Bättre folk, bättre smak? : Suomenruotsalaisten maku ja kulttuuripääoma

The aim of my thesis, which consists of five original articles and a summarizing chapter, is to study the identity, lifestyle and cultural taste of the Finnish Swedes, i.e. the Swedish-speaking language minority in Finland, from a qualitative point of view. The Finnish Swedes are a somewhat special minority, first of all because of their wide-ranging language rights guaranteed by the constitution, and secondly because of the common image that Finnish Swedes represent a more legitimate or better lifestyle and taste than the Finnish-Speaking Finns. This conception is corroborated by the fact that, in comparison to the language majority, the Swedish-speakers have better health, employment, income and so on according to a number of quantitative studies. My research data is composed of twenty-six focus group interviews conducted among a geographically and socio-economically wide range of Swedish-speaking Finns. Group sizes ranged from 3 to 11 people. In the interviews, culture was approached through a framework of seven topics: music, cinema, television, arts, reading, eating and clothing. In each focus group interview, two subfields of culture were discussed along with a short section about cultural events and participation and definitions on good and bad taste. After discussing culture and taste, there was a final discussion on the Finnish Swede identity. The main theoretical framework of my thesis comes from Pierre Bourdieu (1979) and his followers: I am asking whether the status of being a Swedish-speaker can be used as a means of distinction. The main research questions are the following: (1) How does the Swedish-speaking minority look studied in the light of extensive qualitative data and in a framework of lifestyle and taste? (2) What kind of differences in lifestyle, taste and linguistic identity are there between different Finnish Swedes and how do those connect with socio-economical position, place of residence or age? I also ask how belonging to the language minority might work as a tool for cultural distinction and how different Swedish-speaking groups take use of it. My main research question is (3) whether mother tongue is a remarkable factor of lifestyle or cultural taste in contemporary Finland.

Antipyretic and antibacterial activity of Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdcourt leaf extract: A popular folk medicine of Arunachal Pradesh

Objective : The main objective of this work was to study the antipyretic and antibacterial activity of C. erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdcourt leaf extract in an experimental albino rat model. Materials and Methods : The methanol extract of C. erectus leaf (MECEL) was evaluated for its antipyretic potential on normal body temperature and Brewers yeast-induced pyrexia in albino rats model. While the antibacterial activity of MECEL against five Gram (-) and three Gram () bacterial strains and antimycotic activity was investigated against four fungi using agar disk diffusion and microdilution methods. Result : Yeast suspension (10 mL/kg b.w.) elevated rectal temperature after 19 h of subcutaneous injection. Oral administration of MECEL at 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. showed significant reduction of normal rectal body temperature and yeast-provoked elevated temperature (38.8 0.2 and 37.6 0.4, respectively, at 2-3 h) in a dose-dependent manner, and the effect was comparable to that of the standard antipyretic drug-paracetamol (150 mg/kg b.w.). MECEL at 2 mg/disk showed broad spectrum of growth inhibition activity against both groups of bacteria. However, MECEL was not effective against the yeast strains tested in this study. Conclusion : This study revealed that the methanol extract of C. erectus exhibited significant antipyretic activity in the tested models and antibacterial activity as well, and may provide the scientific rationale for its popular use as antipyretic agent in Khamptiss folk medicines.

Nature's Swiss Army Knives: Ovipositor Structure Mirrors Ecology in a Multitrophic Fig Wasp Community

Background: Resource partitioning is facilitated by adaptations along niche dimensions that range from morphology to behaviour. The exploitation of hidden resources may require specially adapted morphological or sensory tools for resource location and utilisation. Differences in tool diversity and complexity can determine not only how many species can utilize these hidden resources but also how they do so. Methodology and Principal Findings: The sclerotisation, gross morphology and ultrastructure of the ovipositors of a seven-member community of parasitic wasps comprising of gallers and parasitoids developing within the globular syconia (closed inflorescences) of Ficus racemosa (Moraceae) was investigated. These wasps also differ in their parasitism mode (external versus internal oviposition) and their timing of oviposition into the expanding syconium during its development. The number and diversity of sensilla, as well as ovipositor teeth, increased from internally ovipositing to externally ovipositing species and from gallers to parasitoids. The extent of sclerotisation of the ovipositor tip matched the force required to penetrate the syconium at the time of oviposition of each species. The internally ovipositing pollinator had only one type of sensillum and a single notch on the ovipositor tip. Externally ovipositing species had multiple sensilla types and teeth on their ovipositors. Chemosensilla were most concentrated at ovipositor tips while mechanoreceptors were more widely distributed, facilitating the precise location of hidden hosts in these wasps which lack larval host-seeking behaviour. Ovipositor traits of one parasitoid differed from those of its syntopic galler congeners and clustered with those of parasitoids within a different wasp subfamily. Thus ovipositor tools can show lability based on adaptive necessity, and are not constrained by phylogeny. Conclusions/Significance: Ovipositor structure mirrored the increasingly complex trophic ecology and requirements for host accessibility in this parasite community. Ovipositor structure could be a useful surrogate for predicting the biology of parasites in other communities.

Mining sentiments from songs using latent dirichlet allocation

Song-selection and mood are interdependent. If we capture a song’s sentiment, we can determine the mood of the listener, which can serve as a basis for recommendation systems. Songs are generally classified according to genres, which don’t entirely reflect sentiments. Thus, we require an unsupervised scheme to mine them. Sentiments are classified into either two (positive/negative) or multiple (happy/angry/sad/...) classes, depending on the application. We are interested in analyzing the feelings invoked by a song, involving multi-class sentiments. To mine the hidden sentimental structure behind a song, in terms of “topics”, we consider its lyrics and use Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Each song is a mixture of moods. Topics mined by LDA can represent moods. Thus we get a scheme of collecting similar-mood songs. For validation, we use a dataset of songs containing 6 moods annotated by users of a particular website.

Antitumor and antioxidant status of Terminalia catappa against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antitumor and antioxidant status of ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa leaves against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: The leaves powder was extracted with Soxhlet apparatus and subjected to hot continuous percolation using ethanol (95% v/v). Tumor bearing animals was treated with 50 and 200 mg/kg of ethanol extract. EAC induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of EAC cells 1 x 10(6) cells/mice. The study was assed using life span of EAC-bearing hosts, hematological parameters, volume of solid tumor mass and status of antioxidant enzymes such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents from the leaves extract were also determined. Results: Total phenolics and flavonoids contents from the leaves extract were found 354.02 and 51.67 mg/g extract. Oral administration of ethanol extract of T. catappa (50 and 200 mg/kg) increased the life span (27.82% and 60.59%), increased peritoneal cell count (8.85 +/- 0.20 and 10.37 +/- 0.26) and significantly decreased solid tumor mass (1.16 +/- 0.14 cm(2)) at 200 mg/kg as compared with EAC-tumor bearing mice (P < 0.01). Hematological profile including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin (11.91 +/- 0.47 % g) and protein estimation were found to be nearly normal levels in extract-treated mice compared with tumor bearing control mice. Treatment with T. catappa significantly decreased levels of LPO and GSH, and increased levels of SOD and CAT activity (P < 0.01). Conclusion: T. catappa exhibited antitumor effect by modulating LPO and augmenting antioxidant defense systems in EAC bearing mice. The phenolic and flavonoid components in this extract may be responsible for antitumor activity.

Examining the Effectiveness of Discriminant Function Analysis and Cluster Analysis in Species Identification of Male Field Crickets Based on Their Calling Songs

Traditional taxonomy based on morphology has often failed in accurate species identification owing to the occurrence of cryptic species, which are reproductively isolated but morphologically identical. Molecular data have thus been used to complement morphology in species identification. The sexual advertisement calls in several groups of acoustically communicating animals are species-specific and can thus complement molecular data as non-invasive tools for identification. Several statistical tools and automated identifier algorithms have been used to investigate the efficiency of acoustic signals in species identification. Despite a plethora of such methods, there is a general lack of knowledge regarding the appropriate usage of these methods in specific taxa. In this study, we investigated the performance of two commonly used statistical methods, discriminant function analysis (DFA) and cluster analysis, in identification and classification based on acoustic signals of field cricket species belonging to the subfamily Gryllinae. Using a comparative approach we evaluated the optimal number of species and calling song characteristics for both the methods that lead to most accurate classification and identification. The accuracy of classification using DFA was high and was not affected by the number of taxa used. However, a constraint in using discriminant function analysis is the need for a priori classification of songs. Accuracy of classification using cluster analysis, which does not require a priori knowledge, was maximum for 6-7 taxa and decreased significantly when more than ten taxa were analysed together. We also investigated the efficacy of two novel derived acoustic features in improving the accuracy of identification. Our results show that DFA is a reliable statistical tool for species identification using acoustic signals. Our results also show that cluster analysis of acoustic signals in crickets works effectively for species classification and identification.

Plan de marketing para el lanzamiento del disco U2 : songs of ascent

El trabajo consiste en la realización de un plan de marketing para el lanzamiento del álbum de U2. En él, analizaremos tanto la situación externa como interna del sector discográfico y la empresa con la que trabajaremos, Universal Music Group. También, verificaremos la viabilidad de lanzar el nuevo disco de U2 al mercado y de si resultará rentable o no.

A influência do fumo sobre a morfologia ovariana de camundongos Swiss

Considerando que nos tempos atuais o hábito de fumar atingiu uma parcela significativa das adolescentes brasileiras e apesar de seus conhecidos efeitos deletérios sobre diversos órgãos, pouco se sabe da sua ação sobre os ovários. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da exposição à fumaça de cigarro sobre o ciclo estral e a morfologia ovariana. Para tal, foram utilizados camundongos da linhagem Swiss, cujo estudo teve início com o estudo do perfil das características da maturação sexual. Após o desmame, aos 21 dias de idade, a partir da abertura vaginal, o 1 estro e o início da ciclicidade foram acompanhados através da citologia vaginal. As características do ciclo estral foram determinadas no decorrer de doze semanas. O efeito da exposição à fumaça de cigarro 3R4F utilizou fêmeas Swiss de 35 dias de idade que foram subdivididos em dois grupos expostos à fumaça de cigarro (grupo 15E) e animais controles livres de fumaça (grupo 15C). A exposição ocorreu por 15 dias e ao final deste período, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificada e ovários direitos foram coletados. A outra metade permaneceu em observação durante 30 dias, sem exposição à fumaça, originando os grupos 45Ex e 45C. A citologia vaginal foi avaliada durante todo o período experimental. Ao final dos 30 dias, sangue e ovários direitos foram coletados. Estes foram pesados e processados por técnica de rotina histológica para análise morfológica. A caracterização dos eventos da puberdade estabeleceu o tempo de abertura vaginal com média de 33,60,24 de idade, o primeiro estro 39,42,58 dias de idade e o início da ciclicidade, com média de 39,51,19 dias de idade, concomitante com o primeiro estro. Além disso, os ciclos estrais apresentaram períodos de cinco dias com freqüência baixa da fase diestro. Com relação à exposição da fumaça de cigarro ocorreu aumento significativo na extensão dos ciclos estrais e uma forte tendência ao aumento de estros nos animais 45Ex, apesar de não ser significativa. O número e o diâmetro de folículos grandes foram maiores no 15E, enquanto o de corpos lúteos foi menor. Em relação ao grupo 45C, o 45Ex não se alterou, porém, mostrou uma discreta redução da massa ovariana, do número de folículos pequenos, do número e do diâmetro dos folículos médios, dos corpos lúteos e aumento de folículos atrésicos. A comparação entre controles, 15C e 45C e expostos, 15E e 45Ex, mostrou uma redução no diâmetro de folículos médios e grandes. O estudo do perfil das características reprodutivas de fêmeas Swiss é indispensável para modelos experimentais em pesquisa que fazem uso desta linhagem. Permitiu verificar que a exposição à fumaça de cigarro promove alteração do ciclo estral, da massa ovariana e antecipa alterações morfológicas tempo dependente que sinaliza a finalização da vida reprodutiva

Influência da grelina sobre o processo de estímulo-secreção de insulina in vitro em camundongos Swiss adultos hiperalimentados na lactação

O excesso ou a privação de nutrientes em períodos específicos do desenvolvimento, tais como a lactação, estimulam alterações no metabolismo celular, por exemplo. Estas modificações perpetuam-se ao longo da vida e em conseqüência tornam o organismo mais suscetível ao aparecimento de patologias na idade adulta (Programação Metabólica). Estudamos a influência da grelina na secreção de insulina em camundongos Swiss de 120 dias submetidos à hiperalimentação na lactação. Para induzir a hiperalimentação as ninhadas foram reduzidas a 3 filhotes machos por lactante no 3o dia de vida pós-natal. As ninhadas controle foram ajustadas para 9 filhotes machos por lactante. Na idade adulta os animais hiperalimentados (AH) exibiram em comparação aos animais controle (AC) um incremento de 20% no peso corporal, maior índice de Lee (1705,63 g/mm + 29,3 vs 1374,10 g/mm + 54,9; p< 0,001), elevação da gordura corporal (31,0% + 4,6 vs 21,5% + 3,6; p< 0,01), aumento da gordura retroperitoneal (0,79 g + 0,1 vs 0,44 g + 0,1; p< 0,001), hiperglicemia de jejum (151,83 mg/ dl + 8,3 vs 118,0 mg/ dl + 1,0; p< 0,001), hiperinsulinemia de jejum (54,06 UI/ml + 2,3 vs 19,28 UI/ml + 1,53; p< 0,001) e hipogrelinemia de jejum (98,64 pg/ml + 56,5 vs 201,14 pg/ml + 46,4; p< 0,05). Os AH apresentaram maior secreção de insulina in vitro em presença de glicose aos 10 minutos (209,66 UI/ml + 46,5; p< 0,05), 30 minutos (441,88 UI/ml + 30,2; p< 0,05) e 60 minutos (214,34 UI/ml + 29,8) em comparação aos AC, respectivamente 86,90 UI/ml + 9,5; 74,31 UI/ml + 7,7 vs 27,45 UI/ml + 6,1; p< 0,05. As ilhotas pancreáticas dos AH adultos demonstraram em relação aos AC diminuição do consumo de O2 (1,76 pmols O2/ s. ilhota-1 + 0,4 vs 4,85 pmols O2/ s. ilhota-1 + 1,5; p< 0,001) e elevação do conteúdo do receptor de grelina GHSR1A (3,05 % + 2,13 vs 0,95 % + 0,1; p< 0,05). A grelina acilada estimulou a secreção de insulina in vitro dos AC aos 30 minutos (controle com grelina: 208,50 UI/ml + 40,85 vs controle sem grelina: 74,31 UI/ml + 7,7; p< 0,05) e diminuiu a razão do controle respiratório (controle com grelina: 1,45 + 0,2 vs controle sem grelina: 2,51 + 0,7; p< 0,05). Nos AH, a grelina acilada elevou o conteúdo de GLUT2 nas ilhotas pancreáticas em relação aos AC (hiperalimentados com grelina: 2,07 % + 0,5 vs controle com grelina: 0,85 % + 0,4; p< 0,01); entretanto a grelina não foi capaz de estimular a secreção de insulina nestes animais. Concluímos que a hiperalimentação na lactação associou-se ao aumento da gordura corporal e elevou a secreção de insulina na fase tardia do desenvolvimento. A grelina acilada estimulou a secreção de insulina somente nos AC adultos.

Bioenergética mitocondrial do coração na obesidade induzida por dieta ocidental em camundongos Swiss

A obesidade, doença resultante do acúmulo excessivo de gordura corporal, é importante fator de risco para diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipidemias e doenças cardiovasculares, doenças de alta prevalência em todo o mundo. O processo de transição nutricional decorrente da globalização contribuiu para o crescente número de indivíduos com obesidade, principalmente pela modificação nos hábitos alimentares da população, com ampla inclusão de produtos industrializados ricos em gordura saturada, sal e açúcar, denominada dieta ocidental. Os mecanismos pelos quais a obesidade induzida por dieta leva ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares ainda não estão completamente esclarecidos na literatura, porém sabe-se que a obesidade leva ao comprometimento da função cardíaca e do metabolismo energético, aumentando a morbidade e mortalidade. Em grande parte dos estudos relacionados à obesidade, o metabolismo energético celular comprometido associa-se à disfunção mitocondrial. Neste contexto, torna-se importante avaliar a função mitocondrial na obesidade, visto que as mitocôndrias são organelas com funções-chave no metabolismo energético. No presente estudo, avaliamos inicialmente o efeito obesogênico da dieta ocidental em camundongos Swiss por 16 semanas a partir do desmame. Para tal, analisamos a ingestão alimentar, evolução da massa corporal, Índice de Lee, peso das gorduras epididimal e retroperitoneal, peso e morfologia do fígado, relação entre o peso do fígado/massa corporal, peso do ventrículo esquerdo (VE)/massa corporal, glicemia de jejum e teste intraperitoneal de tolerância à glicose. Avaliamos também o consumo de oxigênio das fibras cardíacas através da respirometria de alta resolução. Além disso, o conteúdo das proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo energético: Carnitina Palmitoil Transferase 1 (CPT1), proteína desacopladora 2 (UCP2), Transportadores de glicose 1 e 4 (GLUT1 e GLUT4), proteína quinase ativada por AMP (AMPK), proteína quinase ativada por AMP fosforilada (pAMPK), receptor de insulina β (IRβ) e substrato do receptor de insulina 1 (IRS-1) foi determinado por western blotting. Nossos resultados confirmaram o caráter obesogênico da dieta ocidental, visto que os camundongos submetidos a esta dieta (GO), apresentaram-se hiperfágicos (P<0,001) e obesos (72,031,82, P<0,001), com aumento progressivo no ganho de massa corporal. Além do aumento significativo dos parâmetros: Índice de Lee (362,902,44, P<0,001), gorduras epididimal e retroperitonial (3,310,15 e 1,610,11, P<0,001), relação entre o peso do fígado/massa corporal (0,060,003, P<0,001) e peso de ventrículo esquerdo (VE)/massa corporal (0,080,002, P<0,01), hiperglicemia de jejum (192,1014,75, P<0,01), intolerância à glicose (P<0,05, P<0,01) e deposição ectópica de gordura no fígado. A respirometria de alta resolução evidenciou disfunção mitocondrial cardíaca no grupo GO, com reduzida capacidade de oxidação de carboidratos e ácidos graxos (P<0,001) e aumento do desacoplamento entre a fosforilação oxidativa e a síntese de ATP (P<0,001). Os resultados de western blotting evidenciaram aumento nos conteúdos de CPT1 (1,160,08, P<0,05) e UCP2 (1,080,06, P<0,05) e redução no conteúdo de IRS-1 (0,600,08, P<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa nos conteúdos de GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK, pAMPK, pAMPK/AMPK e IRβ. Em conclusão, o consumo da dieta ocidental resultou no desenvolvimento de obesidade com disfunção mitocondrial associada a alterações no metabolismo energético.

Folk medicine and horticulture

The article discusses the uses of marine organisms in folk medicine and in horticulture in the Philippines. Commonly used marine organisms are the different varieties of seaweeds, sea urchin, sea cucumber, turtle, crocodile and fishes such as grouper and rabbitfish.

Seed Germination of Swertia mussotii,an Important Application in Tibetan Folk Medicine

In this study,the effects of temperature,the growth regulator GA3 and storage conditions on seed germination of the biennial Swertia mussotii Franch were compared in seeds from a natural high altitude alpine site and after one-cycle of artificial cultivation at a low altitude.The untreated seeds from high altitude displayed higher germination than those from low altitude.Both GA3 and storage conditions enhanced germination from all sources.After treatment,the final germination of seeds from different sources shows no distinct difference.These results suggest that:(i) all seeds of this species,irrespective of their sources,have similar kinds of dormancy;(ii) the dormancy of this species can not been broken through one-cycle adaptation in ex situ cultivation and thus might be genetically controlled;(iii) both GA3 and 4℃ cold storage are effective for dormancy breaking in ex situ cultivation of this important medicinal species.

Separation and determination of flavone and xanthone glycosides in Tibetan folk medicinal species Swertia mussotii and S-franchetiana by capillary electrophoresis

The contents of five pharmacologically active flavone and xanthone glycosides, namely, swertianolin, swertisin, isoorientin, mangiferin, and 7-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl]-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone, extracted from Tibetan folk medicinal species Swertia mussotii and S. franchetiana were determined by capillary electrophoresis with diode-array detection. The separation of five components has been optimized with a capillary column with a total length of 48.5 cm and effective length of 40 cm (50 mu m i.d). The influence of the running buffer, the sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) concentration, organic modifier, etc. on the resolution was evaluated. The background electrolyte contained 30 mM borate buffer, 28 mM SDS, 1.0% (v/v) acetonitrile, and was adjusted to pH 9.0 with 0.1 M NaOH. A good baseline resolution was obtained for the separation of five components within 5 min with the working voltage of 24 kV and a column temperature of 25 degrees C. The established method was rapid and reproducible for the separation and determination of five flavone and xanthone glycosides from the extracts of S. mussotii and franchetiana plant samples.

Separation and determination of the major active components in Tibetan folk medicinal species Swertia franchetiana by HPLC with DAD

A sensitive and specific reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) was established for the quantitative determination of the nine active components, namely, swertiamarin (SWM, 1), mangiferin (MA, 2), gentipicroside (GE, 3), sweroside (SWO, 4), isoorientin (IS, 5), swertisin (SWS, 6), swertianolin (SWN, 7), 7-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-1 -> 2)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl]-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (RX, 8), and bellidifolin (BE, 9) used as the external standard, in Tibetan folk medicinal species Swertia franchetiana. Based on the baseline chromatographic separation of most components from the methanolic extract of Swertia franchetiana on a reversed-phase Eclipse XDB-C8 column with water-acetonitrile-formic acid as mobile phase, the nine components were identified by comparison with standard samples and qualified by using the external standard method with DAD at 254 nm. The correlation coefficients of all the calibration curves were found to be higher than 0.9980. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the peak areas and retention times for the nine standards were less than 2.07% and 2.86%, respectively.