Yield of albedo flour and pectin content in the rind of yellow passion fruit

In this study, it was evaluated the influence of different shapes, sizes, and maturation stages on the yield of albedo flour and pectin content of yellow passion fruit rinds. Random samples of 40 fruits were used, and the data were compared using significance intervals at 5%. Weight, skin color, fruit size and shape, pulp yield, mesocarp thickness, amount of epicarp and mesocarp, moisture content, and pectin yield were determined. The maturation stages were defined according to measurements of the yellow color of the skin. The shape and size patterns were defined according to the length/width ratio (equatorial diameter) of fruits. It was found that the epicarp thickness was not correlated to fruit shape and size, but it was thicker in ripe fruits. The mesocarp was thiner in small ripe fruits, but it did not change with fruit shape. Pulp yield was higher in ripe fruits, and it was not influenced by shape and size of fruits. It was concluded that the content of albedo flour can account for 3.9% of the weight of processed fruits, whereas the amount of pectin powder can account for up to 0.9% of the fruit weight.

Characterization and development of marolo (Annona crassiflora, Mart.)

The objectives of this study was the physical, chemical, and physiological characterization of marolo (Annona crassiflora, Mart.) during its development. The fruits were harvested 12 Km off Itumirim, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, at 20-d intervals from anthesis to fruit maturity. The first fruits were harvested within 60 days. The total development of the fruit took 140 days starting from anthesis. At 140 days after anthesis, the fruit reached its maximum size, with mass of 1.380g, transverse diameter of 13.0 cm, and longitudinal diameter of 11.5 cm. During its development, the fruit showed increase in mass and in traverse and longitudinal diameters. The changes during maturation and ripening, such as: pH reduction and starch degradation, pectic solubilization, and increase in total sugars, soluble solids (ºB), respiratory rate (CO2), titratable acidity, vitamin C, and β-caroteno were observed from the 120th day of marolo development. A decrease in ability to sequester free radicals was observed up the 120th day, followed by an increase. The volatile compounds identified at the end of the development included the esters group only.

Crossflow microfiltration of sugarcane juice: effects of processing conditions and juice quality

Sugarcane juice with passion fruit pulp was clarified using microfiltration under different T (temperature), P (pressure), and V (tangential velocity). The effects of these processing parameters were evaluated applying a rotational central composite experimental design (RCCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The tests were performed at a filtration pilot plant using a polyamide hollow-fiber membrane with an average pore diameter of 0.4 µm and filtration area of 0.723 m². In addition, the resistances to the permeate flux during the microfiltration were investigated according to the series resistance. The final permeate flux ranged from 7.05 to 17.84 L·h- 1·m- 2. There was a rapid decline in flux (50%) in the initial stages of microfiltration. T and V were the major variables responsible for the flux increase. The concentration polarization showed the greatest influence on the flux decline, and highest values for the flux decline rate (λ) were found when low pressures were used. In the clarified juice there was a reduction in the contents of total solids, proteins, vitamin C, and acidity, while the soluble solids, pH, and ash contents did not change. Finally, membrane process could produce high quality filtered sugarcane juice with substantial flux and increased luminosity improving organoleptical properties.

Determinants of left ventricular mass as measured by Doppler echocardiography in pre-adolescents

This study examined factors contributing to the differences in left ventricular mass as measured by Doppler echocardiography in children. Fourteen boys (10.3 ± 0.3 years of age) and 1 1 girls (10.5 ± 0.4 years of age) participated in the study. Height and weight were measured, and relative body fat was determined from the measurement of skinfold thickness according to Slaughter et al. (1988). Lean Body Mass was then calculated by subtracting the fat mass from the total body mass. Sexual maturation was self-assessed using the stages of sexual maturation by Tanner (1962). Both pubic hair development and genital (penis or breast for boys and girls respectively) development were used to determine sexual maturation. Carotid Pulse pressure was assessed by applanation tomometry in the left carotid artery. Cardiac mass was measured by Doppler Echocardiography. Images of cardiac structures were taken using B-Mode and were then translated to M- Mode. The dimensions at the end diastole were obtained at the onset of the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram in a plane through a standard position. Measurements included: (a) the diameter of the left ventricle at the end diastole was measured from the septum edge to the endocardium mean border, (b) the posterior wall was measured as the distance from to anterior wall to the epicardium surface, and (c) the interventricular septum was quantified as the distance from the surface of the left ventricle border to the right ventricle septum surface. Systolic time measurements were taken at the peak of the T-wave of the electrocardiogram. Each measurement was taken three to five times before averaging. Average values were used to calculate cardiac mass using the following equation (Deveraux et al. 1986). Weekly physical activity metabolic equivalent was calculated using a standardize activity questionnaire (Godin and Shepard, 1985) and peakV02 was measured on a cycloergometer. There were no significant differences in cardiovascular mesurements between boys and girls. Left ventricular mass was correlated (p<0.05) with size, maturation, peakV02 and physical activity metabolic equivalent. In boys, lean body mass alone explained 36% of the variance in left ventricular mass while weight was the single strongest predictor of left ventricular mass (R =0.80) in girls. Lean body mass, genital developemnt and physical activity metabolic equivalent together explained 46% and 81% in boys and girls, respectively. However, the combination of lean body mass, genital development and peakV02 (ml kgLBM^ min"') explained up to 84% of the variance in left ventricular mass in girls, but added nothing in boys. It is concluded that left ventricular mass was not statistically different between pre-adolescent boys and girls suggesting that hormonal, and therefore, body size changes in adolescence have a main effect on cardiac development and its final outcome. Although body size parameters were the strongest correlates of left ventricular mass in this pre-adolescent group of children, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report that sexual maturation, as well as physical activity and fitness, are also strong associated with left ventricular mass in pre-adolescents, especially young females. Arterial variables, such as systolic blood pressure and carotid pulse pressure, are not strong determinants of left ventricular mass in this pre-adolescent group. In general, these data suggest that although there is no gender differences in the absolute values of left ventricular mass, as children grow, the factors that determine cardiac mass differ between the genders, even in the same pre-adolescent age.

Textual characteristics of coarse sediments in selected streams of the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario

The streams flowing through the Niagara Escarpment are paved by coarse carbonate and sandstone sediments which have originated from the escarpment units and can be traced downstream from their source. Fifty-nine sediment samples were taken from five streams, over distances of 3,000 to 10,000 feet (915 to 3050 m), to determine downstream changes in sediment composition, textural characteristics and sorting. In addition, fluorometric velocity measurements were used in conjunction with measured -discharge and flow records to estimate the frequency of sediment movement. The frequency of sediments of a given lithology changes downstream in direct response to the outcrop position of the formations in the channels. Clasts derived from a single stratigraphic unit usually reach a maximum frequency within the first 1,000 feet (305 m) of transport. Sediments derived from formations at the top of waterfalls reach a modal frequency farther downstream than material originating at the base of waterfalls. Downstream variations in sediment size over the lengths of the study reaches reflect the changes in channel morphology and lithologic composition of the sediment samples. Linear regression analyses indicate that there is a decrease in the axial lengths between the intial and final samples and that the long axis decreases in length more rapidly than the intermediate, while the short axis remains almost constant. Carbonate sediments from coarse-grained, fossiliferous units - iii - are more variable in size than fine-grained dolostones and sandstones. The average sphericity for carbonates and sandstones increases from 0.65 to 0.67, while maximum projection sphericity remains nearly constant with an average value of 0.52. Pebble roundness increases more rapidly than either of the sphericity parameters and the sediments change from subrounded to rounded. The Hjulstrom diagram indicates that the velocities required to initiate transport of sediments with an average intermediate diameter of 10 cm range from 200 cm/s to 300 cm/s (6.6 ft./sec. to 9.8 ft./sec.). From the modal velocitydischarge relations, the flows corresponding to these velocities are greater than 3,500 cfs (99 m3s). These discharges occur less than 0.01 p~r cent (0.4 days) of the time and correspond to a discharge occurring during the spring flood.

Acyclic 5-Choosability of Planar Graphs Without Adjacent Short Cycles

The conjecture claiming that every planar graph is acyclic 5-choosable[Borodin et al., 2002] has been verified for several restricted classes of planargraphs. Recently, O. V. Borodin and A. O. Ivanova, [Journal of Graph Theory,68(2), October 2011, 169-176], have shown that a planar graph is acyclically 5-choosable if it does not contain an i-cycle adjacent to a j-cycle, where 3<=j<=5 if i=3 and 4<=j<=6 if i=4. We improve the above mentioned result and prove that every planar graph without an i-cycle adjacent to a j-cycle with3<=j<=5 if i=3 and 4<=j<=5 if i=4 is acyclically 5-choosable.

Biogenesis of the C. elegans germline syncytium: from nucleation to maturation

La vie commence par la fusion des gamètes pour générer un zygote, dans lequel les constituants à la fois de l'ovocyte et des spermatozoïdes sont partagés au sein d'un syncytium. Le syncytium consiste en des cellules ou tissus dans lesquels des cellules nucléées individuelles distinctes partagent un cytoplasme commun. Alors que l’avantage du syncytium durant la fécondation est tout à fait évident, les syncytia se produisent également dans de nombreux contextes de développement différents dans les plantes, les champignons et dans le règne animal, des insectes aux humains, pour des raisons qui ne sont pas immédiatement évidentes. Par exemple, la lignée germinale de nombreuses espèces de vertébrés et d'invertébrés, des insectes aux humains, présente une structure syncytiale, suggérant que les syncytia constituent des phases conservées de développement de la lignée germinale. Malgré la prévalence commune des syncytia, ces derniers ont cependant confondu les scientifiques depuis des décennies avec des questions telles que la façon dont ils sont formés et maintenus en concurrence avec leurs homologues diploïdes, et quels sont les avantages et les inconvénients qu'ils apportent. Cette thèse va décrire l'utilisation de la lignée germinale syncytiale de C. elegans afin d'approfondir notre compréhension de l'architecture, la fonction et le mode de formation des tissus syncytiaux. Les cellules germinales (CGs) dans la lignée germinale de C. elegans sont interconnectées les unes aux autres par l'intermédiaire de structures appelées des anneaux de CG. En utilisant l'imagerie des cellules vivantes, nous avons d'abord analysé l'architecture syncytiale de la lignée germinale au long du développement et démontré que la maturation de l'anneau de CG se produit progressivement au cours de la croissance des larves et que les anneaux de CG sont composés de myosine II, de l'anilline canonique ANI-1, et de la courte isoforme d’anilline ANI-2, qui n'a pas les domaines de liaison à l’actine et à la myosine, depuis le premier stade larvaire, L1. Parmi les composants de l'anneau de CG, ANI-2 est exprimé au cours du développement et exclusivement enrichi entre les deux CGs primordiales (CGPs) au cours de l'embryogenèse de C. elegans, indiquant qu’ANI-2 est un composant bona fide des anneaux de CG. Nous avons en outre montré que les anneaux de CG sont largement absents dans les animaux mutants pour ani-2, montrant que leur maintien repose sur l'activité d'ANI-2. Contrairement à cela, nous avons trouvé que la déplétion d’ANI-1 a augmenté à la fois le diamètre des anneaux de CG et la largeur du rachis. Fait intéressant, la déplétion d’ANI-1 dans les mutants d’ani-2 a sauvé les défauts d'anneaux de CG des gonades déficientes en ani-2, ce qui suggère que l'architecture syncytiale de la lignée germinale de C. elegans repose sur un équilibre de l'activité de ces deux protéines Anilline. En outre, nous avons montré que lors de leur entrée à l'âge adulte, les mutants ani-2 présentent de sévères défauts de multinucléation des CGs qui découlent de l'effondrement des membranes de séparation des CGs individuelles. Cette multinucléation a coïncidé avec le début de la diffusion cytoplasmique, dont le blocage réduit la multinucléation des gonades mutantes pour ani-2, suggérant que les anneaux de CG résistent au stress mécanique associé au processus de diffusion cytoplasmique. En accord avec cela, nous avons trouvé aussi que la gonade peut soutenir la déformation élastique en réponse au stress mécanique et que cette propriété repose sur la malléabilité des anneaux de CGs. Dans une étude séparée afin de comprendre le mécanisme de formation du syncytium, nous avons suivi la dynamique de division de la cellule précurseur de la lignée germinale, P4 en deux CGP dans l’embryon de C. elegans. Nous avons démontré que les CGPs commencent la cytocinèse de manière similaire aux cellules somatiques, en formant un sillon de clivage, qui migre correctement et transforme ainsi l'anneau contractile en anneau de « midbody ring » (MBR), une structure qui relie de manière transitoire les cellules en division. Malgré cela, les CGPs, contrairement à leurs homologues somatiques, ne parviennent pas à accomplir la dernière étape de la cytocinèse, qui est la libération abscission-dépendante du MBR. Au lieu de cela, le MBR persiste à la frontière entre les CGPs en division et subit une réorganisation et une maturation pour se transformer finalement en structures en forme d'anneau qui relient les cellules en division. Nous montrons en outre que les composants du MB/MBR; UNC-59Septin, CYK-7, ZEN-4Mklp1, RHO-1RhoA sont localisés à des anneaux de CG au long du développement de la lignée germinale du stade L1 à l'âge adulte, ce qui suggère que les anneaux de CG sont dérivés des MBR. Bien qu'il reste encore beaucoup à faire pour comprendre pleinement le mécanisme précis de la formation du syncytium, le maintien, ainsi que la fonction du syncytium, nos résultats appuient un modèle dans lequel la stabilisation du MBR et la cytocinèse incomplète pourraient être une option conservée dans l’évolution pour la formation du syncytium. En outre, notre travail démontre que les régulateurs de la contractilité peuvent jouer un rôle dans la maturation et l’élasticité de l'anneau de CG au cours du développement de la lignée germinale, fournissant un ajout précieux pour une plus ample compréhension de la syncytiogenèse et de sa fonction.

Synthesis of High Coercivity Core–Shell Nanorods Based on Nickel and Cobalt and Their Magnetic Properties

Hybrid magnetic nanostructures with high coercivity have immense application potential in various fields. Nickel (Ni) electrodeposited inside Cobalt (Co) nanotubes (a new system named Ni @ Co nanorods) were fabricated using a two-step potentiostatic electrodeposition method. Ni @ Co nanorods were crystalline, and they have an average diameter of 150 nm and length of *15 lm. The X-ray diffraction studies revealed the existence of two separate phases corresponding to Ni and Co. Ni @ Co nanorods exhibited a very high longitudinal coercivity. The general mobility-assisted growth mechanism proposed for the growth of one-dimensional nanostructures inside nano porous alumina during potentiostatic electrodeposition is found to be valid in this case too

On the synthesis and magnetic properties of multiwall carbon nanotube– superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle nanocomposites

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) possessing an average inner diameter of 150 nm were synthesized by template assisted chemical vapor deposition over an alumina template. Aqueous ferrofluid based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) was prepared by a controlled co-precipitation technique, and this ferrofluid was used to fill the MWCNTs by nanocapillarity. The filling of nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by electron microscopy. Selected area electron diffraction indicated the presence of iron oxide and graphitic carbon from MWCNTs. The magnetic phase transition during cooling of the MWCNT–SPION composite was investigated by low temperature magnetization studies and zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled experiments. The ZFC curve exhibited a blocking at ∼110 K. A peculiar ferromagnetic ordering exhibited by the MWCNT–SPION composite above room temperature is because of the ferromagnetic interaction emanating from the clustering of superparamagnetic particles in the constrained volume of an MWCNT. This kind of MWCNT–SPION composite can be envisaged as a good agent for various biomedical applications

Content aggregation on knowledge bases using graph clustering

Recently, research projects such as PADLR and SWAP have developed tools like Edutella or Bibster, which are targeted at establishing peer-to-peer knowledge management (P2PKM) systems. In such a system, it is necessary to obtain provide brief semantic descriptions of peers, so that routing algorithms or matchmaking processes can make decisions about which communities peers should belong to, or to which peers a given query should be forwarded. This paper proposes the use of graph clustering techniques on knowledge bases for that purpose. Using this clustering, we can show that our strategy requires up to 58% fewer queries than the baselines to yield full recall in a bibliographic P2PKM scenario.

Preparation and applications of periodical gold nanoparticle arrays

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung und Anwendungen von periodischen Goldnanopartikel-Arrays (PPAs), die mit Hilfe von Nanosphären-Lithografie hergestellt wurden. In Abhängigkeit der verwendeten Nanosphären-Größe wurden dabei entweder kleine dreieckige Nanopartikel (NP) (bei Verwendung von Nanosphären mit einem Durchmesser von 330 nm) oder große dreieckige NPD sowie leicht gestreckte NP (bei Verwendung von Nanosphären mit einem Durchmesser von 1390 nm) hergestellt. Die Charakterisierung der PPAs erfolgte mit Hilfe von Rasterkraftmikroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und optischer Spektroskopie. Die kleinen NP besitzen ein Achsverhältnis (AV) von 2,47 (Kantenlänge des NPs: (74+/-6) nm, Höhe: (30+/-4) nm. Die großen dreieckigen NP haben ein AV von 3 (Kantenlänge des NPs:(465+/-27) nm, Höhe: (1530+/-10) nm) und die leicht gestreckten NP (die aufgrund der Ausbildung von Doppelschichten ebenfalls auf der gleichen Probe erzeugt wurden) haben eine Länge von (364+/-16)nm, eine Breite von (150+/-20) nm und eine Höhe von (150+/-10)nm. Die optischen Eigenschaften dieser NP werden durch lokalisierte Oberflächenplasmon-Polariton Resonanzen (LPPRs) dominiert, d.h. von einem eingestrahlten elektromagnetischen Feld angeregte kollektive Schwingungen der Leitungsbandelektronen. In dieser Arbeit wurden drei signifikante Herausforderungen für Plasmonik-Anwendungen bearbeitet, welche die einzigartigen optischen Eigenschaften dieser NP ausnutzen. Erstens wurden Ergebnisse der selektiven und präzisen Größenmanipulation und damit einer Kontrolle der interpartikulären Abstände von den dreieckigen Goldnanopartikel mit Hilfe von ns-gepulstem Laserlicht präsentiert. Die verwendete Methode basiert hierbei auf der Größen- und Formabhängigkeit der LPPRs der NP. Zweitens wurde die sensorischen Fähigkeiten von Gold-NP ausgenutzt, um die Bildung von molekularen Drähten auf den PPAs durch schrittweise Zugabe von unterschiedlichen molekularen Spezies zu untersuchen. Hierbei wurde die Verschiebung der LSPPR in den optischen Spektren dazu ausgenutzt, die Bildung der Nanodrähte zu überwachen. Drittens wurden Experimente vorgestellt, die sich die lokale Feldverstärkung von NP zu nutze machen, um eine hochgeordnete Nanostrukturierung von Oberflächen mittels fs-gepulstem Laserlicht zu bewerkstelligen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass neben der verwendeten Fluenz die Polarisationsrichtung des eingestrahlten Laserlichts in Bezug zu der NP-Orientierung sowie die Größe der NP äußerst wichtige Parameter für die Nanostrukturierung darstellen. So konnten z.B. Nanolöcher erzeugt werden, die bei höheren Fluenzen zu Nanogräben und Nanokanälen zusammen wuchsen. Zusammengefasst lässt sich sagen, dass die in dieser Arbeit gewonnen Ergebnisse von enormer Wichtigkeit für weitere Anwendungen sind.

Punching Shear Behavior of UHPC Flat Slabs

At the Institute of Structural Engineering of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kassel University, series tests of slab-column connection were carried out, subjected to concentrated punching load. The effects of steel fiber content, concrete compressive strength, tension reinforcement ratio, size effect, and yield stress of tension reinforcement were studied by testing a total of six UHPC slabs and one normal strength concrete slab. Based on experimental results; all the tested slabs failed in punching shear as a type of failure, except the UHPC slab without steel fiber which failed due to splitting of concrete cover. The post ultimate load-deformation behavior of UHPC slabs subjected to punching load shows harmonic behavior of three stages; first, drop of load-deflection curve after reaching maximum load, second, resistance of both steel fibers and tension reinforcement, and third, pure tension reinforcement resistance. The first shear crack of UHPC slabs starts to open at a load higher than that of normal strength concrete slabs. Typically, the diameter of the punching cone for UHPC slabs on the tension surface is larger than that of NSC slabs and the location of critical shear crack is far away from the face of the column. The angle of punching cone for NSC slabs is larger than that of UHPC slabs. For UHPC slabs, the critical perimeter is proposed and located at 2.5d from the face of the column. The final shape of the punching cone is completed after the tension reinforcement starts to yield and the column stub starts to penetrate through the slab. A numerical model using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for UHPC slabs is presented. Also some variables effect on punching shear is demonstrated by a parametric study. A design equation for UHPC slabs under punching load is presented and shown to be applicable for a wide range of parametric variations; in the ranges between 40 mm to 300 mm in slab thickness, 0.1 % to 2.9 % in tension reinforcement ratio, 150 MPa to 250 MPa in compressive strength of concrete and 0.1 % to 2 % steel fiber content. The proposed design equation of UHPC slabs is modified to include HSC and NSC slabs without steel fiber, and it is checked with the test results from earlier researches.

The influence of viscous and latent heating on crystal-rich magma flow in a conduit

The flow dynamics of crystal-rich high-viscosity magma is likely to be strongly influenced by viscous and latent heat release. Viscous heating is observed to play an important role in the dynamics of fluids with temperature-dependent viscosities. The growth of microlite crystals and the accompanying release of latent heat should play a similar role in raising fluid temperatures. Earlier models of viscous heating in magmas have shown the potential for unstable (thermal runaway) flow as described by a Gruntfest number, using an Arrhenius temperature dependence for the viscosity, but have not considered crystal growth or latent heating. We present a theoretical model for magma flow in an axisymmetric conduit and consider both heating effects using Finite Element Method techniques. We consider a constant mass flux in a 1-D infinitesimal conduit segment with isothermal and adiabatic boundary conditions and Newtonian and non-Newtonian magma flow properties. We find that the growth of crystals acts to stabilize the flow field and make the magma less likely to experience a thermal runaway. The additional heating influences crystal growth and can counteract supercooling from degassing-induced crystallization and drive the residual melt composition back towards the liquidus temperature. We illustrate the models with results generated using parameters appropriate for the andesite lava dome-forming eruption at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. These results emphasize the radial variability of the magma. Both viscous and latent heating effects are shown to be capable of playing a significant role in the eruption dynamics of Soufriere Hills Volcano. Latent heating is a factor in the top two kilometres of the conduit and may be responsible for relatively short-term (days) transients. Viscous heating is less restricted spatially, but because thermal runaway requires periods of hundreds of days to be achieved, the process is likely to be interrupted. Our models show that thermal evolution of the conduit walls could lead to an increase in the effective diameter of flow and an increase in flux at constant magma pressure.

Non-invasive imaging of roots with high resolution X-ray micro-tomography

ray micro-tomography is a well-established technique for non-invasive imaging and evaluation of heterogeneous materials. An inexpensive X-ray micro-tomography system has been designed and built for the specific purposes of examining root growth and root/soil interactions. The system uses a silver target X-ray source with a focal spot diameter of 80 mum, an X-ray image intensifier with a sampling aperture of about 100 mum, and a sample with a diameter of 25 mm. Pre-germinated wheat and rape seeds were grown for up to 8-10 days in plastic containers in a sandy loam soil sieved to < 250 μm, and imaged with the X-ray system at regular intervals. The quality of 3 D image obtained was good allowing the development and growth of both root axes and some first-order laterals to be observed. The satisfactory discrimination between soil and roots enabled measurements of root diameter (wheat values were 0.48-1.22 mm) in individual tomographic slices and, by tracking from slice to slice, root lengths were also measured. The measurements obtained were generally within 10% of those obtained from destructive samples measured manually and with a flat-bed scanner. Further developments of the system will allow more detailed examination of the root: soil interface.

An X-ray micro-tomography system optimised for the low-dose study of living organisms

An X-ray micro-tomography system has been designed that is dedicated to the low-dose imaging of radiation sensitive living organisms and has been used to image the early development of the first few days of plant development immediately after germination. The system is based on third-generation X-ray micro-tomography system and consists of an X-ray tube, two-dimensional X-ray detector and a mechanical sample manipulation stage. The X-ray source is a 50 kVp X-ray tube with a silver target with a filter to centre the X-ray spectrum on 22 keV.A 100 mm diameter X-ray image intensifier (XRII) is used to collect the two-dimensional projection images. The rotation tomography table incorporates a linear translation mechanism to eliminate ring artefact that is commonly associated with third-generation tomography systems' Developing maize seeds (Triticum aestivum) have been imaged using the system with a cubic voxel linear dimension of 100 mum, over a diameter of 25 mm and the root lengths and volumes measured. The X-ray dose to the plants was also assessed and found to have no effect on the plant root development. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.