Exploring Rhythmic Automata

The use of Cellular Automata (CA) for musical purposes has a rich history. In general the mapping of CA states to note-level music representations has focused on pitch mapping and downplayed rhythm. This paper reports experiments in the application of one-dimensional cellular automata to the generation and evolution of rhythmic patterns. A selection of CA tendencies are identified that can be used as compositional tools to control the rhythmic coherence of monophonic passages and the polyphonic texture of musical works in broad-brush, rather than precisely deterministic, ways. This will provide the composer and researcher with a clearer understanding of the useful application of CAs for generative music.

Phenotyping cotton ovule fibre initiation with spatial statistics

Yield in cultivated cotton (Gossypium spp.) is affected by the number and distribution of fibres initiated on the seed surface but, apart from simple statistical summaries, little has been done to assess this phenotype quantitatively. Here we use two types of spatial statistics to describe and quantify differences in patterning of cotton ovule fibre initials (FI). The following five different species of Gossypium were analysed: G. hirsutum L., G. barbadense L., G. arboreum, G. raimondii Ulbrich. and G. trilobum (DC.) Skovsted. Scanning electron micrographs of FIs were taken on the day of anthesis. Cell centres for fibre and epidermal cells were digitised and analysed by spatial statistics methods appropriate for marked point processes and tessellations. Results were consistent with previously published reports of fibre number and spacing. However, it was shown that the spatial distributions of FIs in all of species examined exhibit regularity, and are not completely random as previously implied. The regular arrangement indicates FIs do not appear independently of each other and we surmise there may be some form of mutual inhibition specifying fibre-initial development. It is concluded that genetic control of FIs differs from that of stomata, another well studied plant idioblast. Since spatial statistics show clear species differences in the distribution of FIs within this genus, they provide a useful method for phenotyping cotton. © CSIRO 2007.

Numerical treatment of a two-dimensional variable-order fractional nonlinear reaction-diffusion model

A two-dimensional variable-order fractional nonlinear reaction-diffusion model is considered. A second-order spatial accurate semi-implicit alternating direction method for a two-dimensional variable-order fractional nonlinear reaction-diffusion model is proposed. Stability and convergence of the semi-implicit alternating direct method are established. Finally, some numerical examples are given to support our theoretical analysis. These numerical techniques can be used to simulate a two-dimensional variable order fractional FitzHugh-Nagumo model in a rectangular domain. This type of model can be used to describe how electrical currents flow through the heart, controlling its contractions, and are used to ascertain the effects of certain drugs designed to treat arrhythmia.

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5–89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.

Fractional damping: Stochastic origin and finite approximations

Fractional-order derivatives appear in various engineering applications including models for viscoelastic damping. Damping behavior of materials, if modeled using linear, constant coefficient differential equations, cannot include the long memory that fractional-order derivatives require. However, sufficiently great rnicrostructural disorder can lead, statistically, to macroscopic behavior well approximated by fractional order derivatives. The idea has appeared in the physics literature, but may interest an engineering audience. This idea in turn leads to an infinite-dimensional system without memory; a routine Galerkin projection on that infinite-dimensional system leads to a finite dimensional system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) (integer order) that matches the fractional-order behavior over user-specifiable, but finite, frequency ranges. For extreme frequencies (small or large), the approximation is poor. This is unavoidable, and users interested in such extremes or in the fundamental aspects of true fractional derivatives must take note of it. However, mismatch in extreme frequencies outside the range of interest for a particular model of a real material may have little engineering impact.

Delamination and solvothermal decomposition of layered zinc hydroxysalt: Formation of bimodal zinc oxide nanostructures

Dodecylsulphate-intercalated zinc hydroxysalt, Zn-5(OH)(8)(DS)(2)center dot mH(2)O delaminates to give monolayer colloidal dispersions in alcohols such as 1-butanol and ethylene glycol. The extent of delamination and the stability of the colloidal dispersion are comparable to those of layered double hydroxides. The solvothermal decomposition of the colloidal dispersion of the hydroxysalt in ethylene glycol yields a bimodal ZnO having a nanotubular structure decorated with nanosheets. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Crustal Deformation and Seismic History Associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake: A Perspective from the Andaman–Nicobar Islands

The Indian Ocean earthquake of 26 December 2004 led to significant ground deformation in the Andaman and Nicobar region, accounting for ~800 km of the rupture. Part of this article deals with coseismic changes along these islands, observable from coastal morphology, biological indicators, and Global Positioning System (GPS) data. Our studies indicate that the islands south of 10° N latitude coseismically subsided by 1–1.5 m, both on their eastern and western margins, whereas those to the north showed a mixed response. The western margin of the Middle Andaman emerged by >1 m, and the eastern margin submerged by the same amount. In the North Andaman, both western and eastern margins emerged by >1 m. We also assess the pattern of long-term deformation (uplift/subsidence) and attempt to reconstruct earthquake/tsunami history, with the available data. Geological evidence for past submergence includes dead mangrove vegetation dating to 740 ± 100 yr B.P., near Port Blair and peat layers at 2–4 m and 10–15 m depths observed in core samples from nearby locations. Preliminary paleoseismological/tsunami evidence from the Andaman and Nicobar region and from the east coast of India, suggest at least one predecessor for the 2004 earthquake 900–1000 years ago. The history of earthquakes, although incomplete at this stage, seems to imply that the 2004-type earthquakes are infrequent and follow variable intervals

Exfoliation of copper hydroxysalt in water and the conversion of the exfoliated layers to cupric and cuprous oxide nanoparticles

P-aminobenzoate- intercalated copper hydroxysalt was prepared by coprecipitation at high pH (similar to 12). As the pH was reduced to similar to 7 on washing with water, the development of partial positive charge on the amine end of the intercalated anion caused repulsion between the layers leading to delamination and colloidal dispersion of monolayers of copper hydroxysalt in water. The dispersed copper hydroxysalt monolayers were used as precursors for the synthesis of copper(I)/(II) oxide nanoparticles at room temperature. While the hydroxysalt layers yielded spindle-shaped CuO particles when left to stand, they formed hollow spherical nanoparticles of Cu(2)O when treated with an alkaline solution of ascorbic acid.

Unzipping Carbon Nanotubes at High Impact

The way nanostructures behave and mechanically respond to high impact collision is a topic of intrigue. For anisotropic nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes, this response will be complicated based on the impact geometry. Here we report the result of hypervelocity impact of nanotubes against solid targets and show that impact produces a large number of defects in the nanotubes, as well as rapid atom evaporation, leading to their unzipping along the nanotube axis. Fully atomistic reactive molecular dynamics simulations are used to gain further insights of the pathways and deformation and fracture mechanisms of nanotubes under high energy mechanical impact. Carbon nanotubes have been unzipped into graphene nanoribbons before using chemical treatments but here the instability of nanotubes against formation, fracture, and unzipping is revealed purely through mechanical impact. defect

Efecto de policultivo repollo-zanahoria sobre la entomofauna del cultivo de repollo

El presente estudio se realizó con al objetivo de determinar el efecto de policultivos Repollo-Zanahoria sobre la entomofauna, rendimiento y calidad del repollo. Los cultivos asociados disminuyeron las poblaciones de la plaga Plutella xylostella más que en monocultivo; el porcentaje de plantas con daño fresco de P.xylostella, fue mayor en monocultivo existiendo una relación directa con las poblaciones de la plaga; en las otras plagas (Afidos, Diabrotica sp. y Creontiades sp) los policultivos no tuvieron un efecto claro sobre sus poblaciones, la dinámica de las plagas fue alta al inicio del cultivo pero descendieron conforme avanzó el desarrollo fenológico de las plantas de repollo y zanahoria. Para los enemigos naturales de P. xylostella como Diadegma insulare y Arañas los policultivos no ejercieron ningún efecto, lo mismo ocurre para el porcentaje de parasitismo de P. xylostella el cual osciló con un porcentaje entre 32 y 20%; Polybia sp. presentó alta incidencia en los monocu1tivos en relación a los policultivos. En todo el cic1o del cultivo la dinámica de los enemigos naturales fue diferente al de las plagas, dándose un efecto acumulado de los enemigos naturales, esto podría ser uno de los factores que ayudaron al descenso de la plaga P. xylostella en las dos últimas etapas del cultivo de repollo. El porcentaje de cabezas formadas fue ambos sistemas (80%), lo que nos indica que secundario (Zanahoria) en los policultivos no formación de las cabezas de repollo. El área foliar dañada en las cabezas de repollo fue menor en los policultivos por ende el precio que se registró por cabeza fue mayor en este sistema. Sin embargo el ingreso bruto de repollo fue mayor en monocultivo; igual ocurre con él ingreso bruto total, esta diferencia se debió al mayor número de cabezas de repollo en monocultivo que en sistemas asociados; también se debe a que la contribución económica de Zanahoria en policultivos no compensó al ingreso obtenido en repollo.

Efecto de la fertilización orgánica y sintética sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento de tres variedades de maíz (Zea Mays L.) y su entabilidad económica en Dulce nombre de Jesús, Darío, Matagalpa, 2009

El presente trabajo de investigación se estableció en la comunidad Dulce Nombre de Jesús en la época de postrera entre los meses de agosto y noviembre del 2009. Esta comunidad está ubicada a 40 km de la ciudad de Matagalpa y a 90 km de Managua en las coordenadas geográficas 12º 43 ́ de latitud norte y 86º 07 ́ de longitud oeste a una altitud de 433 metros. El objetivo fue evaluar el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de maíz ( Zea mays L.) bajo dos innovaciones tecnológicas las cuales fueron: tres fuentes de nutrientes (compost, mungo y fertilizante sintético) y tres variedades, dos mejoradas (NB-6, NB-S) y una criolla. Se estableció un arreglo bifactorial en diseño de parcelas divididas en bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. La dimensión total del ensayo fue de 880 m 2 (40 m * 22 m), siendo el área de la parcela grande de 60 m 2 (12 m * 5 m) con una parcela útil de 9.6 m 2 . Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, número, ancho y longitud de hoja, área foliar, altura de mazorca, peso, longitud y diámetro de mazorca, número de hileras por mazorca, número de granos por hileras, peso de mil granos y rendimiento. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SAS. Los resultados muestran que hubo diferencia significativa para algunas variables de crecimiento y rendimiento. El mayor rendimiento se registro con el tratamiento A 3 con 873.57 kg ha -1 , seguido del tratamiento A 2 con 774.87 kg ha - 1 y el tratamiento A 1 con 665.14 kg ha -1 ; este ultimo presentó mayor rentabilidad económica al presentar una tasa de retorno marginal de 113 %.

Evaluación de la linea del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) ICSVLM-92512, bajo tres dosis y distintas fuentes de nitrogeno en el municipio de San Ramón, Matagalpa

El presente estudio se realizó en el municipio de San Ramón, Matagalpa en la finca de Señor Catalino Figueroa en la época de postrera, con el objetivo de determinar la respue sta de la línea CSVLM - 92512 de sorgo a la aplicación de nitrógeno, la misma, corresponde al proyecto del programa INTSORMIL. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (BCA), con tres repeticiones , tres niveles de fertilización nitrogenada (37 , 66, 96 kg N ha - 1 ), un testigo y frijol mungo ( Vigna radiata ), sembrado a los 15 días después de la siembra del sorgo e incorporado a los 30 días después de la siembra del mungo como fuente alternativa de nitrógeno. Durante el crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo se realizaron 4 muestreos en intervalos de 15 días, en altura de la planta (cm), número de hojas y diámetro del tallo (cm). Durante la cosecha se tomaron los parámetros de longitud de panoja (cm), longitud de raquis (cm). Biomasa seca (kg ha - 1 ), nitrógeno en la biomasa (%), nitrógeno en el grano (%), rendimiento de gramo kg ha - 1 . Todos los datos de campo fueron sometidos al análisis estadístico SAS ver 9.1 2006. Para las variables de crecimiento solo el diámetro de tallo fue influenciado significa tivamente lográndose los mayores diámetros con la aplicación de 37 kg N ha - 1 . Para las variables de rendimiento el tratamiento que sobresalió en rendimiento de biomasa y rendimiento de grano fue el tratamiento 2 con 5621.53 kg ha - 1 y 3078 kg de grano, aunq ue para esta última no se diferenció del resto de tratamientos. Para el análisis económico el tratamiento 2 presento la mayor tasa marginal con 193.84%. De igual manera la mayor eficiencia se obtuvo con el tratamiento 2

Estado forestal del Pinus caribaea Morelet var. Hondurensis en el Pinal, Laguna de Perlas, RAAS

Tbe present study was carried out in the strip of land coast between Pearls Lagoon community and the Caribbean sea, in the nearness of Pinar lagoon, 25 km to the north of Bluefields. The geographical coordinates of the area are 12" 13' N and 83" 42' west. Tbe climate presents an annua! rninfall of 4 250 mm, an avera· ge temperature of 26 "C and a relative humidity of 89 %. The topography is plain and tbe elevation oscillates between O· 10 masl. The ma.in objective of the study was to evaluate the forest conditions in which forest of P. Caribaea var .. Jwndurei'ISis ealled the Pinal are found. The methodology employed consisted of gathering all information using air pllotographs and topograpbieal maps to defined the area and stands group (designed A, B, C, D, E, F and G). Two block and seven stands were found, in which invent.ory lines with sample plots of 500 m1 each one were employed to measure the indivíduals with DBH over 10 cm. The intensily it shows ís of !5% and was measured diameter, height, age and other. In tbis forest there where found seven stands with a total area covered with pine of 312.42 has. The average age is 23 years and estirnated total volume of 97.4 ms of wood. The density is of 60,61 trees hectare, with an average volume of 13.02 m3 /has and a commercial volume of 8.29 m' 1 has. Where found lndices of place 12 (stands G), 9 y 6. Besides, the 6.3.64 % of the trees has a satisfactory tendency of growlh (quality l and 2). lt can be concluded that the resource is in badly state due to intensive exploitations and annual f!fCS; is a young forest (23 years old), dotninated by índi viduals of small diameters (10-25 cm) and medium height (5-25 m); the available areas or with possibilities of being planting are: estimated in 468.64 has. This forest has a half annual increment of 1.4.3 cm/year, which is considered excellent and is c1assified with Clas P-III, FAO Classification by forests stratification.

Composición, diversidad, estructura e importancia de las especies arbóreas y palmas del bosque seco de la Finca "Rosita", Reserva natural estero Padre Ramos, Chinandega, Nicaragua

Se establecieron al azar seis transeptos de Gentry en un bosque seco, ubicado en la Finca Rosita, dentro de la Reserva Natural Estero Padre Ramos, El Viejo Chinandega, con el objetivo de caracterizar la composición, diversidad y estructura de plantas leñosas y palmas, además de conocer la importancia de las mismas. Se determinaron 50 especies agrupadas en 43 géneros y 29 familias. 40 son especies de árboles, 6 arbustos, 2 lianas y 2 palmas. Guazuma ulmifolia, Sabal mexicana, Albizia niopoides, Bravaisia integerrima y Phitecellobium oblongum son las especies con mayor índice de valor de importancia. La distribución diamétrica de las plantas leñosas y palmas en el sitio de estudio es en forma de “j invertida” en donde la regeneración natural es la que repondrá a los árboles maduros. En cuanto a importancia económica, existen siete categorías de uso, entre ellas 41 especies tienen algún tipo de uso como maderables, seis especies con propiedades medicinales, cinco especies comestibles para el hombre, nueve especies usadas como forrajeras, dos especies usadas en artesanía, seis especies ornamentales y siete especies con usos no tradicionales. En cuanto a importancia ecológica, existen cuatro categorías de importancia, entre ellas 15 especies son potenciales como alimento para la fauna silvestre, 13 especies melíferas, 12 especies con importancia como sombra para la fauna silvestre en época seca, y seis son importantes como fijadores de nitrógeno.