全球变化的植被——环境相关性：中国和东北样带（NECT）研究

全球变化与陆地生态系统(GCTE)的研究一直是国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP)．全球变化研究的焦点之一，其中植被与环境，尤其是气候的关系研究，虽然古老却又包含许多新的涵义，而陆地样带(Terrestrial Transect)则是近年来发起于GCTE，并拓展到IGBP其它核心项目的研究热点．博士后研究的主要工作有：将全球变化作为主线，以单个树种青冈(Cyclobalanopsisgtauco)为对象，研究其过去、现在和将来的地理分布与气候的关系;分别利用气温和降水指标，拓展Kira指标形成生物热量指数和干湿度指数，以及建立水热积指数，在宏观尺度上研究了中国植被与气候的关系;结合生物群区和植物功能型概念的发展以及生物多样性的研究，进行了以生物多样性保育为目的的我国生态地理区划;在熟悉IGBP陆地样带的科学计划并总结其最新发展动态的基础上，分析了中国东北样带的基本生态地理特征;最后，粗略分析r生物性多样保育与自然保护区建设和管理的关系问题。 1.植被一环境（气候）分类：指标、系统和模型 植被一气候关系是一个古老的命题，但在当今的全球变化研究中成为最基础和最具活力的工作。从单一因子的或多因子简单组合的分类指标，如Koppen，Box指标等，到以可能蒸散为基础的综合分类指标，如Penman，Thornthwaite, Holdridge，Budyko，Kira指标等，科学家们发展了众多的植被一气候分类系统和模型，如Koppen．Thornthwaite，Holdridge. Kira. Box. Neilson.Woodward, Budyko, Prentice系统，以及Holdridge，Uvardy，Matthews. Olson. Bailey．Woodward.Prentice. Box模型，为现今植被一气候关系的研究以及全球变化对陆地生态系统的影响，和大气C02增加对潜在植被变化的响应预测奠定了良好的基础。 2.基于物种的植被一气候关系研究：中国青冈的地理分布与气候的关系 在广泛收集青冈[Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst.]地理分布资料的基础上，利用目前国际上比较流行的研究植被与气候相互关系的指标和方法，包括Kira的水热指标、Penman的公式、Thomthwaite的指标和气候分类、Holdridge的生命地带分类系统指标， 以及年平均气温(TEMP). 1月均温(Tl)、’7月均温(T7)、极端最高气温(TMAX)、极端最低气温(TMIN).≥10℃积温(AT)和年降水量(PREC)，研究了青冈在中国的地理分布与气候的关系，讨论了青冈垂直分布的上限、下限以及北界的Kira热量指标状况。根据孢粉资料和历史文献，探讨r历史时期青冈在中国大陆的分布与变迁及其与气候的关系，并利用Holdridge生命地带分类系统指标预测了C02浓度倍增条件下中国青冈分布区的可能变化。 3.宏观尺度上的中国植被一气候关系 1）用气温、降水指标研究中国植被一气候关系 能够在气象台站直接、方便地测试到的年平均气温、降水量指标，与其它水热气候因子有显著的相关性，用它们来研究中国植被与气候的关系是可行且有用的。利用全国689个气象站点的气象记录，计算得出了中国各植被地带、亚地带的年平均气温，年降水量指标和温雨系数，利用生态信息系统EIS作出了各气候指标在中国的分布，并将年平均气温和降水量作散点图，均较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局。总结可得中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限。综合孢粉，古生物等资料信息，前人确定在全新世中期中国存在一个大暖期，其中稳定暖湿的鼎盛阶段在7.2—6,0 Ka．B.P.，其时中国境内大部分地区的年平均气温比现在高2℃左右，年降水平均高于现在100 mm，通过数学处理，利用生态信息系统恢复重建了全新世大暖期中国大陆的气温和降水分布状况．参考孢粉、古植物和他人研究资料及现代植被气候关系，恢复编制了大暖期鼎盛阶段中国大陆的植被区划图，与现代植被区划相比较，东部各个植被带在大暖期盛时表现出明显的北迁，温带植被的迁移幅度大于亚热带和热带植被;西部的植被带出现了经向西迁，西北部的草原范围扩张，荒漠缩小;青藏高原地区高寒半荒漠和荒漠植被的范围大大缩小，而且植被带仍有不同程度向北迁移的表现。这可为预测与阐明未来的气候变化和植被变迁提供有力的证据． 2）KIRA指标的拓展及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用 根据Kira以月平均气温5℃为界的热量指数和干湿度指数概念，提出了以月平均气温10℃为界的生物热量指数，包括生物温暖指数BWI和生物寒冷指数BCI，并修正其干湿度指数为生物干湿度指数BK。利用中国689个标准气象台站的资料，分析我国主要植被类型分布与热量因子和干湿度因子的关系，得出两者之间有较好的相关性，生物温暖指数、寒冷指数和干湿度指数的散点图，较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局。并得出中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限，以1 0℃为界的生物温暖指数不仅对我国森林植被的地理分布和温度气候带的划分具有较好的指示作用，而且对西南部高山、亚高山地区的植被与气候关系指示性较强;生物寒冷指数则对亚热带和热带的指示性很好，能够较好区分亚热带南部及热带地区;由热量指数和降水量综合得出的生物干湿度指数，对中国西北部干旱、半干旱区以至全国的植被分布与水分、热量因子的关系分析有较好的应用价值。 3）水热积指数的估算及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用 试图利用大气年平均气温、年降水量、可能蒸散和土壤水分平衡之间的关系建立一个水热积指数，并应用年平均气温．水分盈亏值和水热积指数三个气候变量来限定植物群落组合，构成一个圆形的生命-气候图式．根据全国689个标准气象台站的气候资料，计算了中国8个植被地带和26个亚地带的年平均气温、年水分盈亏和水热积指数，绘制了各气候指标在中国的分布图及散点图，较好表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局，包括寒温带针叶林、冷温带针阔叶混交林、暖温带落叶阔叶林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、热带雨林和季雨林、温带草原、温带荒漠、青藏高原高寒植被，并得到了中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限。通过分析可以看出，年平均气温的等值线较好地反映了中国大陆的热量梯度，经度和纬度方向的区分均较明显;土壤水分盈亏曲线的等值线则比较零乱;综合了热量和水分差异的水热积指数，其等值线与热量梯度和水分梯度均有一定的对应性，与植被类型的对应也较好。这是在宏观尺度上进行的植被与气候关系研究的一种尝试，有待于增加机理性的内容，使其得到进一步的改进。 4.生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中的陆地生物群区类型 Biome(生物群区)是当今生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中的一个重要概念，根据此概念及植物功能型概念的发展，评述了9个重要的世界陆地生物群区分类系统，并根据中国的植被分类和区划，尝试划分了在中国的生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中所需要的陆地生物群区类型。 5.中国生物多样性的生态地理区划 利用各种生态地理因子，包括气候指标如与植物耐寒性有关的绝对最低温度(TMrN)，最冷月平均气温(TJAN)，最冷月日平均温度的最大值(MXT)和最小值(MIT);与需热性有关的植物生长季积温(AT);年降水量的季节分配，包括最冷月降水(PJAN)，最热月降水(PJUL)，年降水量，年降水的统计标准差(PSD)和变异系数(年变率PCV);植被指标如植被类型(VEGET)、，植被区划类型(VEGED)、植被的净第一性生产力(NPP)、植物区系类型(FLORA)、动物区系类型(FA UNA).植物特有属的丰富度(EDGENUS)以及度量植物多样性的植物种丰富度(属数GENUS、种数SPECIES);土壤指标如土壤类型(SOILT)，土壤理化性质如土壤酸碱度(SOILPH)、土壤表层阳离子交换量(SOILEXC)等;地形和地貌特征如经度(LONG)、纬度(LAT)和海拔高度(ALT)，利用模糊聚类的手段，综合进行了中国生物多样性的生态地理区划。采用四级区划，即：生物大区(biodomain) -生物亚区(subbiodomain) -生物群区(biome) -生物区(bioregion).全国划分为5个生物大区，7个生物亚区和1 8个生物群区。 I北方森林大区 I A欧亚北方森林亚区 I Al南泰加山地寒温针叶林 IA2北亚针阔叶混交林 II北方草原荒漠大区 II B欧亚草原亚区 II Bl内亚温带高草草原 II B2黄土高原森林草原（灌木草原） il C亚非荒漠亚区 II Cl中亚温带荒漠 ⅡC2蒙古／内亚温带荒漠 III东亚大区 III D东亚落叶阔叶林亚区 m DI东亚落叶阔叶林 III E东亚常绿阔叶林亚区 III El东亚落叶•常绿阔叶混交林 III E2东亚常绿阔叶林 ⅡI E3东亚季风常绿阔叶林 III E4西部山地常绿阔叶林 IV旧热带大区 IV F印度一马来热带森林亚区 IV Fl北热带雨林、季雨林 IV F2热带海岛植被 V亚洲高原大区 vG青藏高原亚区V Gl青藏高寒灌丛草甸V G2青藏高寒草原V G3青藏高寒荒漠V G4青藏温性草原V Gs青藏温性荒漠IGBP陆地样带：科学计划与最新进展 作为国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP)的交叉项目(Interproject)的陆地样带(Terrestrial Transect)，已成为IGBP的全球变化研究中最引人重视的发展和新研究方法之一。它以一系列综合性的全球变化研究计划为基础，是由沿着一个主要全球变化驱动因素（如温度、降水、土地利用强度等）的梯度上的一系列研究站点所构成研究区域，并配合以模型模拟和综合分析，其地理范围为1000 km或更大的长度，数百公里的宽度，以涵盖大气环流模型(GCM)运作的最小单元。本节论述了IGBP陆地样带的概念和研究的意义，样带的类型、一般设计和选择标准，国际上IGBP样带的初步设置，包括①经受土地利用变化的潮湿热带系统;②从北方森林到冻原的高纬度地区;③从干旱森林到灌丛的半干旱热带地区;④从森林或灌丛过渡到草地的中纬度半干旱地区，以及其它的一些样带和PAGES核心计划中的PEP样带，主要内容有样带设置的原因、研究内容和主要样带特点等，并总结了样带的最新研究进展和动态． 6.中国东北样带(N ECT)的生态地理特征分析 陆地样带研究已成为国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP):全球变化研究的重要手段与热点。中国东北森林-草原样带(NECT)已被列为IGBP国际全球变化陆地样带之一。该样带在东经1120与130030’之间沿北纬43030’设置，长约l 600 km，是一条中纬度温带以降水为驱动因素的梯度，具有由温带针阔叶混交林向温带草原的3个亚地带：草甸草原、典型草原与荒漠草原过渡的空间系列。本文给出了样带的基本生态地理特征及其梯度分析，包括其地理位置、设置意义、地形地貌、气候梯度、土壤类型、土地利用格局、植被类型、主要优势种和群落类型的生态地理特征以及全新世适宜期（大暖期）的植被分布格局。NECT将成为我国全球变化与陆地生态系统(GCTE)与其它IGBP核心项目研究的前沿阵地。 7.自然保护区的作用、建设和管理及其与生物多样性的关系 一般而言，“就地保护”是保护生物多样性的主要措施和最根本的途径，生境的“就地保护”是生物多样性保护最为有力和最为高效的保护方法，而就地保护的措施就是建立自然保护区，通过对自然保护区的建设和有效管理，使生物多样性得到切实有效的人为保护。从自然保护区定义和类型划分及生物多样性的定义本身可以看出，自然保护区的主要保护对象是世界上丰富多彩的生物多样性，自然保护区是生物多样性就地保护的重要基地，是物种多样性的基因库，是留给野生动植物的宝贵栖息地，应把保护区的建设和生物多样性的保护与持续利用密切结合起来，合理开发利用自然资源，促进生物多样性的可持续发展。

Engineering design and mechatronics: The schemebuilder project

The paper describes the development of a software design aid for use at the conceptual stage of engineering design. It is intended for use in the design of mechatronic products but has wider potential uses. Early approaches were based on function structures and tables of options and the system that evolved allows the assembly of schemes linked by matching their input and output ports. A database of components is provided which can be accessed via different indexes and the designer can easily create and compare alternative schemes at the concept stage. A bond graph approach is used to define the interconnections between components. This allows correct port matching but also provides for future development such as constraint propagation through the design and links to simulation tools. © 1993 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Molecular characterization of Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom L-amino acid oxidase with potential anti-HIV activity

A novel L-amino acid oxidase, named TSV-LAO, has been purified and cloned from the snake Trimeresurus stejnegeri. Fifty percentage cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) of TSV-LAO on C8166 cells were 24 and 390 nM in the absence or presence of catalase (400nM), respectively. However, at concentrations that showed little effect on cell viability, TSV-LAO displayed dose dependent inhibition on HIV-1 infection and replication. The antiviral selectivity indexes (CC50/EC50) were 16 and 6, respectively, corresponding to the measurements of syncytium formation and HIV-1 p24 antigen expression. Interestingly, the presence of catalase resulted in an increase of its antiviral selectivity to 52 and 38. Under the same conditions, no anti-HIV-1 activity was observed by exogenous addition of H2O2. The complete amino acid sequence of TSV-LAO, as deduced from its cDNA, exhibits a high degree of sequence identity with other snake venom LAOs. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A novel heme-containing protein with anti-HIV-1 activity from skin secretions of Bufo andrewsi

A novel protein, named BAS-AH, was purified and characterized from the skin of the toad Bufo andrewsi. BAS-AH is a single chain protein and the apparent molecular weight is about 63 kDa as judged by SDS-PAGE. BAS-AH was determined to bind heme (0.89 mol heme/mol protein) as determined by pyridine haemochrome analysis. Fifty percentage cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of BAS-AH on C8166 cells was 9.5 mu M. However, at concentrations that showed little effect oil cell viability, BAS-AH displayed dose dependent inhibition oil HIV-1 infection and replication. The antiviral selectivity indexes corresponding to the measurements of syncytium formation and HIV-1 p24 (CC50/EC50) were 14.4 and 11.4, respectively, corresponding to the . BAS-AH also showed an inhibitory effect on the activity of recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (IC50 = 1.32 mu M). The N-terminal sequence of BAS-AH was determined to be NAKXKADVIGKISILLGQDNLSNIVAM, which exhibited little identity with other known anti-HIV-1 proteins. BAS-AH is devoid of antibacterial, protcolytic, trypsin inhibitory activity, (L)-amino acid oxidase activity and catalase activity. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica, Satureja khuzestanica and Mentha longifolia on the growth of Actococcus garvieae in rainbow trout fillet

The present research was done with the aim of studing the effects of some medicinal plant essential oils against Lactococcus garvieae and on some spoilage indexes in rainbow trout fillets in 4°C during 18 days. Essential oils of Mentha longifola (20, 40 and 80 μg g-1), Satureja bachtiarica (0.125, 0.25 and 0.50 μg g-1) and Satrureja khuzestanica (0.06, 0.12, 0.25 and 0.50 μg g-1) were used for this study. According to the results, the highest and the lowest microbial load were observed in control group and the groups contained 80 and 40 μg g-1 of Mentha longifola, respectively (P≤0.05). The spoilage indexes were increased after 18 days showing a statistical difference for protein, fat, TVN, FFA and TBA (P≤0.05). The most and the least changes were observed in the the control group and the fillets containing 80 μg g-1 of Mentha longifola, respectively (P≤0.05). The results indicated that, in comparison with control group, using herbal essential oils leads to reduction of Lactococcus garvieae population and spoilage process of the fillets through decreasing in TVN, FFA and TBA. Meanwhile, Mentha longifola having 80 μg g-1 was found to be more effective

Study of physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of surimi produced from black mouth croaker (Atrobucca nibe) at freezing condition (-18ºC)

Black mouth croaker (Atrobucca nibe) is considered as a new valuable fish stock in the Oman Sea. In this study, surimi was manufactured from nonmarket size of the fish, manually and different cryoprotectant agents were added to the surimi. Finally changes in physiochemical, microbiological and sensory quality, characteristics of the surimi and kamaboko gel samples were assessed during 6 months at freezing storage (-18ºC). Surimi samples with the addition of Iranian tragacanth gum (TG), xanthan gum (XG), chitosan (CS) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) at 1% (w/w) were prepared to evaluate their impacts as a cryoprotectant on the surimi, individually. The results showed that the whiteness and lightness indexes in all surimi samples were gradually decreased during frozen storage. This trend of decreasing was more intensity in the control sample from 61.08±0.131 to 54.21±0.067 was recorded (p<0.05). Water holding capacity (WHC) in all treatments was decreased during 6 months. The lowest WHC (g/g) was obtained in the surimi without cryoprotectants and maximum WHC was measured in Tcs and Twpc samples, respectively (p<0.05). The lowest breaking force was calculated in Txg (166.00±22.627 g) and Tc (271.50±263.16 g) during 6 months at frozen storage, respectively (p<0.05), while Twpc treatment with slight variations showed the highest breaking force (p<0.05). Also, the lowest gel strength was obtained in Txg (68.22±6.740 g.cm) after 6 month of frozen storage (p<0.05). All Kamaboko surimi gels texture profile analysis parameters decreaced with increasing shelf life. This decreasing trend in the control sample was more severe. Floding results were reduced in all samples during storage (p<0.05). The best protective results probably were obtained in WPC, chitosan and commercial cryoprotectant agents, respectively due to protein stabilization of myofibrillar proteins and the protein-protein network structure, leading to the formation of surimi gel with strong textural properties during frozen conditions. The average number of surimi polygonal structures were significantly decreased (number per mm2) and their area were significantly increased (μm2) in all treatments (p<0.05). With increasing storage time, moisture, protein contents and pH were decreaced. Maximun TVB-N index was calculated in Tc (7.93±0.400 mg/100g) and Txg (7.88±0.477), respectively (p<0.05). TBRAs index was increased in all treatments during frozen storage, while this trend was reached in maximum value in Tc (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation of the fish finger quality characteristics (color, odor, texture and overall acceptability) preapare from frozen black mouth croaker surimi was decreaced during 6 month frozen storage. After the period of frozen storage the highest quality scores were measured in Twpc, Tcs and Tcc samples, respectively (p<0.05). In this study, coliform bacteria were not found in all treatments during frozen storage. The surimi sample containing chitosan showed lower mesophilic and psychrotropic bacteria (log cfu/g) than other treatments during frozen storage (p<0.05). Salt-soluble proteins extractions of all treatments were decreased during frozen storage. This decreacing trend was highest in Tcs (45.74±0.176%) and lowest in Tc treatments after 6 month of frozen storage (29.92±0.224%) (p<0.05). Although commercial cryoprotectant agents were successful in limiting the denaturation of proteins but sugar contents were not accepted for diabetics or those who disagree with the sweet taste and high calorie food. Hence, commercial cryoprotectant agents can be replaced with whey protein concentrate and chitosan at 1% level (w/w) consider that they were showed proper protection of the surimi myofibrillar proteins during storage.

Application of encapsulated nisin and sodium citrate for shelf life increasing of Rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) fillet packaged with MAP and their effect on Staphylococcus aureus

Nisin is a widely used naturally occurring antimicrobial effective against many pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. It has been proposed that reduced efficacy of nisin in foods can be improved by technologies such as encapsulation to protect it from interferences by food matrix components. The aim of this study was using of spray dried encapsulated nisin with zein in concentration of (0.15 and 0.25 g/kg) and sodium citrate (1.5 and 2.5%) and treatments with both of them to extent the shelf life of filleted trouts packaged by Modified Atmosphere Packaging (45% CO2, 50% N2 ,5% O2) and stored at 4±1 °C for 20 days. Furthermore, to evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of encapsulated nisin and soudium citrate the trouts fillets was inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus as an index pathogenic bacteria. Assessment of chemical spoilage indexes such as (Proxide value, Thiobarbituric acid, total volatile base nitrogen and pH) , microbial parameters (Total Plate Count, Psychrotrophic count, Lactic acid bacteria count), Staphylococcus aureus cont in treatments which were inoculated with 5 logcfu/g of this bacteria and sensory evaluation of fillets including (smell, color, texture and total acceptability) was carried out in days of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20. The results revealed that treatment with both exposure of nisin and sodium citrate showed significantly lower chemical spoilage indexes in comparison with controls (vaccum packed and MAP) (P<0.05). Furthermore, (nisin 0.25 g/kg sodium citrate 2.5%) treatment which was exposed to the maximal level used of both materials was significantly the lowest treatment with (Proxide value, Thiobarbituric acid, total volatile base nitrogen and pH) of 9.95 (meq O2/kg) , 1.55 (mgMA/kg), 29.65 (mgN/100g) and 6.65 , respectively and according to the maximal recommended level of this indices , shelf life of fillets in this treatment was esstimated 20 days.The control (vaccum packed) treatment was significantly the highest treatment with (Proxide value, Thiobarbituric acid, total volatile base nitrogen and pH) of 15.17 (meq O2/kg), 3.03 (mgMA/kg), 38.4 (mgN/100g) and 6.95 , respectively and according to the maximal recommended level of this indices , shelf life of fillets in this treatment was estimated 11 days. Also, in microbial point of view (nisin 0.25 g/kg- sodium citrate 2.5%) treatment was the lowest treatment with Total Plate Count, Psychrotrophic count, Lactic acid bacteria count and Staphylococcus aureus count of 6.7, 6.83, 5.25 and 6.04 logcfu/g respectively, and conrol (vaccum packed) treatment was the highest treatment with 9.15, 9.41, 7.7 and 9.01 logcfu/g respectively. According to the lower results of chemical and microbial indices and higher sensory evaluated scores assessed in this research for encapsulated nisin in comparison with free nisin , it was concluded that encapsulation of nisin with zein capsules may improve the efficiency of nisin. The measuremented values of Mass yield, Total solids content of capsules, Encapsulation efficiency, In vitro release kinetics in 200 hour for encapsulated nisin in this study was 49.89, 62, 98.31 and 69% respectively and Encapsulated particle size was lower than 674.21 μm for 90% of particles. As a consequence, nisin , in particular encapsulated nisin, and sodium citrate alone or together with and Modified Atmosphere packaging might be considered as effective tools in preventing the quality degradation of the fillets, resulting in an extension of their shelf life.

Effects of the quick and slow freezing on the quality of Nile Tilapia fillets (Oreochromis niloticus) and Red Tilapia fillets (O. niloticus and Tilapia mosambicus)

In this study, quality of fresh, slow frozen and quick frozen tilapia fillets and its changes during storage at -18C° were investigated. For preparation the samples, fresh tilapia fillets were frozen by slow and quick frozen methods. Slow frozen samples were prepared by storing the packed fillets directly in the -18 C°. The sprila freezing tunle with -30C° was also used for preparation the quick frozen sample. The quick frozen samples were then stored at -18C°for six months. Proximate composition, fatty acid profiles, TBA, PV, TVN, Total cuont, Drip loss, and sensory evaluation of the samples were determined in every month. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used for study on the effects of the frozen condition on the microstructure of the fillets. Results indicated that two different frozen methods had significantly different effects on the quality of the fillets. Most of the proximate composition (protein, moistre and fat) reduced during the storage. Quick frozen filets had significantly (P<0.05) lower reduction than slow frozen samples. All of the chemical quality indexes (PV, TBA, and TVN) increased during the storage as compered to the fresh samples. In these paramethers, the slow freezing had higher changes than quick freezing metods (P<0.05). The microbial properties of the samples showed decrese during the storage. Lower amont of total cuont was observed at the end of the storage time in the quick frozen samples than slow frozen once (P<0.05). The large changes in the fatty acid profiles of the sample were fond in all samples. During the storage SFA and MUF of the samples increased however, the PUFA decresed. A lower change was obseved in the quick frozen samples than slow frozen samples (P<0.05). Drip loss was increased in both frozen samples during the storage period. The percentage of the drip in the slow frozen samples was significantly higer than quick frozen samples (P<0.05). SEM micrographs were also showed that the chnges in the microstructur of the samples was different in the slow and frozen samples. Slow freezing methods had higher damge in the microstructure of the sample then quick freezing mathods. Sensory evaluation of the samples indicated that a better acceptability in the quick frozen samples than slow frozen sample (P<0.05).

Circulating immunoglobulin A- and immunoglobulin G-secreting hybridoma cells in peripheral blood preferably migrate to female genital tracts. The role of sex hormones

Antigen-specific circulating immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) migrate to various secondary and tertiary lymphoid tissues. To understand the migration of the cells into the genital tract and its regulation by sex hormones, spleen-derived SG2 hybridoma cells secreting immunoglobulin G2b (IgG2b) and Peyer's patch-derived PA4 hybridoma cells secreting polymer IgA were labelled with (3) H-TdR, and intravenously injected into syngeneic mice of both sexes. Using flow cytometry, surface molecular markers of plasma cells, CD38 and CD138, and adhesion molecules, CD49d, CD162, and CD11a were found to be positive in SG2 and PA4 cells, but CD62L, alpha4beta7 and CD44 were not expressed on these cells. The relative distribution indexes (RDIs) of the cells in genital tract and other tissues were measured. The means of RDIs of SG2 and PA4 cells in female genital tissues were 6.5 and 4.5 times as many as the means in male genital tissues, respectively. The treatment of ovariectomized mice with beta-oestradiol significantly increased the RDIs of PA4 cells in cervix and vagina, but decreased the RDIs of SG2 cells in vagina, horn of uterus, uterus and rectum (P <0.05). Progesterone treatment increased the RDIs of PA4 cells in vagina and rectum (P <0.05). The treatment with testosterone significantly increased the RDIs of SG2 and PA4 cells in epididymis and accessory sex glands (P <0.05). These results demonstrate that the female genital tract is the preferable site for the migration of circulating hybridoma cells to the male genital tract, and sex hormones play an important role in regulation of the migration of circulating ISC to genital tracts.

Effects of testosterone undecanoate as a male contraceptive candidate on rat immunological features

Testosterone undecanoate (TU) is under phase III clinical trial as a hormonal male contraceptive in China. Sex hormones can modulate the immune system. Female hormonal contraceptives may affect SIV/HIV-1 transmission. To evaluate the safety of TU and to understand whether long-term use of TU for a male contraceptive affects users' immunological features, adult male rats were treated for a 32-week TU-treated phase at the dose of 20 mg TU/kg body weight and a 24-week recovery phase. The reproductive and immunological parameters of 4-6 rats in each subgroup were examined at the stated time point. The mean sperm count and viability in the treated rats were significantly suppressed (p < 0.01). In the TU-treated group: the mean blood leukocyte and lymphocyte counts; the proliferation indexes of T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and spleen; and, of B cells from spleen, as well as the mean counts of blood T, NK, and B cells decreased in comparison with those of control group. These decreases were not significant (p > 0.01). Similarly, the mean serum IgM, IgG, and IgA levels and complement activity in TU-treated rats were lower than those in control group (p > 0.01), and the changes in the antibody levels of the examined genital secretions were not significant (p > 0.01). The changes in the thickness of urethra epithelium, and in secretory component (SC) expression in genitals were not observed in the treated group. These results demonstrated that long-term supraphysiological TU injection did not obviously affect the examined rat immunological parameters.

Effects of multi-scattering on the performance of a single-beam acoustic manipulation device.

The effects of multiple scattering on acoustic manipulation of spherical particles using helicoidal Bessel-beams are discussed. A closed-form analytical solution is developed to calculate the acoustic radiation force resulting from a Bessel-beam on an acoustically reflective sphere, in the presence of an adjacent spherical particle, immersed in an unbounded fluid medium. The solution is based on the standard Fourier decomposition method and the effect of multi-scattering is taken into account using the addition theorem for spherical coordinates. Of particular interest here is the investigation of the effects of multiple scattering on the emergence of negative axial forces. To investigate the effects, the radiation force applied on the target particle resulting from a helicoidal Bessel-beam of different azimuthal indexes (m = 1 to 4), at different conical angles, is computed. Results are presented for soft and rigid spheres of various sizes, separated by a finite distance. Results have shown that the emergence of negative force regions is very sensitive to the level of cross-scattering between the particles. It has also been shown that in multiple scattering media, the negative axial force may occur at much smaller conical angles than previously reported for single particles, and that acoustic manipulation of soft spheres in such media may also become possible.

Near field phase mapping exploiting intrinsic oscillations of aperture NSOM probe.

An innovative, simple, compact and low cost approach for phase mapping based on the intrinsic modulation of an aperture Near Field Scanning Optical Microscope probe is analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. Several nanoscale silicon waveguides are phase-mapped using this approach, and the different modes of propagation are obtained via Fourier analysis. The obtained measured results are in good agreement with the effective indexes of the modes calculated by electromagnetic simulations. Owing to its simplicity and effectiveness, the demonstrated system is a potential candidate for integration with current near field systems for the characterization of nanophotonic components and devices.

Near field phase mapping exploiting intrinsic oscillations of aperture NSOM probe

An innovative, simple, compact and low cost approach for phase mapping based on the intrinsic modulation of an aperture Near Field Scanning Optical Microscope probe is analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. Several nanoscale silicon waveguides are phase-mapped using this approach, and the different modes of propagation are obtained via Fourier analysis. The obtained measured results are in good agreement with the effective indexes of the modes calculated by electromagnetic simulations. Owing to its simplicity and effectiveness, the demonstrated system is a potential candidate for integration with current near field systems for the characterization of nanophotonic components and devices. © 2011 Optical Society of America.

Application of polyurethane foam units and calorimetry to microbial monitoring in Lake Donghu

Combined with the national standard biomonitoring method (polyurethane foam units method), calorimetry was applied to study the metabolic activities of PFU microbial communities in fresh water to determine the effects of anthropotgenic stresses on the activity of the microbial community. Comparisons were made at four sampling stations with different eutrophic status in Lake Donghu. Water quality variables, species number of protozoa, abundances of microorganisms, biomass, heterotrophy indexes and diversity indexes are reported. The heat rate-time curves of the native and concentrated PFU microbial communities were determined at 28 degrees C. Growth rate, measured maximum power output and total heat were calculated from the heat rate-time curves. The values of metabolic variables are higher at the more eutrophic stations, which suggests that organic pollution increases the activity of PFU microbial communities. The metabolic variables are in good agreement with chemical and biotic variables. And calorimetry will be useful for biomonitoring of the PFU microbial community. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Growth performance of juvenile white sturgeon as affected by feeding regimen

Juvenile (mean +/- SE, 8.6 +/- 0.1 g) white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus were fed for 8 weeks under one of six feeding regimens: continuously 24 h/d (C24); continuously 12.8 h/d during the day (C12/D), continuously 12.8 h/d at night (C12/N), 6 meals/d (M6), 4 meals/d (M4), and 2 meals/d (M2). Specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and body lipid content were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the feeding regimen. These variables were highest in the C24 group and lowest in the M2 group; fish in the M6 group showed the second best performance. Specific growth rate and feed efficiency in terms of wet weight in the M6 groups were not significantly different from those in the C24 groups, but specific growth rate in terms of energy and energy retention efficiency were significantly lower. Feeding regimen had no effect on condition factor, hepatosomatic index, coefficient of variation in final body weight, and protein and ash contents. There was no significant difference in these indexes between 12.8-h/d continuous feeding by day or by night. It was concluded that continuous feeding for 24 h/d was the optimum feeding regimen for juvenile white sturgeon.