Examination report on the City of Murray, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Murray, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Magnolia, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Magnolia, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Rhodes, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Rhodes, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Granger, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Granger, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Monroe, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Monroe, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Wall Lake, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Wall Lake, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Collins, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Collins, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Central City, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Central City, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Earlham, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Earlham, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Van Meter, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Van Meter, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is critically involved in basal and fluoxetine-stimulated adult hippocampal cell proliferation and in anxiety, depression, and memory-related behaviors.

Intensive research is devoted to unravel the neurobiological mechanisms mediating adult hippocampal neurogenesis, its regulation by antidepressants, and its behavioral consequences. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is expressed in the CNS, where its function is unknown. Here, we show, for the first time, the relevance of MIF expression for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We identify MIF expression in neurogenic cells (in stem cells, cells undergoing proliferation, and in newly proliferated cells undergoing maturation) in the subgranular zone of the rodent dentate gyrus. A causal function for MIF in cell proliferation was shown using genetic (MIF gene deletion) and pharmacological (treatment with the MIF antagonist Iso-1) approaches. Behaviorally, genetic deletion of MIF resulted in increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, as well as of impaired hippocampus-dependent memory. Together, our studies provide evidence supporting a pivotal function for MIF in both basal and antidepressant-stimulated adult hippocampal cell proliferation. Moreover, loss of MIF results in a behavioral phenotype that, to a large extent, corresponds with alterations predicted to arise from reduced hippocampal neurogenesis. These findings underscore MIF as a potentially relevant molecular target for the development of treatments linked to deficits in neurogenesis, as well as to problems related to anxiety, depression, and cognition.

Examination report on the City of Walnut, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Walnut, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Schaller, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Schaller, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Riverdale, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Riverdale, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Bedford, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013

Examination report on the City of Bedford, Iowa for the period July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013