Effetti clinici e biologici della terapia epigenetica nelle sindromi mielodisplastiche a basso rischio

Background: Nucleoside 5-Azacitidine (5-Aza) in high risk MDS patients (pts) at a dose of 75mg/mq/day subcutaneously for 7 days, every 28 days, induces high hematologic response rates (hematologic improvement (HI) 50-60%, complete remission (CR) 10-30%) and prolongation of survival (at 2 years 50,8%). Aim: The role of 5-Aza in low-risk MDS patients is not well defined but its use in the earlier phases of disease could be more effective and useful to control the expansion of MDS clone and disease progression. In our phase II, prospective, multicentric trial a low-dose schedule of 5-Aza (75 mg/mq daily for 5 consecutive days every 28 days) was given to low-risk MDS pts in order to evaluate its efficacy and tolerability and to identify biological markers to predict the response. Methods: From September 2008 to February 2010, 34 patients were enrolled into the study. Fifteen patients had refractory anemia (RA), 5 patients refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS), 7 patients refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia (RCMD) and 7 patients refractory anemia with excess blasts-1 (RAEB-1). All patients failed previously EPO therapy and were in chronic red blood cell (RBC) supportive care with a median transfusions requirement of 4 units/monthly. The response treatment criteria was according to IWG 2006. Results: At present time 31 out of 34 pts are evaluable: 12/31 pts (39%) completed the treatment plan (8 courses), 7/31 pts (22%) performed the first 4 courses, 8/31 (26%) made 1 to 3 courses and 4/31 (13%) died during the treatment period. Out of 12 pts who completed the 8 courses of therapy 10 (83%) obtained an HI, 2/12 (17%) maintained a stable disease. Out of 10 pts who obtained HI, 4 pts (40%) achieved a CR. Generally the drug was very well tolerated. The most commonly reported hematologic toxicities were neutropenia (55%) and thrombocytopenia (19%) but they were transitory and usually no delay of treatment was necessary. 2/4 pts died early after the 1th cycle for septic shock and gastrointestinal hemorrage respectively whereas 2/4 pts died in a condition of stable disease after the 4th cycle for pneumonia and respiratory distress. Samples for biologic studies have been collected from the pts before starting the therapy and at the end of 4th and 8th course. Preliminary data on the lipid signalling pathways suggested a direct correlation between PI-PLC-β1 gene expression and 5-Aza responsiveness. Conclusion: Interim analysis of our study based on the small number of cases who completed the treatment program, shows that 83% of pts obtain an HI and 40% obtain a CR. 4 patients died during the treatment and even if the causes were reported as no related to the therapy it has been considered that caution has to be reserved in given 5-Aza in these pts who are elderly and frail. Preliminary data of PI-PLC-β1 gene expression suggest that this and probably other biological markers could help us to know a priori who are the patients who have more chances to respond.

Analisi e valutazione degli effetti dell'esposizione a nanoparticelle di minerali pesanti e sostanze inquinanti sul personale italiano impiegato selle missioni di pace all'estero. Evoluzione delle ipotesi etiopatogenetiche.

This study focus on pathologies - caused by impoverished uranium and other heavy-metals’ nanoparticles environmental pollution - developed in international military personnel deployed in critical areas; the pathologies are then placed in a general and chronological schema. This study shows an impressive collection of data on impoverished uranium characteristics and its employment in civil and military context and a map of impoverished uranium most polluted areas. The studies on this subject commissioned by two Italian Parliamentary Court of Inquiry and by other nations are then analyzed. Further etiopathogenetic hypothesis are assessed – as multivaccination – comparing vaccination protocols adopted by different NATO nations and their possible effects. Finally the study defines the objectives and the operational protocols of an ongoing epidemiological serial prospective study (time-frame scheduled of 30 years) on military personnel deployed in critical areas for the possible presence of genotoxic agents.

Le Coalizioni Pre-elettorali: il Caso Italiano in Prospettiva Comparata

Le particolari caratteristiche dei sistemi democratici multipartitici producono forti incentivi al coordinamento tra i partiti politici, che li inducono ad accordarsi per la formazione di coalizioni in due momenti politici cruciali: la competizione elettorale e la formazione dei governi. La tesi è volta a un'analisi della formazione di coalizioni pre-elettorali e degli effetti da esse prodotti sulle dinamiche di voto e sulla struttura dei governi. Si tratta di un ambito di ricerca di recente formazione, che è fondato sulla letteratura della scelta razionale. Il lavoro, diviso in due parti, vede in primo luogo un'analisi comparata relativa alla formazione delle coalizioni in 20 Stati democratici, seguita da uno studio di caso sugli effetti prodotti dalla formazione di patti elettorali in Italia.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry in Italy Wide-field VLBI imaging and astrometry and prospects for an Italian VLBI network including the Sardinia Radio Telescope

In this thesis the use of widefield imaging techniques and VLBI observations with a limited number of antennas are explored. I present techniques to efficiently and accurately image extremely large UV datasets. Very large VLBI datasets must be reduced into multiple, smaller datasets if today’s imaging algorithms are to be used to image them. I present a procedure for accurately shifting the phase centre of a visibility dataset. This procedure has been thoroughly tested and found to be almost two orders of magnitude more accurate than existing techniques. Errors have been found at the level of one part in 1.1 million. These are unlikely to be measurable except in the very largest UV datasets. Results of a four-station VLBI observation of a field containing multiple sources are presented. A 13 gigapixel image was constructed to search for sources across the entire primary beam of the array by generating over 700 smaller UV datasets. The source 1320+299A was detected and its astrometric position with respect to the calibrator J1329+3154 is presented. Various techniques for phase calibration and imaging across this field are explored including using the detected source as an in-beam calibrator and peeling of distant confusing sources from VLBI visibility datasets. A range of issues pertaining to wide-field VLBI have been explored including; parameterising the wide-field performance of VLBI arrays; estimating the sensitivity across the primary beam both for homogeneous and heterogeneous arrays; applying techniques such as mosaicing and primary beam correction to VLBI observations; quantifying the effects of time-average and bandwidth smearing; and calibration and imaging of wide-field VLBI datasets. The performance of a computer cluster at the Istituto di Radioastronomia in Bologna has been characterised with regard to its ability to correlate using the DiFX software correlator. Using existing software it was possible to characterise the network speed particularly for MPI applications. The capabilities of the DiFX software correlator, running on this cluster, were measured for a range of observation parameters and were shown to be commensurate with the generic performance parameters measured. The feasibility of an Italian VLBI array has been explored, with discussion of the infrastructure required, the performance of such an array, possible collaborations, and science which could be achieved. Results from a 22 GHz calibrator survey are also presented. 21 out of 33 sources were detected on a single baseline between two Italian antennas (Medicina to Noto). The results and discussions presented in this thesis suggest that wide-field VLBI is a technique whose time has finally come. Prospects for exciting new science are discussed in the final chapter.

Mass Loss in Population II Red Giants: an IRAC@Spitzer Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters

With the goal of studying ML along the RGB, mid-IR observations of a carefully selected sample of 17 Galactic globular clusters (GGCs) with different metallicity and horizontal branch (HB) morphology have been secured with IRAC on board Spitzer: a global sample counting about 8000 giant has been obtained. Suitable complementary photometry in the optical and near-IR has been also secured in order to properly characterize the stellar counterparts to the Spitzer sources and their photospheric parameters. Stars with color (i.e. dust) excess have been identified, their likely circumstellar emission quantified and modelled, and empirical estimates of mass loss rates and timescales obtained. We find that mass loss rates increases with increasing stellar luminosity and decreasing metallicity. For a given luminosity, we find that ML rates are systematically higher than the prediction by extrapolating the Reimers law. CMDs constructed from ground based near-IR and IRAC bands show that at a given luminosity some stars have dusty envelopes and others do not. From this, we deduce that the mass loss is episodic and is ``on'' for some fraction of the time. The total mass lost on the RGB can be easily computed by multiplying ML rates by the ML timescales and integrating over the evolutionary timescale. The average total mass lost moderately increases with increasing metallicity, and for a given metallicity is systematically higher in clusters with extended blue HB.

Studio degli eventi erosivi in quattro aree campione della costa emiliano-romagnola

Il progetto di tesi ha analizzato i processi erosivi in atto in quattro aree della costa emilianoromagnola settentrionale, situate davanti a importanti foci fluviali: Volano, Reno, F. Uniti e Savio. Il lavoro di tesi si colloca all’interno di un progetto più ampio, che prevede la collaborazione tra la Regione Emilia Romagna, Servizio Geologico, Sismico e dei Suoli e l’Istituto di Scienze Marine ISMAR-CNR, sede di Bologna. Quest’ultimo ha acquisito, durante la campagna ERO2010, 210 km di profili sismici ad alta risoluzione in un’area sotto-costa, posta tra i 2 e gli 8 metri di profondità. Il lavoro di tesi ha usufruito di una nuova strategia di analisi, la sismica ad alta risoluzione (Chirp sonar), che ha permesso di identificare ed esaminare l’architettura geologica riconoscibile nei profili ed approfondire la conoscenza dell’assetto sub-superficiale dei depositi, ampliando le conoscenze di base riguardanti la dinamica dei litorali. L’interpretazione dei dati disponibili è avvenuta seguendo differenti fasi di studio: la prima, più conoscitiva, ha previsto l’identificazione delle evidenze di erosione nelle aree in esame mediante l’analisi della variazione delle linee di riva, l’osservazione delle opere poste a difesa del litorale e lo studio dell’evoluzione delle principali foci. Nella fase successiva le facies identificate nei profili sismici sono state interpretate in base alle loro caratteristiche geometriche ed acustiche, identificando le principali strutture presenti e interpretando, sulla base delle informazioni storiche apprese e delle conoscenze geologiche a disposizione, i corpi sedimentari riconosciuti. I nuovi profili Chirp sonar hanno consentito la ricostruzione geologica mediante la correlazione dei dati a mare (database ISMAR-CNR, Bologna, Carta geologica dei mari italiani 1:250.000) con quelli disponibili a terra, quali Carta dell’evoluzione storica dei cordoni costieri (Servizio Geologico e Sismico dei Suoli, Bo) e Carta geologica 1:50.000 (Servizio Geologico d’Italia e Progetto CARG). La conoscenza dei termini naturali e antropici dello stato fisico dei sistemi costieri è il presupposto necessario per l'esecuzione di studi ambientali atti a una corretta gestione integrata della costa. L’analisi approfondita della geologia superficiale fornisce un’opportunità per migliorare il processo decisionale nella gestione dei litorali e nella scelta degli interventi da attuare sulla costa, che devono essere fatti consapevolmente considerando l’assetto geologico e prevedendo una strategia di manutenzione della costa a medio termine. Un singolo intervento di ripascimento produce effetti di breve durata e non sufficienti a sanare il problema e a mitigare il rischio costiero. Nei tratti costieri scarsamente alimentati, soggetti a persistenti fenomeni erosivi, occorre, pertanto, mettere in atto ripetuti interventi di ripascimento accompagnati da un idoneo piano di monitoraggio.

Il rimborso delle imposte percepite in violazione del diritto comunitario

La ricerca oggetto della tesi dottorale è condotta allo scopo di verificare gli effetti concreti del procedimento di integrazione tra l’ordinamento comunitario e quello dei singoli Stati nazionali, sulla base del studio del diritto del contribuente alla restituzione delle somme pagate a titolo di imposte anticomunitarie, nel contesto dell’evoluzione interpretativa del diritto al rimborso dell’indebito tributario comunitario operata dalla Corte di Giustizia. Il lavoro si articola in due parti, volte, la prima, ad indagare le ragioni dell’originalità comunitaria del diritto al rimborso; la seconda a verificarne l’effettività, sul presupposto di principio dell’astratta astratta inderogabilità della tutela restitutoria, nella consapevolezza di tutti i rimedi nazionali esperibili al fine della sua applicazione. Il primo capitolo è dedicato alla definizione del contenuto tipico del diritto alla restituzione dell’indebito tributario comunitario. La premessa da cui si muove – sul filo rosso dell’effettività e del primato comunitari - è quella della constatazione del nesso funzionale che lega tra loro la qualificazione della posizione giuridica del singolo in termini di diritto soggettivo ed il processo di istituzionalizzazione dei rapporti tra l’ordinamento comunitario e quello nazionale. Rilevano, in questo senso, l’originalità comunitaria e l’intangibilità del diritto al rimborso dell’indebito (che è strumento di legalità comunitaria, nella misura in cui consente di ripristinare l’ordine violato attraverso il pagamento delle sole imposte dovute). L’analisi si articola, nel secondo capitolo, sulla considerazione della mancanza di un sistema normativo comunitario che disciplini l’applicazione del diritto, con il conseguente rinvio al principio dell’autonomia procedurale e procedimentale degli Stati, nei limiti dell’equivalenza e dell’effettività comunitarie. Lo scopo è quello di individuare tutti i rimedi – sia amministrativi, sia giurisdizionali – esperibili, al fine di verificare la corretta proporzione tra l’effettività comunitaria e il grado di tutela del singolo. Sull’esame degli effetti (negativi e positivi) derivati in capo al contribuente dall’applicazione del diritto è incentrato il terzo capitolo, che tratta del rapporto tra le azioni restitutorie e risarcitorie, come proposto dalla giurisprudenza comunitaria, al fine di garantire massimamente l’effettività della tutela (giurisdizionale e sostanziale) del singolo. Attraverso lo strumento della giurisprudenza comunitaria si rileva il contrasto che tra l’esistenza del diritto originariamente ed originalmente comunitario al rimborso delle imposte indebitamente pagate (che connota autonomamente la figura del contribuente europeo) e l’insufficienza degli strumenti attuativi del diritto al fine di garantire l’effetto utile del diritto comunitario. Con la constatazione di un sistema operativo sostanzialmente difforme da quello ideato dalla giurisprudenza comunitaria e l’intenzione di dimostrare gli effetti dell’influenza dei principi comunitari sul diritto processuale e procedurale nazionale.

In situ real-time investigation of Organic Ultra-Thin-Film transistors: growth, electrical properties and biosensing applications

Organic electronics has grown enormously during the last decades driven by the encouraging results and the potentiality of these materials for allowing innovative applications, such as flexible-large-area displays, low-cost printable circuits, plastic solar cells and lab-on-a-chip devices. Moreover, their possible field of applications reaches from medicine, biotechnology, process control and environmental monitoring to defense and security requirements. However, a large number of questions regarding the mechanism of device operation remain unanswered. Along the most significant is the charge carrier transport in organic semiconductors, which is not yet well understood. Other example is the correlation between the morphology and the electrical response. Even if it is recognized that growth mode plays a crucial role into the performance of devices, it has not been exhaustively investigated. The main goal of this thesis was the finding of a correlation between growth modes, electrical properties and morphology in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). In order to study the thickness dependence of electrical performance in organic ultra-thin-film transistors, we have designed and developed a home-built experimental setup for performing real-time electrical monitoring and post-growth in situ electrical characterization techniques. We have grown pentacene TFTs under high vacuum conditions, varying systematically the deposition rate at a fixed room temperature. The drain source current IDS and the gate source current IGS were monitored in real-time; while a complete post-growth in situ electrical characterization was carried out. At the end, an ex situ morphological investigation was performed by using the atomic force microscope (AFM). In this work, we present the correlation for pentacene TFTs between growth conditions, Debye length and morphology (through the correlation length parameter). We have demonstrated that there is a layered charge carriers distribution, which is strongly dependent of the growth mode (i.e. rate deposition for a fixed temperature), leading to a variation of the conduction channel from 2 to 7 monolayers (MLs). We conciliate earlier reported results that were apparently contradictory. Our results made evident the necessity of reconsidering the concept of Debye length in a layered low-dimensional device. Additionally, we introduce by the first time a breakthrough technique. This technique makes evident the percolation of the first MLs on pentacene TFTs by monitoring the IGS in real-time, correlating morphological phenomena with the device electrical response. The present thesis is organized in the following five chapters. Chapter 1 makes an introduction to the organic electronics, illustrating the operation principle of TFTs. Chapter 2 presents the organic growth from theoretical and experimental points of view. The second part of this chapter presents the electrical characterization of OTFTs and the typical performance of pentacene devices is shown. In addition, we introduce a correcting technique for the reconstruction of measurements hampered by leakage current. In chapter 3, we describe in details the design and operation of our innovative home-built experimental setup for performing real-time and in situ electrical measurements. Some preliminary results and the breakthrough technique for correlating morphological and electrical changes are presented. Chapter 4 meets the most important results obtained in real-time and in situ conditions, which correlate growth conditions, electrical properties and morphology of pentacene TFTs. In chapter 5 we describe applicative experiments where the electrical performance of pentacene TFTs has been investigated in ambient conditions, in contact to water or aqueous solutions and, finally, in the detection of DNA concentration as label-free sensor, within the biosensing framework.

X-ray and lensing mass estimates in galaxy clusters

In this Thesis we have presented our work on the analysis of galaxy clusters through their X-ray emission and the gravitational lensing effect that they induce. Our research work was mainly finalised to verify and possibly explain the observed mismatch between the galaxy cluster mass distributions estimated through two of the most promising techniques, i.e. the X-ray and the gravitational lensing analyses. Moreover, it is an established evidence that combined, multi-wavelength analyses are extremely effective in addressing and explaining the open issues in astronomy: however, in order to follow this approach, it is crucial to test the reliability and the limitations of the individual analysis techniques. In this Thesis we also assessed the impact of some factors that could affect both the X-ray and the strong lensing analyses.