The little-studied cluster Berkeley 90 I. LS III +46 11: a very massive O3.5 If* + O3.5 If* binary

Context. It appears that most (if not all) massive stars are born in multiple systems. At the same time, the most massive binaries are hard to find owing to their low numbers throughout the Galaxy and the implied large distances and extinctions. Aims. We want to study LS III +46 11, identified in this paper as a very massive binary; another nearby massive system, LS III +46 12; and the surrounding stellar cluster, Berkeley 90. Methods. Most of the data used in this paper are multi-epoch high S/N optical spectra, although we also use Lucky Imaging and archival photometry. The spectra are reduced with dedicated pipelines and processed with our own software, such as a spectroscopic-orbit code, CHORIZOS, and MGB. Results. LS III +46 11 is identified as a new very early O-type spectroscopic binary [O3.5 If* + O3.5 If*] and LS III +46 12 as another early O-type system [O4.5 V((f))]. We measure a 97.2-day period for LS III +46 11 and derive minimum masses of 38.80 ± 0.83 M⊙ and 35.60 ± 0.77 M⊙ for its two stars. We measure the extinction to both stars, estimate the distance, search for optical companions, and study the surrounding cluster. In doing so, a variable extinction is found as well as discrepant results for the distance. We discuss possible explanations and suggest that LS III +46 12 may be a hidden binary system where the companion is currently undetected.

Student mathematical notebook of Ebenezer Hill, 1785

This mathematical notebook of Ebenezer Hill was kept in 1795 while he was a student at Harvard College. The volume contains rules, definitions, problems, drawings, and tables on arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, surveying, calculating distances, and dialing. Some of the exercises are illustrated by hand-drawn diagrams, including some of buildings and trees.

Student mathematical notebook of Ephraim Eliot, 1779

Handwritten mathematical notebook of Ephraim Eliot, kept in 1779 while he was a student at Harvard College. The volume contains rules, definitions, problems, drawings, and tables on arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, surveying, calculating distances, and dialing. Some of the exercises are illustrated by unrefined hand-drawn diagrams, as well as a sketch of a mariner’s compass. The sections on navigation, mensuration of heights, and spherical geometry are titled but not completed. The ink of the later text, beginning with Trigonometry, is faded.

Elements of geometry : manuscript, 1798

Contains work on geometry, trigonometry, surveying, mensuration of heights and distances, and navigation. The graphs and diagrams illustate story problems and navigational examples.

New England, 1862 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: G. Woolworth Colton's railroad, township & distance map of New England : with adjacent portions of New York, Canada & New Brunswick, drawn, engraved & published by G. Woolworth Colton. It was published in 1862. Scale 1:900,000. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic projection (Meters). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, state, county, and town boundaries, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes table of distances and inset: The eastern portion of Massachusetts on an enlarged scale. Scale 1:350,000. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Portland & Rochester Railroad, New England, 1860 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map showing the Portland & Rochester railroad and its connections, prepared by G.W. & C.B. Colton & Co. It was published in 1860. Scale [ca. 1:900,000]. Covers Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and portions of New York, Maine, and the provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick, Canada.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic projection (Meters). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as railraods, principal and proposed railroad connections, drainage, state, county, and town boundaries, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes table of distances and inset: [Northeastern United States]. Scale [ca. 1:7,600,000].This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Newport, Rhode Island, ca. 1892 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of Newport, R.I., surveyed by N.W. Eayrs, c.e. ; under the direction of J.P. Cotton, c.e. ; J. Bergner, del. It was published ca. 1892 by Simon Hart. Scale [ca. 1:13,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Rhode Island State Plane Coordinate System (Feet) (FIPS 3800). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, city ward boundaries, selected property boundaries, buildings, and names of property owners, and more. Includes inset: Road map of island of Rhode Island and Conanicut Island, surveyed by C.E. Hammett, Jr. Scale [ca. 1:85,000]. Also includes index to points of interest (churches, schools, hotels, libraries, mills, etc.), tables of elevation and distances, and shows radial distances. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Providence, Rhode Island, 1849 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A map of the city of Providence : from actual survey, by Cushing & Walling. It was published in 1849. Scale [ca. 1:12,500]. Covers Providence, Rhode Island and portions of East Providence. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Rhode Island State Plane Coordinate System (Feet) (FIPS 3800). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, city districts, selected buildings, cemeteries, parks, radial distances, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes two views and index to points of interest (churches, public buildings, hotels, mills, factories, etc.). This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

New York, 1831 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A reference & distance map of the state of New York. It was published by J. Pierce in 1831. Scale [ca. 1:1,300,000]. Covers also a portion of Ontario, Canada. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, cities and towns, counties, and more. Includes inset elevation profiles: Profile of the Erie Canal -- [Profile of the Champlain Canal]. Includes index of places, table of distances, and 1830 census populations of towns and counties in New York, in lower margin. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Post Route Map of New York, 1871 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Post route map of the state of New York : and parts of Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, showing also the adjacent portions of the dominion of Canada, designed and constructed under the orders of Postmaster General, Alex. W. Randall, and second asst. Postmaster General, Geo. Wm. McLellan, by W.L. Nicholson, topographer of P.O. Dept. It was published by U.S. Post Office Dept. in 1868. Ink notation: "The service on this diagram brought up to date of Jan. 1st, 1871." Scale [1:380,160]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, postal routes (with delivery schedule frequency and distances), drainage, cities and towns, counties, and more. Includes insets: Postal service of Long Island with the principal mail connections of the city of New York. Scale [1:380,160] -- [Parts of the provinces of Québec and Ontario bordering New York and Vermont]. Includes tables of distances and statistics. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Post Route Map of New York, 1871 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Post route map of the state of New York : and parts of Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, showing also the adjacent portions of the dominion of Canada, designed and constructed under the orders of Postmaster General, Alex. W. Randall, and second asst. Postmaster General, Geo. Wm. McLellan, by W.L. Nicholson, topographer of P.O. Dept. It was published by U.S. Post Office Dept. in 1868. Ink notation: "The service on this diagram brought up to date of Jan. 1st, 1871." Scale [1:380,160]. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, postal routes (with delivery schedule frequency and distances), drainage, cities and towns, counties, and more. Includes insets: Postal service of Long Island with the principal mail connections of the city of New York. Scale [1:380,160] -- [Parts of the provinces of Québec and Ontario bordering New York and Vermont]. Includes tables of distances and statistics. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Massachusetts, 1841 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: New map of Massachusetts : compiled from the latest and best authorities and corrected by permission from the survey ordered by the legislation in 1830, carefully revised and additions made in 1841. 3rd ed. It was published by Nathl. Dearborn. Scale [ca. 1:422,400]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, selected residences, public buildings, and industry locations, county and town boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes table of distances and population and insets: Salem -- Worcester -- Boston -- Springfield -- Lowell. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Central & Eastern Africa, 1889 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: The African news map of Central Africa with Powell's radial key showing approximate distances and directions from Leopoldville & Kimpoko, on Stanley Pool. It was published by African news in 1889. Scale 1:6,336,000. Covers portions of Central & Eastern Africa.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, shoreline features, the Congo Free Trade Area, Baptist missionary stations, proposed railway lines, areas of colonial influence, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes insets: Part of Southern Africa -- Africa -- Delta of the Nile -- Map of Liberia -- Loanda -- Coanza River, etc. -- [Map of sea routes between Europe, Africa and Northern America] -- Bishop Taylor's missions on the lower Congo and a View of the pyramids from the Nile.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Design for boulder bridge; grounds of Mr. James A. Allison

Red and black ink on linen. View from top, side and end elevations and cross-section with distances and grades. 111 cm. x 50 cm. Scale: 1/4" = 1'. Signed. [Marion College] [from photographic copy by Lance Burgharrdt]

The Australo-Papuan bird migration system: Another consequence of Wallace's Line

With respect to its avian migrants, Australo-Papua is a largely self-contained region. Only some 30 species of shorebird and 10 species of land bird migrate from Asia to Australo-Papua to winter. Possible factors precluding migration of Asian birds include long over-water distances and lack of suitable habitats in Australia or New Guinea. Whether evolved within the region or descended from Asian relatives, Australasian species all confine their migratory movements east of Wallace's Line. The most likely factors restricting migration to the region are climate and habitat. The open forests and arid habitats of Australasia are absent from south-east Asia, so there is little, if any, selection promoting extra-regional migration. The arid or semi-arid but otherwise mild climates of much of Australia favour partial migration and widely varying movement patterns and pathways, although with an underlying north to south component. Movements also occur between mainland Australia and New Guinea and Tasmania. The restriction of migration within Australo-Papua and the high variability of migratory pathways have important implications for the ecology and evolution of the Australasian avifauna.