La transformació del paisatge del delta de la Tordera en els darrers cent cinquanta anys : una anàlisi per mitjà dels canvis en els usos i les cobertes del sòl

This article compares the mid-nineteenth century landscape of the River Tordera delta with the present day landscape, based, above all, on the changes that have occurred in land use and land cover. The mid 19th century landscape was reconstructed using data obtained from the amillaraments (land inventories) and other historical documents. Present-day land use and cover was established through photo interpretation and field work. The most important changes detected concern the almost complete disappearance of certain crops, such as vineyards, which were very important in the 19th century; the expansion of forest in place of abandoned tilled land and the increase in built up areas, which, taken together, produce a highly fragmented landscape pattern

Proceso INFORNUT: validación de la fase de filtro-FILNUT--y comparación con otros métodos de detección precoz de desnutrición hospitalaria.

INTRODUCTION According to several series, hospital hyponutrition involves 30-50% of hospitalized patients. The high prevalence justifies the need for early detection from admission. There several classical screening tools that show important limitations in their systematic application in daily clinical practice. OBJECTIVES To analyze the relationship between hyponutrition, detected by our screening method, and mortality, hospital stay, or re-admissions. To analyze, as well, the relationship between hyponutrition and prescription of nutritional support. To compare different nutritional screening methods at admission on a random sample of hospitalized patients. Validation of the INFORNUT method for nutritional screening. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a previous phase from the study design, a retrospective analysis with data from the year 2003 was carried out in order to know the situation of hyponutrition in Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, at Malaga, gathering data from the MBDS (Minimal Basic Data Set), laboratory analysis of nutritional risk (FILNUT filter), and prescription of nutritional support. In the experimental phase, a cross-sectional cohort study was done with a random sample of 255 patients, on May of 2004. Anthropometrical study, Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS), Gassull's method, CONUT and INFORNUT were done. The settings of the INFORNUT filter were: albumin < 3.5 g/dL, and/or total proteins <5 g/dL, and/or prealbumin <18 mg/dL, with or without total lymphocyte count < 1.600 cells/mm3 and/or total cholesterol <180 mg/dL. In order to compare the different methods, a gold standard is created based on the recommendations of the SENPE on anthropometrical and laboratory data. The statistical association analysis was done by the chi-squared test (a: 0.05) and agreement by the k index. RESULTS In the study performed in the previous phase, it is observed that the prevalence of hospital hyponutrition is 53.9%. One thousand six hundred and forty four patients received nutritional support, of which 66.9% suffered from hyponutrition. We also observed that hyponutrition is one of the factors favoring the increase in mortality (hyponourished patients 15.19% vs. non-hyponourished 2.58%), hospital stay (hyponourished patients 20.95 days vs. non-hyponourished 8.75 days), and re-admissions (hyponourished patients 14.30% vs. non-hyponourished 6%). The results from the experimental study are as follows: the prevalence of hyponutrition obtained by the gold standard was 61%, INFORNUT 60%. Agreement levels between INFORNUT, CONUT, and GASSULL are good or very good between them (k: 0.67 INFORNUT with CONUT, and k: 0.94 INFORNUT and GASSULL) and wit the gold standard (k: 0.83; k: 0.64 CONUT; k: 0.89 GASSULL). However, structured tests (SGA, MNA, NRS) show low agreement indexes with the gold standard and laboratory or mixed tests (Gassull), although they show a low to intermediate level of agreement when compared one to each other (k: 0.489 NRS with SGA). INFORNUT shows sensitivity of 92.3%, a positive predictive value of 94.1%, and specificity of 91.2%. After the filer phase, a preliminary report is sent, on which anthropometrical and intake data are added and a Nutritional Risk Report is done. CONCLUSIONS Hyponutrition prevalence in our study (60%) is similar to that found by other authors. Hyponutrition is associated to increased mortality, hospital stay, and re-admission rate. There are no tools that have proven to be effective to show early hyponutrition at the hospital setting without important applicability limitations. FILNUT, as the first phase of the filter process of INFORNUT represents a valid tool: it has sensitivity and specificity for nutritional screening at admission. The main advantages of the process would be early detection of patients with risk for hyponutrition, having a teaching and sensitization function to health care staff implicating them in nutritional assessment of their patients, and doing a hyponutrition diagnosis and nutritional support need in the discharge report that would be registered by the Clinical Documentation Department. Therefore, INFORNUT would be a universal screening method with a good cost-effectiveness ratio.

Selectively impaired development of intestinal T cell receptor gamma delta+ cells and liver CD4+ NK1+ T cell receptor alpha beta+ cells in T cell factor-1-deficient mice.

T cell factor-1 (Tcf-1) is a transcription factor that binds to a sequence motif present in several T cell-specific enhancer elements. In Tcf-1-deficient (Tcf-1-/-) mice, thymocyte development is partially blocked at the transition from the CD4-8+ immature single-positive stage to the CD4+8+ double-positive stage, resulting in a marked decrease of mature peripheral T cells in lymph node and spleen. We report here that the development of most intestinal TCR gamma delta+ cells and liver CD4+ NK1.1+TCR alpha beta+ (NK1+T) cells, which are believed to be of extrathymic origin, is selectively impaired in Tcf-1-/- mice. In contrast, thymic and thymus-derived (splenic) TCR gamma delta+ cells are present in normal numbers in Tcf-1-/- mice, as are other T cell subsets in intestine and liver. Collectively, our data suggest that Tcf-1 is differentially required for the development of some extrathymic T cell subsets, including intestinal TCR gamma delta+ cells and liver CD4+ NK1+T cells.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta exerts a strong protection from ischemic acute renal failure.

Ischemic acute renal failure is characterized by damages to the proximal straight tubule in the outer medulla. Lesions include loss of polarity, shedding into the tubule lumen, and eventually necrotic or apoptotic death of epithelial cells. It was recently shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) increases keratinocyte survival after an inflammatory reaction. Therefore, whether PPARbeta/delta could contribute also to the control of tubular epithelium death after renal ischemia/reperfusion was tested. It was found that PPARbeta/delta+/- and PPARbeta/delta-/- mutant mice exhibited much greater kidney dysfunction and injury than wild-type counterparts after a 30-min renal ischemia followed by a 36-h reperfusion. Conversely, wild-type mice that were given the specific PPARbeta/delta ligand L-165041 before renal ischemia were completely protected against renal dysfunction, as indicated by the lack of rise in serum creatinine and fractional excretion of Na+. This protective effect was accompanied by a significant reduction in medullary necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation. On the basis of in vitro studies, PPARbeta/delta ligands seem to exert their role by activating the antiapoptotic Akt signaling pathway and, unexpectedly, by increasing the spreading of tubular epithelial cells, thus limiting potentially their shedding and anoikis. These results point to PPARbeta/delta as a remarkable new target for preconditioning strategies.

Correlation between TH1 response standard cytokines as biomarkers in patients with the delta virus in the western Brazilian Amazon

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is endemic in the Amazon Region and its pathophysiology is the most severe among viral hepatitis. Treatment is performed with pegylated interferon and the immune response appears to be important for infection control. HDV patients were studied: untreated and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive (n = 9), anti-HDV positive and PCR negative (n = 8), and responders to treatment (n = 12). The cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2 (p = 0.0008) and IL-12 (p = 0.02) were differentially expressed among the groups and were also correlated (p = 0.0143). Future studies will be conducted with patients at different stages of treatment, associating the viral load with serum cytokines produced, thereby attempting to establish a prognostic indicator of the infection.

Síntesis de nuevas triarilfosfinas carboxiladas mediante hidrólisis del grupo trifluorometilo. Aplicaciones en catálisis de intercambio de fase y anclaje sobre sílica

En el presente trabajo se describe una nueva familia de ligandos trifenilfosfina con sustituyentes trifluorometilo y ácidos carboxílicos. Se ha desarrollado un procedimiento sintético optimizado para estos compuestos, en el que se parte de derivados fácilmente accesibles y permite obtener las fosfinas con elevada pureza y rendimiento. El procedimiento es, además, fácilmente escalable. Las fosfinas sintetizadas han sido completamente caracterizadas por las técnicas habituales. Uno de los ligandos preparados se ha usado en una prueba preliminar de hidroformilación de alqueno con un catalizador Rh/fosfina, en la que se ha ensayado la recuperación del catalizador mediante intercambio de fase a pH controlado. Otro de los ligando se ha anclado a una sílica mesoporosa comercial, usando la función carboxílica. El material resultante del anclaje se ha caracterizado por medio de análisis elemental y RMN en estado sólido (SSNMR) de 31P y 29Si. El proceso de obtención de estas nuevas fosfinas ha permitido explorar el alcance y limitaciones de la reacción de hidrólisis del grupo trifluorometilo en fosfinas arílicas, mediante el uso de ácido sulfúrico fumante y ácido bórico. Parte de estos resultados han sido depositados como patente (Patente española P201231702, 2012). Por otra parte, la nueva familia de ligando fosfinas descrita en este trabajo será comercializados próximamente por Strem, bajo licencia de la UAB.

Delta-like 4 is the essential, nonredundant ligand for Notch1 during thymic T cell lineage commitment.

Thymic T cell lineage commitment is dependent on Notch1 (N1) receptor-mediated signaling. Although the physiological ligands that interact with N1 expressed on thymic precursors are currently unknown, in vitro culture systems point to Delta-like 1 (DL1) and DL4 as prime candidates. Using DL1- and DL4-lacZ reporter knock-in mice and novel monoclonal antibodies to DL1 and DL4, we show that DL4 is expressed on thymic epithelial cells (TECs), whereas DL1 is not detected. The function of DL4 was further explored in vivo by generating mice in which DL4 could be specifically inactivated in TECs or in hematopoietic progenitors. Although loss of DL4 in hematopoietic progenitors did not perturb thymus development, inactivation of DL4 in TECs led to a complete block in T cell development coupled with the ectopic appearance of immature B cells in the thymus. These immature B cells were phenotypically indistinguishable from those developing in the thymus of conditional N1 mutant mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that DL4 is the essential and nonredundant N1 ligand responsible for T cell lineage commitment. Moreover, they strongly suggest that N1-expressing thymic progenitors interact with DL4-expressing TECs to suppress B lineage potential and to induce the first steps of intrathymic T cell development.

Vivenciando a inexorabilidade do tempo e as suas mudanças com perdas e possibilidades: a mulher na fase do climatério

Este estudo versa sobre a experiência da mulher na fase do climatério. O Interacionismo Simbólico e a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados foram as abordagens teóricas e metodológicas que nortearam o estudo tendo em vista os seguintes objetivos: compreender como a experiência do climatério é definida pela mulher; quais os processos psicossociais de interação vividos pela mulher e desenvolver um modelo teórico representativo da vivência da mulher na fase do climatério. As estratégias utilizadas para a obtenção dos dados foram a observação e a entrevista. Tomamos como sujeito da investigação a mulher na faixa etária de 45 a 60 anos, perfazendo um total de 30 mulheres. Através deste estudo foi possível descobrir que a experiência do climatério pode ser constituída por dois fenômenos: REJEITANDO AS MUDANÇAS, no qual o climatério é caracterizado pela mulher como um momento de perda e BUSCANDO SUPERAR AS MUDANÇAS, que representa um momento na construção de novos conceitos, com possibilidades de renovação. A partir desses fenômenos identificamos a categoria central: VIVENCIANDO A INEXORABILIDADE DO TEMPO E SUAS MUDANÇAS COM PERDAS E POSSIBILIDADES, que é fundamental para o modelo teórico representativo da experiência da mulher na fase do climatério.

Gaviota de Audouin. Treinta años de nidificación en el Delta del Ebro

La punta de la banya, situada en el extremo meridional del delta del Ebro, acoge a una gran colonia nidificante de gaviota de Adouin, a la que recientemente se ha sumado un segundo núcleo reproductor asentado en el espigón portuario de la vecina localidad de SAnt Carles de la Ràpita. Al margen de las oscilaciones naturales de la colonia, la presencia de la especie en el delta del Ebro se remonta al año 1981, con un máximo histórico de 15.329 parejas censadas durante la temporada de cria del año 2006.

Crosstalk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and VEGF stimulates cancer progression.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) delta is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARdelta may ameliorate metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. However, PPARdelta's role in colorectal carcinogenesis remains controversial. Here, we present genetic and pharmacologic evidence demonstrating that deletion of PPARdelta decreases intestinal adenoma growth in Apc(Min/+) mice and inhibits tumor-promoting effects of a PPARdelta agonist GW501516. More importantly, we found that activation of PPARdelta up-regulated VEGF in colon carcinoma cells. VEGF directly promotes colon tumor epithelial cell survival through activation of PI3K-Akt signaling. These results not only highlight concerns about the use of PPARdelta agonists for treatment of metabolic disorders in patients who are at high risk for colorectal cancer, but also support the rationale for developing PPARdelta antagonists for prevention and/or treatment of cancer.

Cuidando de pacientes em fase terminal: a perspectiva de alunos de enfermagem

Este estudo busca compreender como alunos de graduação em Enfermagem percebem a si mesmos ao cuidar de pacientes em fase terminal e expor os significados da experiência vivida. Foram entrevistados 14 alunos, respondendo à questão: Como se mostra a você o cuidar do paciente na fase terminal? Para os alunos, é sempre uma experiência dolorosa, que os coloca face a face com suas fragilidades e inseguranças. Eles atribuem suas dificuldades à própria incapacidade de aceitar a morte e ao despreparo e inexperiência. Relatam que falta apoio dos profissionais com quem compartilham esse cuidado. No que se refere à formação profissional, para alguns a experiência foi positiva, apesar das dificuldades; outros a avaliam negativamente, resultando em rejeição a situações semelhantes. Novas investigações sobre o tema são necessárias para aprofundar e ampliar a reflexão para o âmbito da formação dos enfermeiros em nível nacional.

Primera fase del proyecto de creación de una herramienta de ticketing web Ibermática multi-cliente y parametrizable

Primera fase del proyecto de creación de una herramienta de ticketing web Ibermática multi-cliente y parametrizable.

Absence of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol dysphoric effects in dynorphin-deficient mice

The involvement of dynorphin on Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and morphine responses has been investigated by using mice with a targeted inactivation of the prodynorphin (Pdyn) gene. Dynorphin-deficient mice show specific changes in the behavioral effects of THC, including a reduction of spinal THC analgesia and the absence of THC-induced conditioned place aversion. In contrast, acute and chronic opioid effects were normal. The lack of negative motivational effects of THC in the absence of dynorphin demonstrates that this endogenous opioid peptide mediates the dysphoric effects of marijuana.

The role of the T-cell receptor (TCR) in alpha beta/gamma delta lineage commitment: clues from intracellular TCR staining.

T cells belong to two mutually exclusive lineages expressing either alpha beta or gamma delta T-cell receptors (TCR). Although alpha beta and gamma delta cells are known to share a common precursor the role of TCR rearrangement and specificity in the lineage commitment process is controversial. Instructive lineage commitment models endow the alpha beta or gamma delta TCR with a deterministic role in lineage choice, whereas separate lineage models invoke TCR-independent lineage commitment followed by TCR-dependent selection and maturation of alpha beta and gamma delta cells. Here we review the published data pertaining to the role of the TCR in alpha beta/gamma delta lineage commitment and provide some additional information obtained from recent intracellular TCR staining studies. We conclude that a variant of the separate lineage model is best able to accommodate all of the available experimental results.