903 resultados para Gonadal contention


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Sea cucumbers belong to phylum Echinodermata, order Holothuroidea are an abundant and diverse group of Invertebrates, with over 1400 species occuring from the intertidal to the deepest oceanic trenches. Sea cucumbers are important components of the food chain in temperate and coral reef ecosystems and they play an important role as deposite feeders and suspension feeders. Rapid decline in populations may have serious consequences for the survival of other species that are part of the same complex food web,as the eggs, larve and juveniles constitute an important food source for the other marine species including crustaceans, fish and mollusks. In addition sea cucumbers are often called the earthworms of the sea, because they are responsible for the extensive shifting and mixing of the substrate, and recycling of detrital matter. Sea cucumbers consume and grind sediment and organic material into finer particles , turning over the top layers of sediment in lagoons , reefs and other habitats and allowing the penetration of oxygen. While the taxonomy of the holothurian families is generally well known , the distinction of similar species is difficult. There are relatively few holothurian taxonomist.Most sea cucumber species can be identified by Holothurin taxonomists by using the calcareous skeletal ossicles found in the body wall. In this study , at first a sea cucumber from Kish island in Persian gulf has recognized. Individuals collected from west and east extend far away into north and south of coral reefs by diving. I have checked them morphologically and anatomically.Then with key to the orders of the Holothuroidea, They belong to the Aspidochirotida with key to the families of Aspidochirotida, they were in Stichopodidae families and with key to the genus of Stchopodidae, they were Stichopus. Then ossicles were extracted at National Museum of Natural History, by Dr David Pawson. The ossicles were measured on a transect across a slide prepared from the mid-dorsal region of each specimen.The one we have in the shallow waters of Kish island, is Stichopus hermanni, a massive holothurian, body broad, considerably flattened ventraly ,the dorsal side slightly arched and the lateral sides almost vertical; body wall fairy thick and soft ; mouth subterminal; anus central; tentacles usually 20 in number of length and leaf shaped. Numerous ossicles consisting of table with large discs having usually 7 to 15 peripheral holes, but often irregular or incomplete and spire of moderate height ending in a group of spinelets, rosettes of variable development, and c-shaped rods. Color (exept papillae)partly remained after preservation in alcohol which is found at the depth of 4 to 8 meters, on coral reef. Furthermore, the sexual reproductive cycle was described using standard methods. Gonads were removed and transferred to Bouin's fixative for four weeks and then processed according to standard embedding technique. To prevent the loss of tubule contents during embedding, the tubule sections, were cut well beyond the segment selected for sectioning. For each individual, six sections, each section with 5µm diameter by microtome were cut from tubules. These sections were first placed on gelatin coated slides (the gelatin was heated to 42°c) and then transferred to the oven at 37°c for one hour. This technique usually prevents the fragil tubules from breaking and the loss of gametes. The slides were stained with Eosin and Hematoxylin, and good resolution of the various cell types achieved.A second series of slides was stained with the Periodic Acid Schiff(PAS) to identify polysaccharides(glycogen). Monthly sampling was occurred.The sexual reproductive cycle was defined through the combined use of these criteria: Monthly percentages of the gonad stages for each sex, the monthly gonad index (GI) , given as the ratio of the wet gonad weight (G) to the dray weight (DW)and the monthly percentage of individuals that undetermined sex. The gonad consists of two tufts of tubules on which saccules develop. Gonadal development was classified into five stages: post spawning, recovery, growth, advanced growth, and mature stage that were adapted from the earlier studies of holothurians. Histological preparations showed that the sex of larger individuals could be identified by the presence of oogonia and young oocytes in females, and spermatogonic stages in males.The mean diameter of the tubules and gonadal mass follow annual cycles, increasing from late winter through spring, and dropping abruptly after spawning in the summer. Gametogenesis is generally a prolongate process and begins in March. By summer the ovarian tubules contain oocytes with diameter of 120-240 pm and the testicular tubules contain an abundance of spermatozoa (diameter 5-6 gm ).Following spawning the predominant activity within the spent tubules is phagocytosis of the residual gamets.The active phase of gametogenesis (March to July), coincides with an increasing photoperiod regim, and an accelerated gametogenesis occurs in July when temperature is high. Throughout the year, the gonad of Stichopus hermanni is larger in males than in females, and this is due to the number of tubules in the testis rather than to tubules length or diameter.

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Annual cycle of gonad development and spawning in pearl oyster, Pinctada ficata (Gould) in Nakhiloo, Northeast Persian Gulf, was investigated over two years from August 1994 to June 1996. Gonadal condition was assessed by staging criteria to describe gametogenic development from histological preparations of randomly collected individuals of all sizes. A bimodal gametogenic pattern with summer and autumn spawning periods was evident throughout the study. Gametogensis commenced in November-December which proceeded by major gonadal maturation during February-April. Summer spawning was observed from April to July with major spawning at the latter end. During spawning peak in July, low level of gametogensis was noticed. Gametogenic activity was picked up again in August-September which proceeded by autumn spawning from September to December. Towards the end of spawning season, incidence of gonadal inactivation increased. Minimum level of gonadal activity was observed in November. Temperature regime appears to have influential role in regulation of gametogenic and spawning processes. Gonadal development and spawning trends were similar in both sexes. P. radiaata was found to be protandrous hermaphrodite which matured as a male at shell height greater than 20 mm. Biseivality was uncommon and the sex ratio was about 1:1. Ultrastructure of gametes were investigated in the Pictada fucata (Gould). "Auxiliary cells" closely accociated with developing oocytes were observed. Each oocyte seems to be associated with only one secretory cell. which is characterized by an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum at the onset of vitellogenesis. Contact between this cell and a developing oocytes is maintained by a desmosome-like junction which can be observed when the vitelline coat is formed. these "auxiliary or nursing cells" seem to play a tropic role in vitellogenesis, and may be involved in the formation of the vitelline coat of the oocytes. Oocytic degeneration is observed in this species, it is a continuous phenomenon of varing intensity throughout the year. The ultrastructural changes resulting in lysis of the oocyte are described. Mature spermatozoa consist of a broad, cap-shaped acrosomal vesicle, subacrosomal material, a round nucleus, two triplet substructure centrioles surrounded by four spherical mitochondria, and a flagellum anchored to the distal centriole and plasma membrane. Spermatozoa of Plucata closley resemble to those of other investigated Pteriidae. Changes in proximate composition of soft tissue and gonadal cycle of Pinctada fucata was studied. Mobilization and utilization of stored reserves are apparent during gametogenesis and gonadal maturation. Protein reserves are utilized during spermatogenesis while reserved carbohydrates form the main energy donor in oogenesis. The role of lipid as am.: energy reserve is second to that of carbohydrate.

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The ribbon fishes ‘of the family Trichiuridac are represented as one of the most important food resources in Indian ocean. High density of the dominant species of ribbon fish (Trichiurus lepturus) in Oman sea and the 'Tillable catch in last yeas (more than 7000 tones per year) makes a trust area for studing their population biolog and stock assessment. As our knowledge on reproductive biology of this species has an important role on their fisheries management, as well as conservation of this stock from decline or over fishing, this research was held to determine some aspects of reproductive physiology of ribbon fish and the effects of environmental factors in gonadal cycle. The goals of the present thesis is to determine some aspects of reproductive physiology such as gonadosomatic index (GSI) , hepatosomatic index (HSI), condition factor (Ko, fecundity, sex ratio, size at first maturity, size at maturity (LM5O) and their relative hormonal & biochemical fluctuations. In this regards annual variation of sex hormones ic. estradiol 17-B, progestron, cortisol, testostrone and gonadotropins FSH (GTH-I) , LH (GTH-ll)I were measured ; gonadal histological studies were done by light & electron micrography. The research was carried out from April 1995 to January 19% in Ras Nleidani in the north part of Oman sea, and the environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, oxygen, rainfall and pH were measured. The effects of these parameters on reproductive cycle and hormonal fluctuationswere discussed by using correlation and principle component analysis (PCA). Female Ribbon fish reproductive strategy shows the same paterns of nonguarder marine teleosts. T. lepturus has more than one spawning season (existance of egges in different size in each month) and therfore it must have asynchronous ovaries and belong to continious spawners. GSI and HSI are good evidences for this type of reproductive patern. The testis of the lobular type , which is typical of most teleosts , is composed of numerous lobules which are separated from each other by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. GSI fluctuations revealed prolong- spawning time in males. There is significant increase in 17-13 estradiol. progestrone , cortisol and gonadotropins with maturity and prespawning period of female T lepturus. Plasma concentration of E2 and GTH II incresaed along with water temperature increasing (3300).. Spawning was observed from Nov. 1995 to Apr. 1996 in this species. Progestrone increased significantly with increasing rainfall in this season (P<0.01). Plasma cortisol levels increased with maturation and vitelpgenesis and also with the peak of spawning. From lenght-weight frequency and size distribution in each age groups and also minimum size at first maturity (52a cm) it would he concluded that T. lepturus must be matured at 2 years of age. Serum cholestrol and triglicerides significantly increased when maturation occured in this species. The relationship between alkaline phosphatase activity and hormonal fluctuations with maturity and vitelogenesis were discussed. Proximate compostion (muscle) shows significant variation with spawning period and maturity. Absolute individual fecundity (17420-159150) increased with body length and weight. Ultrastructural observations show dramatic variation in cell membrane (0ocyte membrane), yolk vesicles and, nucleolus dispersal in relation to maturity stages. fluctuations of gonadal hormones were discused in relation with vitelogenesis. Testosterone increased in males from Nov: to Mar. due to environmental impacts and spawning time. Sex ratio in different depth (10-40 m ,80-110 m) shows significnt differences in this ratio for two depths. In 10-40 m depth female shows dominant abundance to male in each months that may be due to their reproductive migration behaviour. The effects of temperature photoperiod and rainfall to maturity and spawning were discussed. According to -pawning period of T. leptunts in our sampling area it could be suggested that ribbon fish fi,theries must be restricted in the peak of spawning seasons (Feb. to Mar.) and in the spawning grounds (under 40 m depths). Other suggestions for population conservation have been mentioned.

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:采用组织切片法,对西藏特有鱼类色林错裸鲤的性藤发育、产卵时间和产卵类型等进行了研究。其性豫 的发育可分为六个时期,卵母细赡的发育分为5个时相。在第2时相晚期到第3时相早期.卵母细胞中具有 卵黄棱和校仁物质外排现条,核仁排出物可能与棱周的颗粒卵黄形成有关。第2时相到第4时相早期.核膜 外侧具有一透明层。产卵后来排出的成熟卵粒通过颗粒细胞吸收和利用。已达性成熟年龄的个体并不是每 年都参与繁殖活动,具有繁殖间隔现象。产卵时简始于4月上旬,持续到8月上旬。色林错裸鲤属于分狄同 步产卵类型。

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With increasing demands on storage devices in the modern communication environment, the storage area network (SAN) has evolved to provide a direct connection allowing these storage devices to be accessed efficiently. To optimize the performance of a SAN, a three-stage hybrid electronic/optical switching node architecture based on the concept of a MPLS label switching mechanism, aimed at serving as a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) ingress label edge router (LER) for a SAN-enabled application, has been designed. New shutter-based free-space multi-channel optical switching cores are employed as the core switch fabric to solve the packet contention and switching path conflict problems. The system-level node architecture design constraints are evaluated through self-similar traffic sourced from real gigabit Ethernet network traces and storage systems. The extension performance of a SAN over a proposed WDM ring network, aimed at serving as an MPLS-enabled transport network, is also presented and demonstrated. © 2012 OSA.

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In this study, an alternative splicing transcript GtH-alpha 291 was identified by RT-PCR, which is 291 nt and exists not only in the pituitary but also in the ovary in common carp Cyprinus carpio. The analysis of GtH-alpha 291 amino acid sequence by the SignalP server predicted that the 'missing segment' might characterize as a signal peptide. In the secretion experiment, GtH-alpha 357 subunit could be secreted out of HeLa cells while GtH-alpha 291 could not, which confirmed the prediction. Co-immunoprecipitation assay proved that GtH-alpha 291 subunit is able to interact with both FSH-beta and LH-beta as GtH-alpha 357 does. This is the first report concerning an alternative splicing transcript of a GtH alpha subunit. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the specific role of this variant in the regulation of gonadal development and sexual maturation. (c) 2007 The Authors.

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The RNA helicase Vasa is a germ cell marker in animals, and its homolog in vertebrates to date has been limited to bisexual reproduction. We cloned and characterized CagVasa, a Vasa homolog from the gibel carp, a fish that reproduces bisexually or gynogenetically. CagVasa possesses 14 RGG repeats and eight conserved motifs of Vasa proteins. In bisexually reproducing gibel carp, vasa is maternally supplied and its zygotic expression is restricted to gonads. By in situ hybridization on testicular sections, vasa is low in spermatogonia, high in primary spermatocytes, reduced in secondary spermatocytes, but disappears in spermatids and sperm. In contrast, vasa persists throughout oogenesis, displaying low-high-low levels from oogonia over vitellogenic oocytes to maturing oocytes. A rabbit anti-Vasa antibody (alpha Vasa) was raised against the N-terminal CagVasa for fluorescent immunohistochemistry. On testicular sections, Vasa is the highest in spermatogonia, reduced in spermatocytes, low in spermatids, and absent in sperm. In the ovary, Vasa is the highest in oogonia but persists throughout oogenesis. Subcellular localization of vasa and its protein changes dynamically during oogenesis. The aVasa stains putative primordial germ cells in gibel carp fry. It detects gonadal germ cells also in several other teleosts. Therefore, Cagvasa encodes a Vasa ortholog that is differentially expressed in the testis and ovary. Interestingly, the alpha Vasa in combination with a nuclear dye can differentiate critical stages of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in fish. The cross-reactivity and the ability to stain stage-specific germ cells make this antibody a useful tool to identify fish germ cell development and differentiation. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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The precociously sexual maturation in large yellow crocker Pseudosciaena crocea has become a serious problem. In an attempt to solve this problem, the production of sterile triploids could be an effective strategy. In this study, triploid P. crocea was obtained by subjecting fertilized eggs to pressure shock. Flow-cytometry analysis was used to assess ploidy level. In terms of triploid rate and hatching rate, the optimal conditions of pressure shock for triploidy induction in P. crocea were 7500 psi for 3 min shock at 3 min after fertilization at 20 degrees C. With the application of these parameters, 100% triploid fish were produced. During the first rearing year, triploid P. crocea had a similar growth performance compared with its diploid counterpart before the age of 8 months and showed a significant advantage at the age of 10 and 12 months in body weight and body length (P < 0.05). At the age of 12 months, the carcass weight of triploids was markedly higher than that of diploid control, and gonadal somatic index was significantly lower than that of their diploid control. During the first rearing year, survival in triploid group was 76.44%, inferior to its diploid control (83.21%).

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采用体外药物诱导的方法,研究了5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)诱导的硬壳蛤卵母细胞成熟过程中cAMP信号通路的作用。结果表明,5-HT (0.01—100µM)均能够显著地诱导硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟。磷酸二酯酶抑制剂—咖啡因、茶碱和IBMX(3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤)可以单独抑制卵母细胞的自发成熟,但效果不显著。10mM的咖啡因和茶碱以及5mM的IBMX能够显著地抑制5-HT的诱导效果。dbcAMP(双丁酰基环腺苷一磷酸)不但能够抑制卵母细胞的自发成熟,而且还可以抑制5-HT诱导的成熟。因此,cAMP信号通路参与了5-HT诱导的硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟过程,并且该信号通路起着负调控的作用。 研究了PLC(磷脂酶C)和PKC(蛋白激酶C)的激活剂/抑制剂对5-羟色胺诱导的卵母细胞成熟的影响。高浓度的新霉素(PLC抑制剂)可以抑制5-HT诱导的卵母细胞的成熟,而DMBA(9,10-Dimethy-1,2-benzanthracene,9,10–二甲基胆蒽,PLC激活剂)则能够促进成熟。PMA(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate,佛波十四烷酸乙酸酯,PKC激活剂)能够抑制5-HT诱导的成熟,而Spingosine(PKC抑制剂)则可以促进卵母细胞的成熟。从而推测,5-HT诱导的卵母细胞成熟需要磷脂酰肌醇信号通路的激活。PLC浓度的降低能够抑制5-HT诱导的卵母细胞成熟;PKC浓度的降低则会促进卵母细胞的成熟。因此,在硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟过程中,PLC起促进的作用,DAG(二酰肌甘油)–PKC通路则起抑制的作用。 细胞外高浓度Ca2+能够促进硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟,Ca2+离子载体A23187也可以促进硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟。1-100µM异搏定(Verapamil,钙离子通道阻断剂)能够抑制卵母细胞的成熟,而100µM的Verapamil能够完全抑制其成熟。上述结果表明细胞外Ca2+对硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟是必需的,而且起到促进卵母细胞成熟的作用。三氟拉嗪(TFP,Ca2+与CaM结合的拮抗剂)能够抑制卵母细胞的成熟,高浓度的三氟拉嗪(1mM)能够完全抑制卵母细胞的成熟。说明CaM起到促进卵母细胞成熟的作用。可见,Ca2+通过与CaM的相互作用,共同起到促进硬壳蛤卵母细胞成熟的作用。 5-HT诱导成熟的卵母细胞可以完成受精过程,其受精过程以及幼虫发育情况与正常受精发育过程类似,没有显著差异。高浓度的新霉素可以抑制受精过程,而茶碱和咖啡因对受精没有影响。从而推测,磷脂酰肌醇信号通路参与了硬壳蛤卵母细胞的受精过程,而cAMP信号通路可能没有参与受精过程。 发现硬壳蛤的性腺发育与我国常见的双壳类如泥蚶相似。硬壳蛤卵母细胞中卵黄粒主要由线粒体、高尔基液泡、内质网和微吞饮泡形成。

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本文采用组织学手段研究了牙鲆性腺在分化、发育和成熟过程中的变化。然后,通过放射性免疫方法(RIA)测定了牙鲆仔稚幼鱼全组织匀浆液中的性类固醇激素—睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)的含量,并结合牙鲆血清中T和E2含量的年周期测定,从内分泌学水平探讨了T和E2在其性腺分化、发育和成熟过程中水平的变化规律。同时,采用高温和雌性激素对性腺未分化的普通和雌核发育牙鲆仔稚鱼进行诱导处理,获得了较高比例的雄性鱼/假雄鱼或100%雌性鱼;并研究了这些外界环境因子对牙鲆性腺分化、性别比率及体内T和E2水平的影响,藉此探讨了牙鲆性别决定与性腺分化的细胞学和内分泌学机制。 对牙鲆仔稚幼鱼性腺的组织切片观察发现,培育水温18~20℃下,孵化后第45天、平均全长<22.0±2.8 mm的牙鲆,其性腺分化尚未开始,属于原始性腺;在孵化后70日龄、平均全长为38.0±1.7 mm左右,部分个体中观察到卵巢的雏形,其余个体的性腺在此阶段以及之后的一段时间内变化并不明显;到了第110天、平均全长达到86.5±5.9 mm时,雌性个体卵巢出现了卵原细胞向卵母细胞的转变,标志着卵巢分化的结束。在90日龄、平均全长为63.5±3.4 mm的雄性牙鲆中,精原细胞快速增殖,并观察到了输精管结构;进一步的细胞学分化则出现在100日龄、平均全长为76.0±8.6 mm的个体中,此时可以看到精小叶的形成;在平均全长为140.0±15.2 mm时,精巢中出现初级精母细胞,标志着性腺分化的基本完成。 对牙鲆仔稚幼鱼全组织匀浆和成鱼血清中的T和E2水平的比较发现,在全长为6 mm左右的仔鱼中T和E2含量均较高。随后,在性腺分化过程中T含量大大降低,E2的含量急剧增高,而性腺分化后期E2含量又降到较低的水平。在雄性牙鲆成鱼中, 从精巢第Ⅲ期开始,T含量随着精巢的发育而增加,到了精巢第Ⅴ期性腺发育成熟并排精后,又降低到较低的水平;E2含量在从精巢第Ⅲ期发育至精巢第Ⅴ期过程中略呈降低的趋势,但是总体上来说没有明显的差异。在雌性牙鲆成鱼中,卵巢从第Ⅱ期到第Ⅳ期的过程中,T水平逐渐升高,在第Ⅴ期时则明显降低;而E2含量在卵巢第Ⅱ期时保持较低的水平,随着卵巢的发育,E2含量逐渐增高,在卵巢第Ⅳ期时达到最高水平,在第Ⅴ期产卵后又有所降低。在雌雄个体中T和E2均呈现周期性的变化。5月份随着水温的升高,雄性个体T和E2含量显著上升;到了9月份又逐渐下降至最低值。雌性个体E2含量自3月份开始增高,在5月份急剧升高,并在6月份达到最高值;在7月份的时候,E2突然降低,而到了8月份又有所回升;9月份之后E2逐渐降低并在1月份左右降到最低;而T的含量分别在2月份和6月份出现两次高峰。 温度诱导牙鲆幼鱼性腺分化的结果表明,牙鲆中存在明显的TSD机制,即其性腺分化因饲育水温的不同而变化:在一定温度范围内,随着饲育温度的增加,牙鲆的雄性比例逐渐增高,常温对照组和21℃组中的雄性比例分别为51.62%、60.00%,而在24℃和28℃高温组中,雄性比例显著高于对照组,分别达到73.33%和87.27%。T和E2含量测定显示,在性腺分化时期,高温和对照组中T含量没有明显的变化,而温度处理组中的E2水平则低于对照组,特别是在28℃高温组,其E2水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。外源E2处理性腺未分化的牙鲆幼鱼的结果也表明,牙鲆的死亡率与雌性化比率均为雌性激素剂量依赖型的。随着外源E2剂量的增加,雌性比率增加,但同时死亡率也增高。此期间T和E2水平比较发现,在性腺分化时期,对照组中的T含量稍高于雌激素处理组;而对照组中的E2含量高于0.2 ppm和2 ppm两个低剂量组,却低于20 ppm和100 ppm两个高剂量组。 同时,还对人工诱导培育的雌核发育牙鲆和性反转牙鲆进行了性腺发育观察,在所观察的雌核发育牙鲆个体中,其雌性比例为83.33%,而高温28℃饲育群体中的雄性比例(即假雄鱼比例)为91.67%;在雌性个体中,也有一定比例的个体性腺发育不正常,有的性腺发育较小,有的则缺少部分性腺。进一步对雌核发育成体的血清中T和E2含量进行测量,发现在普通牙鲆个体中T含量显著低于雌核发育个体,而E2含量则高于雌核发育牙鲆;在雌核发育牙鲆中,性腺发育不正常的个体比性腺发育正常的个体中的T含量稍高,而E2含量则显著低于正常雌核发育牙鲆个体和普通牙鲆个体(P< 0.05)。

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A nnual changes of the rep roduct ive act ivity in adult male p lateau p ika (Ochotona curzoniae) , a small endemic mammal in Q inghai2T ibet P lateau, w ere invest igated from J anuary to December, 1991. A ll of the animals w ere k illed and decap itated during the nigh t (23:00~ 24:00) and the p lasma, p ineal glands, testes ep ididym is, sem inal vesicles, deferent ducts were co llected and used for biochemical, and histo logical studies. Significant changes associated with seasonal cycles were found. (1) In February~ early April, the restoration phase, the weights of testes, epididym ides and deferent ducts were increased; the process of sperm atogenesis was strengthened and testo sterone level in plasma was increased, but the pineal weight and its melatonin content were decreased. (2) During the middle of April~ late May, the sexually active phase, a significant elevation of gonadal activity was observed. In this period, gonadalw eights were increased, spermatogenesis was completed, pineal weights were decreased and melatonin contents were fluctuated at alow level. These results suggested the increasing in sexual activity as well as in the ability of testo sterone secretion. (3) A striking reduction of test icular activity appears in June~A ugust. In this inhibition phase, gonada lweight, process of sperm atogenesis, plasma testo sterone level were decreased while the pineal weight and pineal melatonin content were increased. (4) During Sep tember~ J anuary, the sexually quiescent phase, declining in weights of testes and epididymides, arrest of spermatogenesis, decreasing of plasma testo sterone concent ration, fluctuating in pineal weights and increasing in pinealmelatonin level were observed. Our findings indicated that the male pikas under natural conditions exhibited an annual rep roductive cycle. A possible relationship between pineal activity and reproductive function was also suggested.

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柔性制造系统的主要特点是多种不同类型的工件同时在系统中加工,这些工件竞争系统的有限资源,导致象系统死锁等这样的不希望事件的发生,本文用一种Petri网模型,称之为着色面向资源的Petri网(着色ROPN)来描述系统中的这一竞争过程;这一模型揭示了资源竞争过程的本质特点,从而为寻求死锁避免的充要条件提供了基础。

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The gonadal steroids, in particular estradiol, exert an important action during perinatal period in the regulation of sexual dimorphism and neuronal plasticity, and in the growth and development of nervous system. Exposure of the developing female to estrogens during perinatal period may have long-lasting effects that are now regarded as “programming” the female neuroendocrine axis to malfunction in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of a single administration of a low dose (10 μg) of β-estradiol 3-benzoate (EB) to female rats on the day of birth on brain and plasma concentrations of the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone, general behaviours and behavioral sensitivity to benzodiazepines. Neonatal administration of EB induces a dramatic reduction in the cerebrocortical and plasma levels of allopregnanolone and progesterone that were apparent in both juvenile (21 days) and adult (60 days). In contrast, this treatment did not affect 17β-estradiol levels. Female rats treated with β-estradiol 3-benzoate showed a delay in vaginal opening, aciclicity characterized by prolonged estrus, and ovarian failure. Given that allopregnanolone elicits anxiolytic, antidepressive, anticonvulsant, sedative-hypnotic effects and facilitates social behaviour, we assessed whether this treatment might modify different emotional, cognitive and social behaviours. This treatment did not affect locomotor activity, anxiety- and mood-related behaviours, seizures sensitivity and spatial memory. In contrast, neonatal β-estradiol 3-benzoate-treated rats showed a dominant, but not aggressive, behaviour and an increase in body investigation, especially anogenital investigation, characteristic of male appetitive behaviour. On the contrary, neonatal administration of β-estradiol 3-benzoate to female rats increases sensitivity to the anxiolytic, sedative, and amnesic effects of diazepam in adulthood. These results indicate that the marked and persistent reduction in the cerebrocortical and peripheral concentration of the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone induced by neonatal treatment with β-estradiol 3-benzoate does not change baseline behaviours in adult rats. On the contrary, the low levels of allopregnanolone seems to be associated to changes in the behavioural sensitivity to the positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, diazepam. These effects of estradiol suggest that it plays a major role in pharmacological regulation both of GABAergic transmission and of the abundance of endogenous modulators of such transmission during development of the central nervous system.

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Wireless sensor networks have recently emerged as enablers of important applications such as environmental, chemical and nuclear sensing systems. Such applications have sophisticated spatial-temporal semantics that set them aside from traditional wireless networks. For example, the computation of temperature averaged over the sensor field must take into account local densities. This is crucial since otherwise the estimated average temperature can be biased by over-sampling areas where a lot more sensors exist. Thus, we envision that a fundamental service that a wireless sensor network should provide is that of estimating local densities. In this paper, we propose a lightweight probabilistic density inference protocol, we call DIP, which allows each sensor node to implicitly estimate its neighborhood size without the explicit exchange of node identifiers as in existing density discovery schemes. The theoretical basis of DIP is a probabilistic analysis which gives the relationship between the number of sensor nodes contending in the neighborhood of a node and the level of contention measured by that node. Extensive simulations confirm the premise of DIP: it can provide statistically reliable and accurate estimates of local density at a very low energy cost and constant running time. We demonstrate how applications could be built on top of our DIP-based service by computing density-unbiased statistics from estimated local densities.

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This study contexualises the relationship between the armed forces and the civil authority in Ireland using and revising the theoretical framework advanced by Huntington. It tracks the evolution of the idea of a representive body for soldiers in the late 1980s, to the setting up of statutory associations under the Defence Amendment Act 1990. The study considers Irish soldiers political agitation and their use of peaceful democratic activities to achieve their aims. It highlights the fundamental policy arguments that were made against the idea of representation for the army and positions those arguments in the study of civil-military relations. Utilising unique access to secret Department of Defence files, it reveals in-depth ideological arguments advanced by the military authories in Ireland against independent representation. This thesis provides an academic study of the establishment of PDFORRA. It answers key questions regarding the change in the position of Irish government who were categorically opposed to the idea of representation in the army. It illustrates the involvement of other agencies such as the European Organisation of Military Associations (Euromil) reveals reciprocal support by the Irish associations to other emerging groups in Spain. Accessing as yet unpublished Department of Defence files, study analyses tension between the military authorities and the government. It highlights for the first time the role of enlisted personnel in the shaping of new state structures and successfully dismmisses Huntingtons theoretical contention that enlisted personnel are of no consequence in the study of civil-military relations. It fills a gap in our understanding, identified by Finer, as to how politicisation of soldiers takes place. This thesis brings a new dimension to the discipline of civil-military relations and creates new knowledge that will enhance our understanding of an area not covered previously.