Ground maritime structure interaction. Recent failures in inner gravity constructions on the Spanish Coastline

A maritime construction is usually a slender line in the ocean.It is usual to see just its narrow surface strip and not analyse the large amount of submerged material the latter is supporting.Without doubt,it is the ground to which a notable load is transmitted in an environment subjected to periodic,alternating stresses,dynamic forces which the sea's media constitute. Both an outer and inner maritime construction works in a complex fashion.A granular solid(breakwater)breathes with the incident wave flow,dissipating part of the wave energy between its gaps.The backflow tries to extract the different items from the solid block,setting a balance between effective and neutral tensions that follow Terzaghui's principle. On some occasions,fluidification of the armour layer has caused the breakwater to collapse(Sines,Portugal,February 1978).On others,siphoning or liquefaction of sand supporting monoliths(vertical breakwaters)lead them to destruction or collapse(New Barcelona Harbour Mouth,Spain,November 2001). This is why the ground-force-structure interaction is a complicated analysis with joint design tools still in an incipient state. The purpose of this article is to describe two singular failures in inner maritime constructions in Spain deriving from ground problems(Malaga,July 2004and Barcelona,January 2007).They occurred recently and the causes are the subject of reflection and analysis.

A Case Study of Geometric Modelling via 3-D Point Interpolation for the Bathymetry of the Rabasa Lakes (Alicante, Spain)

The interpolation of points by means of Information Technology programs appears as a technical tool of some relevancy in the hydrogeology in general and in the study of the humid zones in particular. Our approach has been the determination of the 3-D geometry of the humid zones of major depth of the Rabasa Lakes. To estimate the topography of the lake bed, we proceed to acquire information in the field by means of sonar and GPS equipment. A total of 335 points were measured both on the perimeter and in the lake bed. In a second stage, this information was used in a kriging program to obtain the bathymetry of the wetland. This methodology is demonstrated as one of the most reliable and cost-efficient for the 3-D analysis of this type of water masses. The bathymetric study of the zone allows us to characterize the mid- and long-term hydrological evolution of the lakes by means of depth-area-volume curves.

Validación del método de predicción de direcciones principales de drenaje subterráneo en macizos anisótropos, en los terrenos volcánicos del macizo de Anaga, Tenerife

Actualmente y desde hace ya más de 25 años, el Método de “Predicción de las Direcciones Principales de Drenaje Subterráneo en Macizos Anisótropos”, ha sido utilizado con éxito en diferentes terrenos Kársticos como: calizas, yesos, cuarcitas, pizarras, granitos y criokarst (karst en el hielo glaciar). Sin embargo hasta ahora, nunca se había validado en terrenos volcánicos donde está focalizada esta tesis que lleva por título, Validación de dicho Método en los Terrenos Volcánicos del Macizo de Anaga en Tenerife. Este Método matemático consiste esencialmente en “Predecir y Cuantificar” las direcciones principales de drenaje turbulento subterráneo en macizos anisótropos. Para ello se basa en el estudio realizado en campo de los tectoglifos o deformaciones permanentes del macizo, impresas éstas en la roca, como consecuencia de los esfuerzos tectónicos a los que ha estado sometido dicho macizo. Se consigue de esta manera cubrir el vacío para macizos anisótropos que existe con el modelo matemático de flujo subterráneo laminar (macizos isótropos) definido por Darcy (1856). Para validar el Método se ha elegido el macizo de Anaga, pues es la zona de mayor anisotropía existente en la isla de Tenerife, conformada por una gran y extensa red de diques de diversas formas y tamaños que pertenecen a la familia de diques del eje estructural NE de la isla. En dicho macizo se realizó un exhaustivo trabajo de campo con la toma 331 datos (diques basálticos) y se aplicó el Método, consiguiendo definir las direcciones preferentes de drenaje subterráneo en el macizo de Anaga. Esta predicción obtenida se contrastó con la realidad del drenaje en la zona, conocida gracias a la existencia de cinco galerías ubicadas en la zona trabajo, de las cuales se tiene información sobre sus alumbramientos. En todos los casos se demuestra la bondad de la predicción obtenida con el Método. Queda demostrado que a mayor caos geológico o geotectónico, se ha conseguido mejor predicción del Método, obteniéndose resultados muy satisfactorios para aquellas galerías de agua en las que su rumbo de avance fue coincidente con la dirección perpendicular a la obtenida con la predicción dada por el Método, como dirección preferente de drenaje en la zona en la que se encuentra ubicada cada galería. No cabe duda que la validación de Método en los terrenos volcánicos de Tenerife, supondrá un cambio considerable en el mundo de la hidrogeología en este tipo de terrenos. Es la única herramienta matemática que se dispone para predecir un rumbo acertado en el avance de la perforación de las galerías de aguas, lo que conlleva al mismo tiempo un ahorro importantísimo en la ejecución de las obras. Por otro lado, el Método deja un importante legado a la sociedad canaria, pues con él se abren numerosas vías de trabajo e investigación que generarán un importante desarrollo en el mundo de la hidrogeología volcánica. ABSTRACT Currently and for over 25 years now, the Method of "Prediction of Subsurface Drainage Main Directions in Anisotropic Massifs" has been successfully used in various karstic terrains such as: limestone, gypsum, quartzite, slate, granite and criokarst (karst in the glacier ice). However, until now, it had never been validated in volcanic terrains where is focused this thesis entitled Validation of such Method in the Anaga Massif Volcanic Terrains, in Tenerife. This mathematical method is essentially "predict and quantify" the main directions of groundwater turbulent drainage in anisotropic massifs. This is based on field study of tectoglifes or permanent deformation of the massif, printed on the rocks as a result of previous tectonic stresses. Therefore it is possible to use in anisotropic rock mathematical model instead of the isotropic laminar flow mathematical models defined by Darcy (1856). The Anaga Massif have been chosen to validate the method, because it presents the greatest anisotropy in Tenerife Island, shaped by a large and extensive network of dikes of various shapes and sizes that belong to the family of NE structural axis dikes of the island. An exhaustive field work was carried out in such massif, with 331 collected data (basaltic dikes) and the method was applied, in order to define the preferred direction of the underground drainage in the Anaga massif. This obtained prediction was contrasted to the reality of the drainage in the area, known thanks to the existence of five galleries located in the work area, from which information about their springs was available. In all cases it was possible to demonstrate the fitness of the prediction obtained by the method. It had been demonstrated that a greater geological or geotectonic chaos enhances a better prediction of the method, that predicted very satisfactory results for those water galleries which directions were perpendicular to that predicted by the Method as a drainage preferential direction, for the zone where was located each gallery. No doubt that the validation of the use of the Method in the volcanic terrain of Tenerife, means a considerable change in the world of hydrogeology in this type of terrain. It is the only mathematical tool available to predict a successful drilling direction in advancing water galleries, what also leads to major savings in execution of the drilling works. Furthermore, the method leaves an important legacy to the Canary Islands society, because it opens many lines of work and research to generate a significant development in the world of volcanic hydrogeology.