Microbiota fúngica dos condicionadores de ar nas unidades de terapia intensiva de Teresina, PI

Com intuito de identificar a microbiota fúngica em condicionadores de ar nas unidades de terapia intensiva de hospitais públicos e particulares de Teresina-PI, coletou-se material sólido de dez UTIs, isolando 33 espécies pertencentes às Moniliaceae e Dematiaceae, sendo primeira referência para o Piauí. Registrou-se elevada freqüência de Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem (60%); Aspergillus fumigatus Fres (50%); Trichoderma koningii Oudem (50%), Aspergillus flavus Link: Fr (40%). A validade da limpeza dos condicionadores de ar ultrapassou em todas as UTIs, a quantidade de unidades formadoras de colônia estava além do permitido pela Portaria 176/00 do Ministério da Saúde. É importante que os profissionais estejam munidos de equipamento de proteção individual, além de adotar medidas de controle de infecção hospitalar, sensibilizar para a existência de infecções fúngicas, melhorar ventilação de ar, possibilitando arejamento do ambiente e limpar periodicamente os condicionadores de ar, conscientizando os profissionais de saúde da importância destes fungos no ambiente hospitalar.

Microbiota intestinal de indivíduos que sofreram acidente ocupacional com materiais biológicos e que realizaram profilaxia anti-retroviral

Avaliar a microbiota intestinal de indivíduos que sofreram acidente ocupacional com materiais biológicos e receberam anti-retrovirais foi o objetivo deste estudo. O grupo de estudo constou de 23 indivíduos com idade entre 18-45 anos, sendo 13 doadores de sangue e 10 que sofreram acidente ocupacional. Foram avaliados a microbiota intestinal, antropometria e exames laboratoriais pré, pós e 30 dias após o término da medicação. Zidovudina mais lamivudina foi utilizada em 70% dos indivíduos associado ao nelfinavir, 20% ao efavirenz e 10% ao ritonavir. As alterações nutricionais e dietéticas-laboratoriais e de microbiota intestinal foram analisadas em três momentos. M1: até dois dias do início da profilaxia; M2: no último dia da profilaxia e M3: 30 dias após o término da profilaxia. Náuseas, vômitos e diarréia estiveram presentes em 50% no segundo momento do estudo. Sobrepeso em 70%, desnutrição e eutrofia em 10%, dos indivíduos, não se modificaram durante o estudo. Transaminases, triglicérides, LDL-colesterol se elevaram no segundo momento e normalizaram 30 dias após término da medicação. Houve redução significativa dos Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium e Bacteróides nos três momentos. Uso de anti-retrovirais provocou impacto significativo na microbiota intestinal dos indivíduos, sem recuperação em 30 dias.

Late onset sepsis and intestinal bacterial colonization in very low birth weight infants receiving long-term parenteral nutrition

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to establish the late onset sepsis (LOS) rate of our service, characterize the intestinal microbiota and evaluate a possible association between gut flora and sepsis in surgical infants who were receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). METHODS: Surveillance cultures of the gut were taken at the start of PN and thereafter once a week. Specimens for blood culture were collected based on clinical criteria established by the medical staff. The central venous catheter (CVC) tip was removed under aseptic conditions. Standard laboratory methods were used to identify the microorganisms that grew on cultures of gut, blood and CVC tip. RESULTS: 74 very low birth weight infants were analyzed. All the infants were receiving PN and antibiotics when the gut culture was started. In total, 21 (28.4%) infants experienced 28 episodes of LOS with no identified source. Coagulase negative staphylococci were the most common bacteria identified, both in the intestine (74.2%) and blood (67.8%). All infections occurred in patients who received PN through a central venous catheter. Six infants experienced episodes of microbial translocation. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, LOS was the most frequent episode in neonates receiving parenteral nutrition who had been submitted to surgery; 28.6% of this infection was probably a gut-derived phenomenon and requires novel strategies for prevention.

Investigation of class 1 integrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical and microbiota isolates belonging to different phylogenetic groups in Recife, State of Pernambuco

Introduction The high prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections is related to the ability of K. pneumoniae to acquire and disseminate exogenous genes associated with mobile elements, such as R plasmids, transposons and integrons. This study investigated the presence of class 1 integrons in clinical and microbiota isolates of K. pneumoniae belonging to different phylogenetic groups and correlated these results with the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the studied isolates. Methods Of the 51 isolates of K. pneumoniae selected for this study, 29 were from multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, and 22 were from children's microbiota. The susceptibility profile was determined using the disk diffusion method, and class 1 integrons were detected through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The results showed that none of the 22 microbiota isolates carried class 1 integrons. Among the 29 clinical isolates, 19 (65.5%) contained class 1 integrons, and resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was identified in 18 of these isolates (94.7%). Among the K. pneumoniae isolates with class 1 integrons, 47% belonged to the KpI phylogenetic group, and one isolate (14.3%) carrying these genetic elements belonged to the KpIII group. Conclusions The wide variety of detected class 1 integrons supports the presence of high rates of antimicrobial resistance, genetic variability, and rapid dissemination of beta-lactamase genes among K. pneumoniae clinical isolates in recent years in hospitals in Recife-PE, Brazil. The findings of this study indicate that the surveillance of K. pneumoniae integrons in clinical isolates could be useful for monitoring the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the hospital environment.

Post-splenectomy infections in chronic schistosomiasis as a consequence of bacterial translocation

INTRODUCTION : Bacterial translocation is the invasion of indigenous intestinal bacteria through the gut mucosa to normally sterile tissues and internal organs. Schistosomiasis may cause alterations in the immune system and damage to the intestines, portal system and mesenteric lymph nodes. This study investigated bacterial translocation and alterations in the intestinal microbiota and mucosa in schistosomiasis and splenectomized mice. METHODS : Forty female 35-day-old Swiss Webster mice were divided into the following four groups with 10 animals each: schistosomotic (ESF), splenectomized schistosomotic (ESEF), splenectomized (EF) and control (CF). Infection was achieved by introduction of 50 Schistosoma mansoni (SLM) cercariae through the skin. At 125 days after birth, half of the parasitized and unparasitized mice were subjected to splenectomy. Body weights were recorded for one week after splenectomy; then, the mice were euthanized to study bacterial translocation, microbiota composition and intestinal morphometry. RESULTS : We observed significant reductions in the weight increases in the EF, ESF and ESEF groups. There were increases of at least 1,000 CFU of intestinal microbiota bacteria in these groups compared with the CF. The EF, ESF and ESEF mice showed decreases in the heights and areas of villi and the total villus areas (perimeter). We observed frequent co-infections with various bacterial genera. CONCLUSIONS : The ESEF mice showed a higher degree of sepsis. This finding may be associated with a reduction in the immune response associated with the absence of the spleen and a reduction in nutritional absorption strengthened by both of these factors (Schistosoma infection and splenectomy).

Estudio de las sustancias antimicrobianas producidas por los microorganismos integrantes de la microbiota de terneros jóvenes

El uso desmedido de antibióticos, en especial en los animales que son destinados al consumo humano, produjo la aparición de cepas bacterianas resistentes y favoreció la presencia de residuos de esas sustancias en los alimentos. Esta situación ha sido relacionada con la aparición de alergias, trastornos gastrointestinales y otros problemas que han puesto en riesgo la salud de la población y han promovido una presión creciente de los consumidores y de los entes reguladores para que el sector de la producción de alimentos no utilice antimicrobianos y evite la presencia de sus residuos. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la capacidad de las sustancias con actividad antimicrobiana, producida por la microbiota natural, para inhibir el desarrollo de bacterias patógenas responsables de causar enfermedades en terneros jóvenes. Se utilizarán bacterias ácido lácticas autóctonas aisladas a partir de intestinos (duodeno, yeyuno, íleon, colon y ciego), cavidad bucal de terneros de crianza artificial y de vagina de vacas en la etapa pre-parto y que forman parte del cepario del Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, DSPV. Los microorganismos que demuestren capacidad para producir sustancias antimicrobianas serán identificados utilizando técnicas moleculares (amplificación del 16S rRNA, secuenciación y comparación en bases de datos). Las sustancias producidas por los microorganismos serán purificadas antes de analizar su capacidad inhibitoria. Posteriormente, se evaluará el efecto de los agentes físicos (temperatura) y químicos (solventes orgánicos, ácidos, tripsina, proteinasa K y pepsina) sobre dicha capacidad.

Estudio de las sustancias antimicrobianas producidas por los microorganismos integrantes de la microbiota de terneros jóvenes.

El uso desmedido de antibióticos, en especial en los animales que son destinados al consumo humano, produjo la aparición de cepas bacterianas resistentes y favoreció la presencia de residuos de esas sustancias en los alimentos. Esta situación ha sido relacionada con la aparición de alergias, trastornos gastrointestinales y otros problemas que han puesto en riesgo la salud de la población y han promovido una presión creciente de los consumidores y de los entes reguladores para que el sector de la producción de alimentos no utilice antimicrobianos y evite la presencia de sus residuos. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la capacidad de las sustancias con actividad antimicrobiana, producida por la microbiota natural, para inhibir el desarrollo de bacterias patógenas responsables de causar enfermedades en terneros jóvenes. Se utilizarán bacterias ácido lácticas autóctonas aisladas a partir de intestinos (duodeno, yeyuno, íleon, colon y ciego), cavidad bucal de terneros de crianza artificial y de vagina de vacas en la etapa pre-parto y que forman parte del cepario del Laboratorio de Análisis de alimentos, DSPV. Los microorganismos que demuestren capacidad para producir sustancias antimicrobianas serán identificados utilizando técnicas moleculares (amplificación del 16S rRNA, secuenciación y comparación en bases de datos). Las sustancias producidas por los microorganismos serán purificadas antes de analizar su capacidad inhibitoria. Posteriormente, se evaluará el efecto de los agentes físicos (temperatura) y químicos (solventes orgánicos, ácidos, tripsina, proteinasa K y pepsina) sobre dicha capacidad.

Estudio de las sustancias antimicrobianas producidas por los microorganismos integrantes de la microbiota de terneros jóvenes.

El uso desmedido de antibióticos, en especial en los animales que son destinados al consumo humano, produjo la aparición de cepas bacterianas resistentes y favoreció la presencia de residuos de esas sustancias en los alimentos. Esta situación ha sido relacionada con la aparición de alergias, trastornos gastrointestinales y otros problemas que han puesto en riesgo la salud de la población y han promovido una presión creciente de los consumidores y de los entes reguladores para que el sector de la producción de alimentos no utilice antimicrobianos y evite la presencia de sus residuos. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la capacidad de las sustancias con actividad antimicrobiana, producida por la microbiota natural, para inhibir el desarrollo de bacterias patógenas responsables de causar enfermedades en terneros jóvenes. Se utilizarán bacterias ácido lácticas autóctonas aisladas a partir de intestinos (duodeno, yeyuno, íleon, colon y ciego), cavidad bucal de terneros de crianza artificial y de vagina de vacas en la etapa pre-parto y que forman parte del cepario del Laboratorio de Análisis de alimentos, DSPV. Los microorganismos que demuestren capacidad para producir sustancias antimicrobianas serán identificados utilizando técnicas moleculares (amplificación del 16S rRNA, secuenciación y comparación en bases de datos). Las sustancias producidas por los microorganismos serán purificadas antes de analizar su capacidad inhibitoria. Posteriormente, se evaluará el efecto de los agentes físicos (temperatura) y químicos (solventes orgánicos, ácidos, tripsina, proteinasa K y pepsina) sobre dicha capacidad.

Modellierung der unter- und oberseitigen Wärmeübertragung an plattenförmiges Gut in Rollenöfen

Roller kiln, radiant tube, roller, heat trensfer, analytical solution, FEM

MV tut zum leben gut – Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbs- und Privatleben als Standortfaktor

[s.c.]

Perfil de la microbiota en equipamiento de empresas tradicionales de embutidos crudo-curados

Las autoras de este artículo han elaborado un trabajo para caracterizar la microbiota tecnológica, deteriorante y patógena en el equipamiento principal de las fábricas de embutidos tradicionales representativas del sector cárnico en Cataluña.

Microbiota abnormalities in inflammatory airway diseases - Potential for therapy.

Increasingly the development of novel therapeutic strategies is taking into consideration the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to health and disease. Dysbiosis of the microbial communities colonizing the human intestinal tract has been described for a variety of chronic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and asthma. In particular, reduction of several so-called probiotic species including Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria that are generally considered to be beneficial, as well as an outgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria is often reported. Thus a tempting therapeutic approach is to shape the constituents of the microbiota in an attempt to restore the microbial balance towards the growth of 'health-promoting' bacterial species. A twist to this scenario is the recent discovery that the respiratory tract also harbors a microbiota under steady-state conditions. Investigators have shown that the microbial composition of the airway flora is different between healthy lungs and those with chronic lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as well as cystic fibrosis. This is an emerging field, and thus far there is very limited data showing a direct contribution of the airway microbiota to the onset and progression of disease. However, should future studies provide such evidence, the airway microbiota might soon join the intestinal microbiota as a target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we highlight the major advances that have been made describing the microbiota in chronic lung disease and discuss current and future approaches concerning manipulation of the microbiota for the treatment and prevention of disease.

How the gut links innate and adaptive immunity.

Mucosal surfaces represent the main sites in which environmental microorganisms and antigens interact with the host. Sentinel cells, including epithelial cells, lumenal macrophages, and intraepithelial dendritic cells, continuously sense the environment and coordinate defenses for the protection of mucosal tissues. The mucosal epithelial cells are crucial actors in coordinating defenses. They sense the outside world and respond to environmental signals by releasing chemokines and cytokines that recruit inflammatory and immune cells to control potential infectious agents and to attract cells able to trigger immune responses. Among immune cells, dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in controlling adaptive immune responses, due to their capacity to internalize foreign materials and to present antigens to naive T and B lymphocytes, locally or in draining organized lymphoid tissues. Immune cells recruited in epithelial tissues can, in turn, act upon the epithelial cells and change their phenotype in a process referred to as epithelial metaplasia.

Allergen-induced IgE-dependent gut inflammation in a human PBMC-engrafted murine model of allergy.

BACKGROUND: Humanized murine models comprise a new tool to analyze novel therapeutic strategies for allergic diseases of the intestine.¦OBJECTIVE: In this study we developed a human PBMC-engrafted murine model of allergen-driven gut inflammation and analyzed the underlying immunologic mechanisms.¦METHODS: Nonobese diabetic (NOD)-scid-γc(-/-) mice were injected intraperitoneally with human PBMCs from allergic donors together with the respective allergen or not. Three weeks later, mice were challenged with the allergen orally or rectally, and gut inflammation was monitored with a high-resolution video miniendoscopic system, as well as histologically.¦RESULTS: Using the aeroallergens birch or grass pollen as model allergens and, for some donors, also hazelnut allergen, we show that allergen-specific human IgE in murine sera and allergen-specific proliferation and cytokine production of human CD4(+) T cells recovered from spleens after 3 weeks could only be measured in mice treated with PBMCs plus allergen. Importantly, these mice had the highest endoscopic scores evaluating translucent structure, granularity, fibrin, vascularity, and stool after oral or rectal allergen challenge and a strong histologic inflammation of the colon. Analyzing the underlying mechanisms, we demonstrate that allergen-associated colitis was dependent on IgE, human IgE receptor-expressing effector cells, and the mediators histamine and platelet-activating factor.¦CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that allergic gut inflammation can be induced in human PBMC-engrafted mice, allowing the investigation of pathophysiologic mechanisms of allergic diseases of the intestine and evaluation of therapeutic interventions.