957 resultados para Gracia
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La Ley de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación, publicada en junio de 20111, recoge en su artículo 37 los principales aspectos a tener en cuenta a la hora de llevar a cabo la difusión en abierto de los resultados de la investigación financiada con fondos públicos y aceptados para su publicación en publicaciones de investigación seriadas o periódicas. Sin embargo, las dudas que han surgido en los diferentes ámbitos de aplicación han motivado la realización de un ejercicio de reflexión que permita ordenar cuáles son los pasos que los diferentes agentes involucrados deberían abordar para un correcto cumplimiento de la normativa legal y facilitar así la adecuada aplicación del artículo sobre “Difusión en acceso abierto”.El objetivo de este documento es contar con una guía práctica que defina los aspectos principales de la política nacional de acceso abierto y despeje el camino a todos los actores afectados, al especificar cuáles son los nuevos roles que habrán de adoptarse y elaborar una serie de recomendaciones destinadas a todos los colectivos implicados en la producción y gestión del mercado de la información científica...
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La Ley de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación, publicada en junio de 20111, recoge en su artículo 37 los principales aspectos a tener en cuenta a la hora de llevar a cabo la difusión en abierto de los resultados de la investigación financiada con fondos públicos y aceptados para su publicación en publicaciones de investigación seriadas o periódicas. Sin embargo, las dudas que han surgido en los diferentes ámbitos de aplicación han motivado la realización de un ejercicio de reflexión que permita ordenar cuáles son los pasos que los diferentes agentes involucrados deberían abordar para un correcto cumplimiento de la normativa legal y facilitar así la adecuada aplicación del artículo sobre “Difusión en acceso abierto”.El objetivo de este documento es contar con una guía práctica que defina los aspectos principales de la política nacional de acceso abierto y despeje el camino a todos los actores afectados, al especificar cuáles son los nuevos roles que habrán de adoptarse y elaborar una serie de recomendaciones destinadas a todos los colectivos implicados en la producción y gestión del mercado de la información científica...
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Aquest treball de fi de grau constitueix una proposta d’investigació sobre el fenomen del burnout o síndrome d’esgotament professional que pateixen molts treballadors socials. Concretament, es pretenen analitzar els factors causants d’aquesta síndrome així com les seves conseqüències en termes estructurals i organitzatius, de qualitat en l’atenció a les persones i personals per part dels professionals del treball social. La necessitat i interès d'abordar el tema es deu a les evidències científiques, realitzades en d’altres països, que confirmen que l'exposició als factors de risc psicosocials afecten la salut del professional i a tota l'organització. Més encara en un moment de crisi econòmica en la qual els treballadors socials han d’atendre a una major quantitat d’usuaris amb diversitat de dificultats i en situacions més complexes. En el nostre país, la investigació sobre la síndrome del burnout en l’àmbit dels treballadors socials és pràcticament inexistent, raó per la qual es fa més necessari potenciar recerques que es focalitzin en aquesta realitat.Aquest document és el resultat d’un treball continuat que comprèn tant la cerca i lectura de la bibliografia existent i rellevant sobre el fenomen del esgotament professional, com una primera fase exploratòria per contrastar el marc teòric amb la realitat catalana, concretament la de la comarca del Gironès. Posteriorment, i a partir dels resultats obtinguts, es presenta el disseny d’una investigació que ha de cobrir tot l’àmbit català. En aquest cas, s’ha optat per fer una recerca amb una metodologia qualitativa (entrevistes i grups de discussió), ja que l’objectiu és copsar les vivències, percepcions i opinions dels treballadors socials sobre les causes del burnout i les seves conseqüències. Els resultats d'aquesta investigació són considerats una oportunitat per identificar àrees de millora en l'organització de la feina i altres aspectes rellevants com el disseny del lloc de treball, les relacions interpersonals i a nivell personal
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Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors pathogens that cause Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other diseases. The large genome reflects accumulation of repetitive DNA, new lineages of retro-transposons, and gene architecture patterns resembling ancient metazoans rather than pancrustaceans. Annotation of scaffolds representing ∼57% of the genome, reveals 20,486 protein-coding genes and expansions of gene families associated with tick-host interactions. We report insights from genome analyses into parasitic processes unique to ticks, including host 'questing', prolonged feeding, cuticle synthesis, blood meal concentration, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-host survival. We identify proteins associated with the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease, and the encephalitis-causing Langat virus, and a population structure correlated to life-history traits and transmission of the Lyme disease agent.
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Increased production of vasoconstrictive prostanoids, such as thromboxane A2 (TXA2 ), contributes to endothelial dysfunction and increased hepatic vascular tone in cirrhosis. TXA2 induces vasoconstriction by way of activation of the thromboxane-A2 /prostaglandin-endoperoxide (TP) receptor. This study investigated whether terutroban, a specific TP receptor blocker, decreases hepatic vascular tone and portal pressure in rats with cirrhosis due to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) or bile duct ligation (BDL). Hepatic and systemic hemodynamics, endothelial dysfunction, liver fibrosis, hepatic Rho-kinase activity (a marker of hepatic stellate cell contraction), and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling pathway were measured in CCl4 and BDL cirrhotic rats treated with terutroban (30 mg/kg/day) or its vehicle for 2 weeks. Terutroban reduced portal pressure in both models without producing significant changes in portal blood flow, suggesting a reduction in hepatic vascular resistance. Terutroban did not significantly change arterial pressure in CCl4 -cirrhotic rats but decreased it significantly in BDL-cirrhotic rats. In livers from CCl4 and BDL-cirrhotic terutroban-treated rats, endothelial dysfunction was improved and Rho-kinase activity was significantly reduced. In CCl4 -cirrhotic rats, terutroban reduced liver fibrosis and decreased alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen-I, and transforming growth factor beta messenger RNA (mRNA) expression without significant changes in the eNOS pathway. In contrast, no change in liver fibrosis was observed in BDL-cirrhotic rats but an increase in the eNOS pathway. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that TP-receptor blockade with terutroban decreases portal pressure in cirrhosis. This effect is due to decreased hepatic resistance, which in CCl4 -cirrhotic rats was linked to decreased hepatic fibrosis, but not in BDL rats, in which the main mediator appeared to be an enhanced eNOS-dependent vasodilatation, which was not liver-selective, as it was associated with decreased arterial pressure. The potential use of terutroban for portal hypertension requires further investigation.
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Kahalalide compounds are peptides that are isolated from a Hawaiian herbivorous marine species of mollusc, Elysia rufescens, and its diet, the green alga Bryopsis sp. Kahalalide F and its synthetic analogues are the most promising compounds of the Kahalalide family because they show anti-tumoral activity. Linear solid-phase syntheses of Kahalalide F have been reported. Here we describe several new improved synthetic routes based on convergent approaches with distinct orthogonal protection schemes for the preparation of Kahaladide analogues. These strategies allow a better control and characterization of the intermediates because more reactions are performed in solution. Five derivatives of Kahalalide F were synthesized using several convergent approaches.
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Aplicación de Windows Phone que recibe notificaciones push mediante el servicio de Microsoft Push Notification Service cada vez que se genera una alerta en el ERP Dynamics AX 2012, una vez se recibe la notificación, la aplicación puede consultar la información de la alerta mediante un servicio web y gestionarla al igual que se hace en Dynamics AX 2012.
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A través de este proyecto final de carrera se pretende analizar la viabilidad técnica y económica para la puesta en marcha de un hotel de montaña en una comarca concreta del Pirineo Aragonés, como alternativa de negocio. Aunque no podemos olvidar que es un sector que puede parecer saturado, se tratará de buscar el elemento diferenciador para superar esta amenaza competitiva. Desde el año 2000, el número total de turistas que llegan a España, ha ido ascendiendo año a año, hasta alcanzar valores máximos en 2007 y de nuevo en 2013. Las estadísticas demuestran que es un sector al alza y en la comunidad aragonesa aporta al PIB aragonés, cerca de 3.000 millones de euros. Por otro lado, la crisis ha provocado una bajada importante en los precios de los inmuebles y parcelas, por lo que nos aprovecharemos de esta oportunidad de negocio. A través de otros estudios que implementan el trabajo, llegamos a los resultados del análisis que demuestran que la inversión es posible. La modalidad escogida para la construcción y diseño del hotel, el efecto diferenciador en los productos y servicios ofertados y la cercanía del hotel de las estaciones de esquí, hacen posible el sueño de los futuros promotores, que apuestan por un tipo de negocio sostenible e integrado en la naturaleza y que respete la autenticidad sociocultural de la comarca y el entono.
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El actual incremento de medusas en las costas mediterráneas, percibido como un factor negativo en la calidad de las playas, supone un factor reductor de la demanda turística en las ubicaciones costeras, sobre todo en aquellas más afectadas por éstas proliferaciones. Debido a que la época de mayor presencia de fitoplacton disponible (principal fuente de alimento de las medusas), relacionada a la alta incidencia lumínica, coincide con la temporada alta de turismo en el verano; las notificaciones de incidencias por picaduras de medusa en esta época son frecuentes. Ejemplo de ello, es el caso de Denia (Alicante, España) donde, desde 2008, se ha detectado un considerable aumento de incidencias sanitarias a causa de picaduras de medusa, paralela a la aparición de la especie invasora de cubomedusa Carybdea marsupialis (Bordehore et al, 2011). En este estudio se ha realizado una valoración económica de la playa como un bien ambiental recreativo, mediante encuestas semi-estructuradas elaboradas por Paulo Nunes (CIESM), aplicadas a una muestra inicial de 300 individuos; y evaluado cual sería el impacto social y económico en la valoración ambiental de Denia, si las proliferaciones de medusa no se estabilizaran. Se ha estimado el valor económico del impacto sicial causado por las bioinvasiones marinas en las playas recreacionistas según Nunes and Van den Bergh (2004) y Nunes and Markandya (2008); el método que también ha sido aplicado en el mismo estudio aplicado en Israel (B. Galil, J. Gowdy and P. Nunes 2012) y en Cataluña (2013, Paulo Nunes, M. Loureiro, L. Piñol, S. Sastre, L. Voltaire). En ambos casos los resultados en el impacto económico son considerables pero menores a los esperados, al igual que en los resultados obtenidos en Denia (Alicante).
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Background: Polyphenols may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as their beneficial effects on blood pressure, lipids and insulin resistance. However, no previous epidemiological studies have evaluated the relationship between the intake of total polyphenols intake and polyphenol subclasses with overall mortality. Our aim was to evaluate whether polyphenol intake is associated with all-cause mortality in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Methods: We used data from the PREDIMED study, a 7,447-participant, parallel-group, randomized, multicenter, controlled five-year feeding trial aimed at assessing the effects of the Mediterranean Diet in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data from repeated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) with the Phenol-Explorer database on the polyphenol content of each reported food. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between polyphenol intake and mortality were estimated using time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Over an average of 4.8 years of follow-up, we observed 327 deaths. After multivariate adjustment, we found a 37% relative reduction in all-cause mortality comparing the highest versus the lowest quintiles of total polyphenol intake (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.63; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.12). Among the polyphenol subclasses, stilbenes and lignans were significantly associated with reduced all-cause mortality (HR =0.48; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.91; P for trend = 0.04 and HR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.03, respectively), with no significant associations apparent in the rest (flavonoids or phenolic acids). Conclusions: Among high-risk subjects, those who reported a high polyphenol intake, especially of stilbenes and lignans, showed a reduced risk of overall mortality compared to those with lower intakes. These results may be useful to determine optimal polyphenol intake or specific food sources of polyphenols that may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Most morbidity associated with the metabolic syndrome is related to vascular complications, in which endothelial dysfunction is a major pathogenic factor. However, whether NAFLD is associated with endothelial dysfunction within the hepatic vasculature is unknown. The aims of this study were to explore, in a model of diet-induced overweight that expresses most features of the metabolic syndrome, whether early NAFLD is associated with liver endothelial dysfunction. Wistar Kyoto rats were fed a cafeteria diet (CafD; 65% of fat, mostly saturated) or a control diet (CD) for 1 month. CafD rats developed features of the metabolic syndrome (overweight, arterial hypertension, hypertryglyceridemia, hyperglucemia and insulin resistance) and liver steatosis without inflammation or fibrosis. CafD rats had a significantly higher in vivo hepatic vascular resistance than CD. In liver perfusion livers from CafD rats had an increased portal perfusion pressure and decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilation. This was associated with a decreased Akt-dependent eNOS phosphorylation and NOS activity. In summary, we demonstrate in a rat model of the metabolic syndrome that shows features of NAFLD, that liver endothelial dysfunction occurs before the development of fibrosis or inflammation.
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Soil respiration (SR) is a major component of ecosystems' carbon cycles and represents the second largest CO2 flux in the terrestrial biosphere. Soil temperature is considered to be the primary abiotic control on SR, whereas soil moisture is the secondary control factor. However, soil moisture can become the dominant control on SR in very wet or dry conditions. Determining the trigger that makes soil moisture as the primary control factor of SR will provide a deeper understanding on how SR changes under the projected future increase in droughts. Specific objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the seasonal variations and the relationship between SR and both soil temperature and moisture in a Mediterranean riparian forest along a groundwater level gradient; (2) to determine soil moisture thresholds at which SR is controlled by soil moisture rather than by temperature; (3) to compare SR responses under different tree species present in a Mediterranean riparian forest (Alnus glutinosa, Populus nigra and Fraxinus excelsior). Results showed that the heterotrophic soil respiration rate, groundwater level and 30 cm integral soil moisture (SM30) decreased significantly from the riverside moving uphill and showed a pronounced seasonality. SR rates showed significant differences between tree species, with higher SR for P. nigra and lower SR for A. glutinosa. The lower threshold of soil moisture was 20 and 17% for heterotrophic and total SR, respectively. Daily mean SR rate was positively correlated with soil temperature when soil moisture exceeded the threshold, with Q10 values ranging from 1.19 to 2.14; nevertheless, SR became decoupled from soil temperature when soil moisture dropped below these thresholds.
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Evergreen trees in the Mediterranean region must cope with a wide range of environmental stresses from summer drought to winter cold. The mildness of Mediterranean winters can periodically lead to favourable environmental conditions above the threshold for a positive carbon balance, benefitting evergreen woody species more than deciduous ones. The comparatively lower solar energy input in winter decreases the foliar light saturation point. This leads to a higher susceptibility to photoinhibitory stress especially when chilly (< 12 C) or freezing temperatures (< 0 C) coincide with clear skies and relatively high solar irradiances. Nonetheless, the advantage of evergreen species that are able to photosynthesize all year round where a significant fraction can be attributed to winter months, compensates for the lower carbon uptake during spring and summer in comparison to deciduous species. We investigated the ecophysiological behaviour of three co-occurring mature evergreen tree species (Quercus ilex L., Pinus halepensis Mill., and Arbutus unedo L.). Therefore, we collected twigs from the field during a period of mild winter conditions and after a sudden cold period. After both periods, the state of the photosynthetic machinery was tested in the laboratory by estimating the foliar photosynthetic potential with CO2 response curves in parallel with chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. The studied evergreen tree species benefited strongly from mild winter conditions by exhibiting extraordinarily high photosynthetic potentials. A sudden period of frost, however, negatively affected the photosynthetic apparatus, leading to significant decreases in key physiological parameters such as the maximum carboxylation velocity (Vc,max), the maximum photosynthetic electron transport rate (Jmax), and the optimal fluorometric quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The responses of Vc,max and Jmax were highly species specific, with Q. ilex exhibiting the highest and P. halepensis the lowest reductions. In contrast, the optimal fluorometric quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was significantly lower in A. unedo after the cold period. The leaf position played an important role in Q. ilex showing a stronger winter effect on sunlit leaves in comparison to shaded leaves. Our results generally agreed with the previous classifications of photoinhibition-tolerant (P. halepensis) and photoinhibitionavoiding (Q. ilex) species on the basis of their susceptibility to dynamic photoinhibition, whereas A. unedo was the least tolerant to photoinhibition, which was chronic in this species. Q. ilex and P. halepensis seem to follow contrasting photoprotective strategies. However, they seemed equally successful under the prevailing conditions exhibiting an adaptive advantage over A. unedo. These results show that our understanding of the dynamics of interspecific competition in Mediterranean ecosystems requires consideration of the physiological behaviour during winter which may have important implications for long-term carbon budgets and growth trends.
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Estudiar el cambio global de origen antropogénico en los ecosistemas mundiales, y sus efectos sobre los mismos, es y será uno de los principales retos de la ecología del siglo XXI. Los ecosistemas forestales españoles ya se encuentran actualmente limitados por el estrés hídrico. Esta limitación se verá agravada por los efectos del cambio climático debido tanto a una reducción del agua disponible como a un incremento de la demanda evaporativa. Una gestión forestal adecuada puede incrementar la resiliencia de los ecosistemas forestales mediterráneos al cambio climático. Los modelos de procesos ecofisiológicos como GOTILWA+ son herramientas muy potentes a la hora de proyectar los efectos del cambio climático sobre los ecosistemas forestales, asimismo como evaluar la gestión forestal. GOTILWA+ incluye un potente motor de optimización de la gestión forestal basado en el "Particle Swarm Algorithm" (PSO) -, que permite proyectar la gestión óptima en función de las variables ambientales tanto climáticas como estructurales y de los objetivos de gestión. Una gestión adaptativa al cambio climático será imprescindible para combatir los impactos negativos de este sobre los bosques españoles. En este artículo se presentan tres ejemplos de aplicación del modelo GOTILWA+: en el primero se estudia la respuesta de los hayedos (Fagus sylvatica L.) españoles a distintos escenarios de cambio climático. En el segundo se evalúan distintos itinerarios de gestión de pino carrasco (Pinus halepensis Mill.) en función de distintos objetivos de gestión. En el tercero, se aplica el PSO en un rodal de pino silvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) para obtener la gestión óptima del rodal. Se concluye que, si bien el cambio climático supondrá severas constricciones sobre los ecosistemas forestales españoles, una gestión adaptativa permitirá en parte mitigar dichos impactos [...].
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Water stress is a defining characteristic of Mediterranean ecosystems, and is likely to become more severe in the coming decades. Simulation models are key tools for making predictions, but our current understanding of how soil moisture controls ecosystem functioning is not sufficient to adequately constrain parameterisations. Canopy-scale flux data from four forest ecosystems with Mediterranean-type climates were used in order to analyse the physiological controls on carbon and water flues through the year. Significant non-stomatal limitations on photosynthesis were detected, along with lesser changes in the conductance-assimilation relationship. New model parameterisations were derived and implemented in two contrasting modelling approaches. The effectiveness of two models, one a dynamic global vegetation model ('ORCHIDEE'), and the other a forest growth model particularly developed for Mediterranean simulations ('GOTILWA+'), was assessed and modelled canopy responses to seasonal changes in soil moisture were analysed in comparison with in situ flux measurements. In contrast to commonly held assumptions, we find that changing the ratio of conductance to assimilation under natural, seasonally-developing, soil moisture stress is not sufficient to reproduce forest canopy CO2 and water fluxes. However, accurate predictions of both CO2 and water fluxes under all soil moisture levels encountered in the field are obtained if photosynthetic capacity is assumed to vary with soil moisture. This new parameterisation has important consequences for simulated responses of carbon and water fluxes to seasonal soil moisture stress, and should greatly improve our ability to anticipate future impacts of climate changes on the functioning of ecosystems in Mediterranean-type climates.