A 2D BEM-FEM approach for time harmonic fluid-structure interaction analysis of thin elastic bodies.

[EN]This paper deals with two-dimensional time harmonic fluid-structure interaction problems when the fluid is at rest, and the elastic bodies have small thicknesses. A BEM-FEM numerical approach is used, where the BEM is applied to the fluid, and the structural FEM is applied to the thin elastic bodies.

Untersuchung des immunogenen Potentials von Dense Bodies des Humanen Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) als Grundlage für die Entwicklung einer neuartigen HCMV-Vakzine

ZusammenfassungDas Humane Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) ist ein Erreger von erheblicher klinischer Bedeutung. Eine HCMV-Vakzine ist bislang nicht verfügbar. Immunität ist nur durch eine Kombination effizienter humoraler und zellulärer Effektormechanismen zu vermitteln. Inhalt der Arbeit war es zu untersuchen, ob defekte virale Partikel, sog. Dense Bodies (DB) eine derartige Immunantwort gegen HCMV induzieren können. Die Immunisierung mit DB induzierte im Mausmodell die Bildung HCMV-neutralisierender Antikörper, die über ein Jahr hinweg im Serum der Tiere nachweisbar blieben. Die Spiegel an neutralisierenden Antikörpern waren mit Titern vergleichbar, die nach einer durchlaufenen, natürlichen HCMV-Infektion in menschlichen Seren gemessen wurden. Obwohl DB ein Totantigen darstellen und keine de novo-Synthese von viralen Proteinen vermitteln, stimulierten sie zudem eine deutliche HCMV-spezifische, zytotoxische T-Zell-Antwort (CTL-Antwort). Die Analyse der T-Helferzell-Antwort ergab, dass die Applikation von DB eine Th1-artige Immunantwort auslöste, die die Kontrolle einer Virusinfektion unterstützt. DB des HCMV sind folglich geeignet, sowohl humorale als auch zelluläre Immuneffektormechanismen effizient zu induzieren. Sie erwiesen sich als ein wirksames Antigentransportsystem, das als vielversprechende Grundlage für die Entwicklung einer rekombinanten HCMV-Vakzine dienen kann. Um die Immunogenität der DB für die Anwendung am Menschen weiter zu optimieren, müssen sie um zusätzliche Epitope ergänzt werden. Derartige rekombinante DB können nur durch Konstruktion mutanter HCMV-Genome generiert werden. Daher wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zwei Genombereiche des HCMV dahingehend charakterisiert, ob sie zur Insertion von Fremdsequenzen geeignet sind. Der Leserahmen UL32, der für das Phosphoprotein pp150 kodiert, erwies sich als essentiell. Mit der IE4-Region hingegen konnte ein 5 kB langes Genomfragment identifiziert werden, das aus dem Genom deletiert und gegen zusätzliche antigene Determinanten ausgetauscht werden kann. Zusammenfassend eröffnen die vorgestellten Ergebnisse neue Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung eines wirksamen Impfstoffes gegen HCMV.

Sistemi di ancoraggio per convertitori di energia da onda galleggianti

Il presente lavoro presenta una analisi di sensitività sui parametri progettuali più significativi per i sistemi di ancoraggio di dispositivi di produzione di energia del mare di tipo galleggiante, comunemente conosciuti come Floating Wave Energy Converters (F-WEC). I convertitori di questo tipo sono installati offshore e possono basarsi su diversi principi di funzionamento per la produzione di energia: lo sfruttamento del moto oscillatorio dell’onda (chiamati Wave Active Bodies, gran parte di convertitori appartengono la tecnologia di questo tipo), la tracimazione delle onde (Overtopping Devices), o il principio della colonna d’acqua oscillante (Oscillating Water Columns). La scelta del luogo di installazione dei tali dispositivi implica una adeguata progettazione del sistema di ancoraggio che ha lo scopo di mantenere il dispositivo in un intorno sufficientemente piccolo del punto dove è stato originariamente collocato. Allo stesso tempo, dovrebbero considerarsi come elemento integrato del sistema da progettare al fine di aumentare l’efficienza d’estrazione della potenza d’onda. Le problematiche principali relativi ai sistemi di ancoraggio sono: la resistenza del sistema (affidabilità, fatica) e l’economicità. Le due problematiche sono legate tra di loro in quanto dall’aumento del resistenza dipende l’aumento della complessità del sistema di ancoraggio (aumentano il numero delle linee, si utilizzano diametri maggiori, aumenta il peso per unità di lunghezza per ogni linea, ecc.). E’ però chiaro che sistemi più affidabili consentirebbero di abbassare i costi di produzione e renderebbero certamente più competitiva l’energia da onda sul mercato energetico. I dispositivi individuali richiedono approcci progettuali diversi e l’economia di un sistema di ormeggio è strettamente legata al design del dispositivo stesso. Esistono, ad oggi, una serie di installazioni a scala quasi di prototipo di sistemi WEC che hanno fallito a causa del collasso per proprio sistema di ancoraggio, attirando così l’attenzione sul problema di una progettazione efficiente, affidabile e sicura.

Hydrodynamic induced by an array of wave energy converters. Experimental and numerical analysis

The thesis analyses the hydrodynamic induced by an array of Wave energy Converters (WECs), under an experimental and numerical point of view. WECs can be considered an innovative solution able to contribute to the green energy supply and –at the same time– to protect the rear coastal area under marine spatial planning considerations. This research activity essentially rises due to this combined concept. The WEC under exam is a floating device belonging to the Wave Activated Bodies (WAB) class. Experimental data were performed at Aalborg University in different scales and layouts, and the performance of the models was analysed under a variety of irregular wave attacks. The numerical simulations performed with the codes MIKE 21 BW and ANSYS-AQWA. Experimental results were also used to calibrate the numerical parameters and/or to directly been compared to numerical results, in order to extend the experimental database. Results of the research activity are summarized in terms of device performance and guidelines for a future wave farm installation. The device length should be “tuned” based on the local climate conditions. The wave transmission behind the devices is pretty high, suggesting that the tested layout should be considered as a module of a wave farm installation. Indications on the minimum inter-distance among the devices are provided. Furthermore, a CALM mooring system leads to lower wave transmission and also larger power production than a spread mooring. The two numerical codes have different potentialities. The hydrodynamics around single and multiple devices is obtained with MIKE 21 BW, while wave loads and motions for a single moored device are derived from ANSYS-AQWA. Combining the experimental and numerical it is suggested –for both coastal protection and energy production– to adopt a staggered layout, which will maximise the devices density and minimize the marine space required for the installation.

The floating mass transducer at the round window: direct transmission or bone conduction?

The round window placement of a floating mass transducer (FMT) is a new approach for coupling an implantable hearing system to the cochlea. We evaluated the vibration transfer to the cochlear fluids of an FMT placed at the round window (rwFMT) with special attention to the role of bone conduction. A posterior tympanotomy was performed on eleven ears of seven human whole head specimens. Several rwFMT setups were examined using laser Doppler vibrometry measurements at the stapes and the promontory. In three ears, the vibrations of a bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA) and an FMT fixed to the promontory (pFMT) were compared to explore the role of bone conduction. Vibration transmission to the measuring point at the stapes was best when the rwFMT was perpendicularly placed in the round window and underlayed with connective tissue. Fixation of the rwFMT to the round window exhibited significantly lower vibration transmission. Although measurable, bone conduction from the pFMT was much lower than that of the BAHA. Our results suggest that the rwFMT does not act as a small bone anchored hearing aid, but instead, acts as a direct vibratory stimulator of the round window membrane.

Factors improving the vibration transfer of the floating mass transducer at the round window

With the placement of a floating mass transducer (FMT) at the round window, a new approach of coupling an implantable hearing system to the cochlea has been introduced. The aim of the present experimental study is to examine the influence of different ways of FMT placement at the round window on the vibration energy transfer to the cochlea.

Visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study

BACKGROUND: The aetiology of visual hallucinations is poorly understood in dementia with Lewy bodies. Pathological alterations in visual cortical excitability may be one contributory mechanism. AIMS: To determine visual cortical excitability in people with dementia with Lewy bodies compared with aged-matched controls and also the relationship between visual cortical excitability and visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies. METHOD: Visual cortical excitability was determined by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to the occiput to elicit phosphenes (transient subjective visual responses) in 21 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and 19 age-matched controls. RESULTS: Phosphene parameters were similar between both groups. However, in the patients with dementia with Lewy bodies, TMS measures of visual cortical excitability correlated strongly with the severity of visual hallucinations (P = 0.005). Six patients with dementia with Lewy bodies experienced visual hallucination-like phosphenes (for example, seeing people or figures on stimulation) compared with none of the controls (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Increased visual cortical excitability in dementia with Lewy bodies does not appear to explain visual hallucinations but it may be a marker for their severity.

Natural History on Blocks, in Bodies, and on the Hearth: Juvenile Science Literature and Games, 1850-1875.

This article examines the role of domestic spaces and images in mid-nineteenth-century science writing for children. Analyses of John Mill’s The Fossil Spirit, A.L.O.E.’s Fairy Frisket, John Cargill Brough’s The Fairy Tales of Science, Annie Carey’s “Autobiography of a Lump of Coal,” and an assortment of boxed games reveal a variety of ways in which overwhelming scientific concepts are domesticated. Moreover, juvenile science literature contributes this appeasing domestication to the broader scientific discourse, consistently framing natural history in terms of human experience.

The Extremely Red, Young L Dwarf PSO J318.5338-22.8603: a Free-Floating Planetary-Mass Analog to Directly Imaged Young Gas-Giant Planets

We have discovered using Pan-STARRS1 an extremely red late-L dwarf, which has (J - K)(MKO) = 2.78 and (J - K) (2MASS) = 2.84, making it the reddest known field dwarf and second only to 2MASS J1207-39b among substellar companions. Near-IR spectroscopy shows a spectral type of L7 +/- 1 and reveals a triangular H-band continuum and weak alkali (K I and Na I) lines, hallmarks of low surface gravity. Near-IR astrometry from the Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program gives a distance of 24.6 +/- 1.4 pc and indicates a much fainter J-band absolute magnitude than field L dwarfs. The position and kinematics of PSO J318.5-22 point to membership in the beta Pic moving group. Evolutionary models give a temperature of 1160(-40)(+30) K and a mass of 6.5(-1.0)(+1.3) M-Jup, making PSO J318.5-22 one of the lowest mass free-floating objects in the solar neighborhood. This object adds to the growing list of low-gravity field L dwarfs and is the first to be strongly deficient in methane relative to its estimated temperature. Comparing their spectra suggests that young L dwarfs with similar ages and temperatures can have different spectral signatures of youth. For the two objects with well constrained ages (PSO J318.5-22 and 2MASS J0355+11), we find their temperatures are approximate to 400 K cooler than field objects of similar spectral type but their luminosities are similar, i.e., these young L dwarfs are very red and unusually cool but not "underluminous." Altogether, PSO J318.5-22 is the first free-floating object with the colors, magnitudes, spectrum, luminosity, and mass that overlap the young dusty planets around HR 8799 and 2MASS J1207-39

Intraoral foreign bodies detected 40 years after a car accident using cone beam computed tomography

Foreign bodies are common findings in the maxillofacial region, most commonly the result of accidents and physical aggression. Among the objects frequently found in the orofacial tissues are fragments of metal, plastic, wood, and glass. Visualization and exact identification of the location of these objects can be challenging but is of major importance prior to surgical removal. The present case report describes the use of cone beam computed tomography to locate, visualize, and surgically remove glass particles in the oral cavity.

How reliable and safe is full-body low-dose radiography (LODOX Statscan) in detecting foreign bodies ingested by adults?

OBJECTIVE: Foreign body ingestion is common and potentially lethal. This study evaluates the use of low-dose Statscans (LODOX) in emergency departments. DESIGN: This comparative cross-sectional study retrospectively assessed 28 289 digital chest x-rays and 2301 LODOX scans performed between 2006 and 2010 at a tertiary emergency centre. The radiographic appearance, image quality and location of ingested foreign bodies were evaluated in standard digital chest and LODOX radiography. The mean irradiation (μSv) and cumulative mean radiation dose per patient with the ingested foreign body were calculated according to literature-based data, together with the sensitivity and specificity for each modality. RESULTS: A total of 62 foreign bodies were detected in 39 patients, of whom 19 were investigated with LODOX and 20 with conventional digital chest radiography. Thirty-three foreign bodies were located in the two upper abdominal quadrants, 21 in the lower quadrants-which are not visible on conventional digital chest radiography-seven in the oesophagus and one in the bronchial system. The sensitivity and specificity of digital chest radiography were 44.4% and 94.1%, respectively, and for the LODOX Statscan 90% and 100%, respectively. The calculated mean radiation dose for LODOX investigations was 184 μS, compared with 524 μS for digital chest radiography. CONCLUSIONS: LODOX Statscan is superior to digital chest radiography in the diagnostic work-up of ingested foreign bodies because it makes it possible to enlarge the field of view to the entire body, has higher sensitivity and specificity, and reduces the radiation dose by 65%.