to find their own ways of expression in their works. ^ This dissertation examined the cultural life in Lima at the end of the century and concentrated in one of these writers, Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera (1845–1909), whose work was analyzed from a feminist point of view. American critics had been chosen for the analysis and especially the feminist theories of Sandra Gilbert, Susan Gubar and Elaine Showalter. They were applied to three of Cabello de Carbonera's novels: Sacrificio y recompensa, Las consecuencias and Blanca Sol. ^ The study attempted to prove how often women opinions were distorted by the male tradition and how they tried a different way of expression through the metaphors and symbols referring to the state of repression women were in. Beneath the surface of their work lies a determined feminine consciousness. ^

Propuestas para una reconceptualización surrealista y postmoderna de la sexualidad femenina en los textos de Cristina Escofet e Isabel Allende

Female sexuality has commonly been viewed as the passive counterpart of male sexuality. Building upon Adrienne Rich's theory of compulsive heterosexuality, I would suggest that the fundamental location of this problem lies within the subconscious. Cristina Escofet's stance on this issue is to argue in favor of a deconstruction of Jungian archetypes, revealing their constructed rather than intrinsic character. In this dissertation, I study representative texts by Escofet and Isabel Allende and show not only how they depict patriarchal compulsive heterosexuality, but also try to reconceptualize female sexuality through surrealist and postmodern techniques such as self-reflection, dialogue with our double or Other, and sensorial perception. These techniques are designed to create a new epistemology of jouissance and excess, as defined by contemporary French theory. The significance of my study resides in the interdisciplinary analysis of female sexuality in Hispanic feminist writers. The first chapter proposes that surrealism, postmodernism, and feminism are theoretical frameworks which create new paradigms for social change. In their feminist philosophies, Escofet and Allende emphasize the use of subconscious knowledge as a means of helping them understand the world and create alternative realities. The second chapter shows how Escofet and Allende deconstruct the mysoginist archetype of Eve, which has been largely responsible for identifying women's sexual identity with the disreputable qualities of the femme fatale and whose mirror-image has long plagued women. In accordance with this stereotype, Lillith (Adam's sexually active ex-partner), has typically been portrayed as the negative Other, and for generations the she-devil myth which surrounds her has resurfaced in the media, where she assumes the role of innumerable evil female characters. In the third chapter, I examine how class and race differences have been used to intensify the demonization of different types of sexuality. In the same manner as Lillith and Eve, black and indigenous characters express dissent by retelling their stories in words and performance, and by seeking to form a dialog with their readers. The last chapter deals with the importance of the senses for female characters as they try to create their own sexuality from the fragmented bodies we find in surrealist and postmodern art. In this section we shall see how Luce Irigaray and Hélène Cixous's theories about multiple sexualities are in evidence when Escofet and Allende reconceptualize female sexuality. As no previous scholarship has analyzed the use of the subconscious, the senses, and performance when understanding female sexuality in Latin American literature, this dissertation seeks to provide a tentative exploration of the issues that may help to open up a new field of research in Hispanic feminist cultural studies.

Barcelona: Espacio literario, espacio urbano en la novela Catalana femenina del Siglo XX

This dissertation analyses, through a rhetorical framework and a literary approach, texts written in Catalan and Castilian by four Catalan female writers (Dolors Monserdà, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, Esther Tusquets, Monserrat Roig ), whose works cover from 1900 to the 1980. Utilizing this urban feminine literature, it discusses the historical-geographical vision about the changes in Catalan society during the twentieth century with its consequences for the urban space, especially the space occupied by women. It is also established that Barcelona's recovery and literary vindication by women has been done through the written text, as literary affirmation and as a matter of conscience in which the city could not be summed up as a backdrop, but rather as an active part of a literary creation, active in the double sense, as a socio-historical space in the novel and as characteristic of their works. The primary purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the use of the city as a setting for the novels determines and characterizes those female writers' texts. Consequently, these writings are literary material relevant and essential to the understanding of the Barcelonian women's space. However their use of space is not arbitrary, on the contrary it corresponds to a social order established by the patriarchy where the relation of women to the world is embodied in the intentional and socially restricted space and movements of their bodies. The theoretical perspectives of this study are based on Montserrat Roig's feminist urban space theories. Her theory advocates the right to individuality, denouncing the patriarchal and hierarchical social system present in gendered space from the outside male world to the domestic feminized space. I also turn to the writings of Maria Aurèlia Capmany, who addresses cultural aspects of women's roles revealing a purposive controlled patriarchal society according to a historical-geographical analysis. This study of texts permits a new reading of the Catalan capital and demonstrates that Catalan women writers have consciously willed to give birth to a new history of the city: the history of women as protagonist citizens, producers, reproducers, and consumers of the space represented by the Catalan capital

La representacion de la masculinidad y la violencia de genero en la novela Espanola de la posguerra

While it may be argued that aggression against women is part of a culture of violence deeply rooted in Spanish society, the gender-related violence that exists in today’s Spain is more specifically a legacy of Franco’s dictatorship (1939-1975). Franco’s Spain endorsed unequal gender relations, championed patriarchal dominance and power over women, and imposed models of hegemonic and authoritarian masculinities that internalized violence by rendering it a feature inseparable from manhood and virility. ^ This dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of masculinity and gender violence in Franco’s Spain, by analyzing the novel as the primary cultural vehicle of social criticism and political dissent against the new regime during a period (1939-1962) dominated by silence and censorship. The first part of this work defines and elucidates the concepts of masculinity and gender violence and the relationship between them. It also compares the significant social and cultural achievements of Spanish women during the Second Republic (1931-1939) with the reactionary curbing of those achievements during Francoism. The second part of this research presents a multidisciplinary analysis of masculinity and gender violence in three novels: Nada (1944) by Carmen Laforet, Juegos de manos (1954) by Juan Goytisolo and Tiempo de silencio (1962) by Luis Martin Santos. ^ Through the literary representation of different models of masculinity and the psychological and social parameters that encourage and incite gender violence, these authors conceptualize and express their political ideology, as well as their symbolic interpretation of Francoist Spain.^

Apariencia, educación e indumentaria femenina en los siglos XVI y XVII

La indumentaria en los siglos XVI y XVII es un elemento más de la apariencia del individuo, mediante ella se construye la identidad de cada uno de los grupos sociales. Determina muchos aspectos de la sociedad moderna, desde los bienes de consumo hasta las formas de representación. Además, puede considerarse como un medio de información que garantiza las formas de comunicación entre los diferentes grupos que gestan la compleja sociedad moderna. No hay que olvidar que las prendas no dejan de ser objetos móviles que revelan los valores y principios de cada uno de los grupos sociales, mediante su análisis se puede entrar en varios debates tanto morales como económicos o incluso religiosos. A través de los diferentes testimonios de la época se puede comprobar cómo la indumentaria no sólo es un referente para determinar la jerarquía social, sino que además también refleja la diferencia sexual. Priman los testimonios que construyen la identidad femenina a través de las diferencias con lo masculino. Las mujeres en la sociedad moderna pueden pertenecer a todos los grupos sociales, pero tienen su propia identidad y está se construye a partir de los discursos que se gestan a lo largo de los siglos XVI y XVII. En ellos se considera que las mujeres son inferiores a los hombres por naturaleza, porque su origen está en Eva que se convierte en pecadora por no saber evitar los vicios. La concepción de la feminidad en los siglos XVI y XVII también está asociada a otras mujeres tanto bíblicas como clásicas. Son muy frecuentes los discursos donde se menciona qué principios ha de seguir la mujer para alcanzar la virtud. Uno de los modelos femeninos principales será el de María.

Pateando para el otro lado : Dicotomía sexual deportiva e intervención en clases de educación física

La vida social en las sociedades occidentales y orientales del mundo en que vivimos se encuentra atravesada por la creencia que el sexo, definido por las diferencias corporales biológicas entre lxs 1 sujetos, puede caracterizarse dicotómicamente: varones y mujeres, cada cual con sus particularidades totalmente prejuzgadas y con una diferencia absoluta pero complementaria entre ellos. Del mismo modo, este pensamiento se replica en las prácticas deportivas del mundo occidental, donde a cada sexo se les asignan deportes específicos según las características estereotipadas que poseen lxs individuxs. Personalmente me he sentido marginado y calificado erróneamente al ser un practicante de una disciplina considerada femenina. Los modelos de clases de educación física muchas veces adhieren a esta política machista, es por esto que en el marco del seminario que se dictó me permitiré concluir el trabajo conuna propuesta pedagógica que critique este modelo e invite tanto a lxs docentes, directivxs y estudiantes a recapacitar al respecto

"...Del hogar a las urnas..." : Consideraciones sobre la ciudadanía política femenina, 1946-1947

Fil: Valobra, Adriana María. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

La tradición femenina en el radicalismo y la lucha de Clotilde Sabattini por el reconocimiento de la equidad política, 1946-1955

Este artículo explora cómo se construyó una tradición femenina en uno de los principales partidos políticos argentinos, la Unión Cívica Radical, enfocándose en el estudio del primer gobierno peronista (1946-1955). La primera parte del ensayo examina las estrategias políticas del radicalismo para organizar a las mujeres. La segunda rescata las ideas feministas de Clotilde Sabattini, quien intentó construir alternativas a la hegemonía masculina y liberal en el partido. Finalmente, este texto ilumina cómo las estructuras liberales y paternalistas fueron difíciles de cambiar

"...Del hogar a las urnas..." : Consideraciones sobre la ciudadanía política femenina, 1946-1947

Fil: Valobra, Adriana María. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.