An analytical study revisiting debate on interpretation of Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice

Article 38(1) of the Statute of International Court of Justice (hereinafter ICJ) is today generally seen as a direction to the significant sources of international law, which the world court must consider in resolving disputes; however, the list is not exhaustive nor encompasses all the formal and material sources of the international legal system. Article 38 of the Statute of ICJ was written ninety years ago in a different world, a question is under debate in many states, whether or not sources mentioned in Article 38 of the statute are compatible with needs of 21st century ? In recent decade, many new actors come on the stage which have transformed international law and now it is not only governs relations among states but also covers many International Organizations. Article 38(2) does refer to the other possible sources but does not define them. Moreover, law is a set of rules that citizens must follow to regulate peace and order in society. These laws are binding on both the individual and the state on a domestic and international level. Do states regard this particular rule as a rule of international law? The modern legal system of states is in the form of a specified and well organized set of rules, regulating affairs of different organs of a state. States also need a body of rules for their intercourse with each other. These sets of rules among states are called “International Law.” This article examines international law, its foundation and sources. It considers whether international conventions and treaties can be the only way states can considerably create international law, or there is a need for clarity about the sources of international law. Article is divided into two parts, the first one deals with sources of international law discussed in Article 38 of the statute of International Court of Justice whereas the second one discusses the material and formal sources of law, which still need reorganization as sources of law.

A Classification of Homogeneous Operators in the Cowen-Douglas Class

A complete list of homogeneous operators in the Cowen-Douglas class B-n(D) is given. This classification is obtained from an explicit realization of all the homogeneous Hermitian holomorphic vector bundles on the unit disc under the action of the universal covering group of the bi-holomorphic automorphism group of the unit disc.

International survey of bicycling exposure, crash involvement, behaviors, and attitudes: Preliminary results

This paper presents some results from preliminary analyses of the data of an international online survey of bicycle riders, who reported riding at least once a month. On 4 July 2015, data from 7528 participants from 17 countries was available in the survey, and were subsequently cleaned and checked for consistency. The median distance ridden ranged from 30 km/week in Israel to 150 km/week in Greece (overall median 54 km/week). City/hybrid bicycles were the most common type of bicycle ridden (44%), followed by mountain (20%) and road bikes (15%). Almost half (47%) of the respondents rode “nearly daily”. About a quarter rode daily to work or study (27%). Overall, 40% of respondents reported wearing a helmet ‘always’, varying from 2% in the Netherlands to 80% in Norway, while 25% reported ‘never’ wearing a helmet. Thus, individuals appeared to consistently either use or not use helmets. Helmet wearing rates were generally higher when riding for health/fitness than other purposes and appeared to be little affected by the type of riding location, but some divergences in these patterns were found among countries. Almost 29% of respondents reported being involved in at least one bicycle crash in the last year (ranging from 12% in Israel to 53% in Turkey). Among the most severe crashes for each respondent, about half of the crashes involved falling off a bicycle. Just under 10% of the most severe crashes for each respondent were reported to police. Among the bicycle-motor vehicle crashes, only a third were reported to police. Further analyses will address questions regarding the influence of factors such as demographic characteristics, type of bicycle ridden, and attitudes on both bi-cycle use and helmet wearing rates.

International Society for Applied Ethology. Special issue: a Selection of Papers from the 38th International Congress of the ISAE, Helsinki, Finland, August 2004

Welcome to the latest collection of papers selected from the International Society for Applied Ethology's (ISAE's) annual congress. The ISAE is a multi-faceted scientific society that supports applied research on animals under the influence of humankind. Every year, we aim to invite congress participants who have submitted papers, plenary talks, run workshops, or presented the memorial lecture on theoretical, review or discussion papers of topical interest to contribute to the Special Issue. These papers are peer-reviewed before being published here in Applied Animal Behaviour Science. International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE) Special Issue 2004.

International Society for Applied Ethology. Special issue: a selection of papers from the 39th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE), Tokyo, Japan, August 2005

Welcome to the latest collection of papers selected from the International Society for Applied Ethology's (ISAE's) annual congress. The ISAE is a multi-faceted scientific society that supports applied research on animals that are managed by humans. Every year, we aim to invite congress participants who have submitted papers, plenary talks, run workshops, or presented the memorial lecture on theoretical, review or discussion papers of topical interest to contribute to the Special Issue. These papers are peer-reviewed before being published here in Applied Animal Behaviour Science. This year, we have a variety of papers to bring to your attention. The David Wood-Gush Memorial lecture, the keynote address of the congress, was given by Shigeru Watanabe on animal cognition and welfare. His paper highlights how animal's sensory capabilities relate to their welfare. On the topic of human–animal bonds, Stine Christiansen and Björn Forkman explore how animal welfare is assessed in a veterinary context, and how those assessments might be improved by ethologists. Yoshie Kakuma and co-authors report on the discussions from a workshop on the welfare of working and companion dogs in five different countries. Based on their plenary lectures, Michael Cockram discusses the factors that affect farmed animals during road transport and how these might contribute in making decisions to restrict journey times, while Clive Phillips and co-author Danica Peck examine how personality influences the behaviour and interactions between zoo-housed tigers and their keepers. We hope you enjoy these papers. Our sincere thanks go to both the authors and referees, without whom these special issues would not be possible. A selection of papers from the 39th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE), Tokyo, Japan, August 2005.

Audience members (including Max Rieser?); 3rd International Congress of Aesthetics; Venice Portraits Groups

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Rabbi Leo Baeck, E.L. Ehrlich of Basel, Herbert Strauss of Bern, and Rabbi Eugen Messinger of Bern outside of the West End Synagogue, London, at the International Meeting of the World Union for Progressive Judaism.

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Rabbi Eugen Messinger of Bern, Dr. Herbert Strauss of Bern and E.L. Ehrlich of Basel outside of the West End Synagogue, London, at the International Meeting of the World Union for Progressive Judaism.

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Outdoor group portrait of attendees of the International Meeting of the World Union for Progressive Judaism; London.

Includes Rabbi Leo Baeck, E.L. Ehrlich of Basel, Herbert Strauss of Bern, and Rabbi Eugen Messinger of Bern

Herbert Strauss at a Zurich train station returning from the International Meeting of the World Union for Progressive Judaism in London.

Strauss completed his PhD examinations summa cum laude before leaving for the meeting, and was on his way to the American Consulate to get a visa for the United States

International Journal of Music Business Research. Special Issue on the Australasian Music Economy

The music business is one of the most international of all the cultural industries. Music, industry practices, and people travel easily across country borders and the major music companies are dominating national music markets across the globe. However, at the same time the music industries in different countries are very idiosyncratic. Music is an ingrained part of a country’s history, its culture and heritage. One aspect of this idiosyncrasy is related to how creatives, audiences and music organizations are affected by and is able to take advantage of the ongoing digitization of society.

Isohydric and anisohydric characterisation of vegetable crops. The classification of vegetables by their physiological responses to water stress

Research on the physiological response of crop plants to drying soils and subsequent water stress has grouped plant behaviours as isohydric and anisohydric. Drying soil conditions, and hence declining soil and root water potentials, cause chemical signals—the most studied being abscisic acid (ABA)—and hydraulic signals to be transmitted to the leaf via xylem pathways. Researchers have attempted to allocate crops as isohydric or anisohydric. However, different cultivars within crops, and even the same cultivars grown in different environments/climates, can exhibit both response types. Nevertheless, understanding which behaviours predominate in which crops and circumstances may be beneficial. This paper describes different physiological water stress responses, attempts to classify vegetable crops according to reported water stress responses, and also discusses implications for irrigation decision-making.

Molecular classification of familial colorectal and endometrial carcinoma

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is the most common known clearly hereditary cause of colorectal and endometrial cancer (CRC and EC). Dominantly inherited mutations in one of the known mismatch repair (MMR) genes predispose to HNPCC. Defective MMR leads to an accumulation of mutations especially in repeat tracts, presenting microsatellite instability. HNPCC is clinically a very heterogeneous disease. The age at onset varies and the target tissue may vary. In addition, families that fulfill the diagnostic criteria for HNPCC but fail to show any predisposing mutation in MMR genes exist. Our aim was to evaluate the genetic background of familial CRC and EC. We performed comprehensive molecular and DNA copy number analyses of CRCs fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for HNPCC. We studied the role of five pathways (MMR, Wnt, p53, CIN, PI3K/AKT) and divided the tumors into two groups, one with MMR gene germline mutations and the other without. We observed that MMR proficient familial CRC consist of two molecularly distinct groups that differ from MMR deficient tumors. Group A shows paucity of common molecular and chromosomal alterations characteristic of colorectal carcinogenesis. Group B shows molecular features similar to classical microsatellite stable tumors with gross chromosomal alterations. Our finding of a unique tumor profile in group A suggests the involvement of novel predisposing genes and pathways in colorectal cancer cohorts not linked to MMR gene defects. We investigated the genetic background of familial ECs. Among 22 families with clustering of EC, two (9%) were due to MMR gene germline mutations. The remaining familial site-specific ECs are largely comparable with HNPCC associated ECs, the main difference between these groups being MMR proficiency vs. deficiency. We studied the role of PI3K/AKT pathway in familial ECs as well and observed that PIK3CA amplifications are characteristic of familial site-specific EC without MMR gene germline mutations. Most of the high-level amplifications occurred in tumors with stable microsatellites, suggesting that these tumors are more likely associated with chromosomal rather than microsatellite instability and MMR defect. The existence of site-specific endometrial carcinoma as a separate entity remains equivocal until predisposing genes are identified. It is possible that no single highly penetrant gene for this proposed syndrome exists, it may, for example be due to a combination of multiple low penetrance genes. Despite advances in deciphering the molecular genetic background of HNPCC, it is poorly understood why certain organs are more susceptible than others to cancer development. We found that important determinants of the HNPCC tumor spectrum are, in addition to different predisposing germline mutations, organ specific target genes and different instability profiles, loss of heterozygosity at MLH1 locus, and MLH1 promoter methylation. This study provided more precise molecular classification of families with CRC and EC. Our observations on familial CRC and EC are likely to have broader significance that extends to sporadic CRC and EC as well.

Bovine cysticercosis-Development of a real-time PCR to enhance classification of suspect cysts identified at meat inspection

Laboratory confirmation methods are important in bovine cysticerosis diagnosis as other pathologies can result in morphologically similar lesions resulting in false identifications. We developed a probe-based real-time PCR assay to identify Taenia saginata in suspect cysts encountered at meat inspection and compared its use with the traditional method of identification, histology, as well as a published nested PCR. The assay simultaneously detects T. saginata DNA and a bovine internal control using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of each species and shows specificity against parasites causing lesions morphologically similar to those of T. saginata. The assay was sufficiently sensitive to detect 1 fg (Ct 35.09 +/- 0.95) of target DNA using serially-diluted plasmid DNA in reactions spiked with bovine DNA as well as in all viable and caseated positive control cysts. A loss in PCR sensitivity was observed with increasing cyst degeneration as seen in other molecular methods. In comparison to histology, the assay offered greater sensitivity and accuracy with 10/19 (53%) T. saginata positives detected by real-time PCR and none by histology. When the results were compared with the reference PCR, the assay was less sensitive but offered advantages of faster turnaround times and reduced contamination risk. Estimates of the assay's repeatability and reproducibility showed the assay is highly reliable with reliability coefficients greater than 0.94. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.