¿Qué relación existe entre la Perdurabilidad Empresarial Colombiana y las creencias religiosas del directivo?

En el ámbito empresarial, durante mucho tiempo y aún en la actualidad, la religión se ha visto como un tema aparte. Sin embargo, la literatura del desarrollo empresarial colombiano muestra que en los inicios del siglo XX la religión tuvo una fuerte influencia tanto en los dirigentes empresariales como en la mentalidad de los empleados. No obstante, antes de entrar a discutir si existe alguna relación entre la religión que tiene el empresario y la perdurabilidad empresarial -que es el problema que se pretende resolver a través de este trabajo-, se determinó que las tres religiones a describir en cuanto a su contenido empresarial son el Catolicismo, el Protestantismo y el Judaísmo, por su aporte histórico al desarrollo empresarial de Antioquia, departamento que ha sido un gran propulsor de la economía nacional. Posteriormente, para estudiar el fenómeno religioso y su influencia en las decisiones y comportamientos del directivo, en primer lugar se hizo necesario entender el funcionamiento del ser interior a través de los modelos mentales y las ciencias que estudian el comportamiento; y en segundo lugar, describir las creencias y dogmas que las tres religiones de estudio profesan para de esta manera comprender el comportamiento histórico y actual de los empresarios del país.

Un estado abrahamico para dos pueblos hermanos

Generalmente se asocia los Estados modernos con la separación entre política y religión, la objetivación del poder y la elección racional, dejando de lado lo simbólico y lo identitario. La existencia del Estado de Israel es un ejemplo paradójico de una democracia fundamentada en el judaísmo, que ignora el principio de las minorías que habitan en dicho territorio, producto de la historia de la colonización de Palestina lo que ha acarreado conflictos internos y con los países vecinos. Ante los constantes fracasos por dirimir el conflicto, esta disertación otorga una relevancia superior al papel que pueden desempeñar la religión, los símbolos y estudia las funciones que cumplen las instituciones religiosas con el objetivo de establecer si la construcción del Estado abrahámico puede poner fin a la disputa entre dos pueblos hermanos, motivada por controlar una Tierra Prometida.

Panchayati Raj em Goa

Goa commemorated in 2011 the golden jubilee of the end of colonialism (19 December 1961) and the beginning of its participation in the democratic institutions of India. The administrative decentralization known as Panchayati Raj is an ancient tradition in India, but it suffered dilution and breaks during centuries of Muslim and British domination. During the early years of Independence, the Union government was more worried about security concerns, and hence the policies of centralization. However, the second five-year plan and during the decades of 50 and 60 one could notice greater openness towards decentralization. This was done through Constitution Amendment Act nº 73 (1992) and the inclusion of article 243 in Part IX of the Constitution. The present essay seeks to clarify how the Panchayati Raj is the key to the success of the Indian democracy in the context of its demographic magnitude and ethnic, religious and linguistic diversities. Obviously, the challenges persist, but a country like India would be ungovernable without a democratic functionality at its bottom. It would be interesting to reflect and discover if Portugal has anything to benefit from the democratic experience of India and one of the fast growing emergent economies of the world.

O ensino religioso em Franz Rosenzwieg

Frente a discussão que se apresenta sobre “Ensino de Religião”, essa comunicação pretende propor uma reflexão a partir do pensador Franz Rosenzweig (1886-1929). Partindo do pressuposto que a religião se dá na experiência concreta, Rosenzweig terá como preocupação principal o ensino religioso, o que transforma uma possível teoria da religião em uma pedagogia da religião, pois, para ele, compreender judaísmo é praticar judaísmo. O objetivo de Rosenzweig não é validar o judaísmo – a religião. É a experiência pessoal que funda seu pensamento e esta experiência é expressa na linguagem do judaísmo.

Animais de porte como chave para o descanso de Deuteronómio 5,12-15; meditações sócio-económicas do uso da ecologia pela situação

Tem-se como objetivo discutir nesse espaço o texto do shabbat de Deuteronômio 5,12-15, sobre ele se sustenta que deva ter surgido como coesão social-textual desenvolvidapelo assentamento dos animais quadrúpedes, bois, jumentos, em Judá nos séculos 8.°e 7.° a.C. O ato de interditar o trabalho (shabbat) visava salvaguardar os animais valiososno Oriente Antigo, e também, o gradual empobrecimento das terras causadaspelo seu peso nas pobres terras de Judá. Uma saída que visava re-estabilizar a relação homem-natureza pela via regulamentar da sociedade judaica.

Vestígios da prática cerimonial judaica no Cante : o canto colectivo do Baixo Alentejo

Trata-se de uma dimensão da cultura portuguesa em muitos aspectos ignorada. Está ainda por conhecer a influência das vivências cripto-judaicas na conformação de determinadas práticas tradicionais populares, mesmo naquelas que foram absorvidas por práticas de âmbito religioso e integradas na cultura cristã numa perspectiva até litúrgica (ou que se afastaram desse prisma inicial, no sentido de uma expressão da vida profana).

Constancy in the perception of speech when the level of room-reflections varies

A speech message played several metres from the listener in a room is usually heard to have much the same phonetic content as it does when played nearby, even though the different amounts of reflected sound make the temporal envelopes of these signals very different. To study this ‘constancy’ effect, listeners heard speech messages and speech-like sounds comprising 8 auditory-filter shaped noise-bands that had temporal envelopes corresponding to those in these filters when the speech message is played. The ‘contexts’ were “next you’ll get _to click on”, into which a “sir” or “stir” test word was inserted. These test words were from an 11-step continuum, formed by amplitude modulation. Listeners identified the test words appropriately, even in the 8-band conditions where the speech had a ‘robotic’ quality. Constancy was assessed by comparing the influence of room reflections on the test word across conditions where the context had either the same level of room reflections (i.e. from the same, far distance), or where it had a much lower level (i.e. from nearby). Constancy effects were obtained with both the natural- and the 8-band speech. Results are considered in terms of the degree of ‘matching’ between the context’s and test-word’s bands.

Fetishizing the Holocaust: comedy and transatlantic connections in Howard Jacobson's 'Kalooki Nights'

The British Jewish novelist Howard Jacobson has, from the start of his career, found himself saddled with the unenviable label of 'the English Philip Roth'. For many years, Jacobson bristled at the Roth comparisons, offering the alternative label 'the Jewish Jane Austen' and insisting that he had not read Roth at all, though more recently he has put on record his admiration for Roth's comic masterpiece, Sabbath's Theater.If Jacobson's early work was certainly imbued with a Rothian Jewish humour, its cultural reference points were almost invariably English. In contrast, Kalooki Nights is saturated with allusions to American culture, in particular Jewish American culture. This article traces some of the ways in which Kalooki Nights explores and exploits these transatlantic connections in a comic novel that both participates in and satirizes what will be called here the fetishization of the Holocaust. It is concluded that Kalooki Nights is Jacobson's audacious attempt to produce a piece of Holocaust literature that exploits the tension between the desire of some Jews of his generation to know all the 'gory details', and the necessity of recognizing that their own historical situation prevents them from ever doing so. The result is to make people laugh not at the events of the Holocaust itself but at the attempt to fetishize them.

Imagining multicultural London: containment and excess in snatch

Snatch (Guy Ritchie, 2000) is a comic-book gangster film that can be seen to represent the backlash against perceived notions of political correctness in what is effectively a public-schoolboy fantasy of working-class life in East London. However, the film also delineates the limits of this backlash in its depiction of minorities as either contained or excess. This is highlighted through the comic-book genre itself as well as the characterization. Thus this article explores the tension between the genre, representation and Jewish identity.

Al-Mahdi - Gestalt och budskap : En litteraturstudie jämförande sudanesisk Mahdi och indisk Mahdi inom islam

Followers of three world religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam are waiting for the Messiah. Muslims are even waiting for aspiritual leader al-Mahdi. Two different persons claimed the title of al-Mahdi, at the end of the nineteenth century. Theyappeared almost at the same time, at the totally different places of the earth, with a completely different message and underthe rule of the British colonial power. The aim of the study is to compare the both religious figures, Mirza Ghulam Ahmadfrom India and Muhammad Ahmad from Sudan regarding their different messages, to illustrate the social, political andreligious factors that lead to the entirely different profile and image of these two men and how their organizations havedeveloped after their death up till today. The result shows that the Sudanese Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad claimed hisMahdiship in the year 1881. He became a political leader in a time when Sudan was under the rule of a colonial power. Hetook advantage of the religion for personal purposes and tried to liberate his native country Sudan. The contemporaryMuslim clergy criticized him for his claim because the content of the Hadith traditions did not support his claim ofMahdiship. He maintained his sole right for the interpretation of religion and of the laws of Sharia. He made changes even inthe chief pillars of Islam by asserting that Jehad with sword was more imperative than the pilgrimage journey to Mecca. Heasserted that the Prophet Muhammad himself had entrusted him to launch the holy war against the non-believers. He hadimmense ambitions which were never fulfilled since he suddenly died four years after his claim for Mahdiship, in June 1885.This day his followers are organized as a political party in Sudan with a modest roll in the Sudanese politics. The IndianMahdi Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed in 1889 to be Mahdi, Mujaddid, Muhaddas, Messiah and a Prophet at a time of socialand political peace, though Islam as a religion was firmly pushed by the Hindu and Christian missionaries. He had no politicalambitions at all and was utterly loyal to the British colonial power. His mission was to crush the Cross and to demonstrateIslam’s excellence over all the religions of the world through overwhelming arguments. He proclaimed that Jesus was humanand a Prophet and not the son of God. Jesus survived from the cross and died a natural death after he had lived for manyyears. Ahmad claimed that God had commanded him to put stop to the religious wars. The contemporary Muslim clergyblamed him for being an imposter, melancholic and hypochondriac who had self invented the divine revelations. He died year1908, nineteen years after his claim and the communion he found is established today in more than hundred countries of theworld. Reasons for the breakdown of mission of the Sudanese Mahdi were that his objectives were political and he challengedthe colonial power with the sword. Another decisive factor was his sudden death merely four years after the beginning of hismission. Reasons for the success of Indian Mahdi were that his objectives were purely religious and he was wholly loyal to theforeign government. He survived nineteen years after the beginning of his mission which made it possible for him to create acommunion based on solid grounds. His followers continued on the same path and never engaged in local politics where everthey lived. For further studies it will be of great interest to study the life of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and objectively examine thearguments he presented in support of his divine appointment. Furthermore it is enriching to study the organization andactivities of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community to explore if they are in accordance with the basic principles of Ahmad.

Scriptural Archeology: Excavating the Presence of Women in the Torah

Women's roles in religious history have been traditionally described in terms of their relation and value to men. The normative religious texts provide an androcentric perspective on the gender relationships within the early community, the growth of Judaism in "Jacob's House" and the monotheistic worship of God. Yet these literary representations omit an entire half of the experience of the Jewish community: the perspective and participation of women. As Judith Plaskow argues extensively in Standing Again at Sinai, women are defined not in her own terms or in her own voice, but by her relationship and value to men through the androcentric vocabulary of the Torah. This statement is textually illustrated by the authorial and editorial presentation of women and their place in ancient Israelite society in the Torah. As Judaism grew increasingly androcentric in its leadership, women were increasingly reduced to marginal figures in the community by authorial and editorial revisions. Yet the participation of women of ancient Israel is not lost. Instead, the presence of women is buried beneath the androcentric presentation of the early Judaic community, waiting to be excavated by historical and scriptural examination. The retelling of the past is influenced by the present; memory is not static but takes on different shapes depending on the focus of concentration. However, tradition greatly influences the interpretation of religious history as well. In the book of Genesis, the literature emphasizes the divine appointment of male figures such as Abraham the father of the covenant and Jacob who is renamed and claimed by God as "Israel," placing them at the center of Jewish history. As a result, the other figures in these biblical narratives are described in relation to the patriarchs, those male bearers of the covenant, by their service or their value to him. Women are at the bottom of this hierarchy. Although female figures of exceptional quality are noted in later chronicles, such as Ruth, Deborah and Miriam, it is the very nature of their exception that highlights the androcentric editorial focus of the Torah. I agree with Peggy Day, whose own scriptural examination in Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel, makes the important distinction between the literary representation and the reality of ancient Israelite culture: they are not coextensive nor equivalent. Although the text represents the culture of ancient Israel as male dominated from the time of Abraham, this presentation omits the perspective of half of the population-the women. By beginning at the point of realization that women did exist and were active in their culture, and placing aside the androcentric perspective of the text and its editors, the reality of women's place in ancient Israel may be determined. Through this new perspective, the women of the Torah will emerge as the archetypes of strength, leadership and spiritual insight to provide Jewish women of the present with female, ancestral role models and a foundation for their gender's heritage, a more complete understanding of the partial record of Jewish history recorded in the Torah. Those stories that appear as the exception of women's presence will unveil an exceptional presence. As Tamar Frankiel eloquently states in The Voice of Sarah, "the women we call our 'Mothers'-Sarah, Rivkah (Rebekah), Rachel, and Leah-are not merely mothers, any more than the 'Fathers'-Abraham, Isaac and Jacob-are merely fathers "(Frankiel 5).