Serum sCD163 levels are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and are influenced by coffee and wine consumption: results of the Di@bet.es study.

OBJECTIVE Serum levels of soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and its scavenger receptor CD163 (sCD163) have been linked to insulin resistance. We analysed the usefulness of these cytokines as biomarkers of type 2 diabetes in a Spanish cohort, together with their relationship to food consumption in the setting of the Di@bet.es study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional, matched case-control study of 514 type 2 diabetes subjects and 517 controls with a Normal Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (NOGTT), using data from the Di@bet.es study. Study variables included clinical and demographic structured survey, food frequency questionnaire and physical examination. Serum concentrations of sTWEAK and sCD163 were measured by ELISA. Linear regression analysis determined which variables were related to sTWEAK and sCD163 levels. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odd ratios of presenting type 2 diabetes. RESULTS sCD163 concentrations and sCD163/sTWEAK ratio were 11.0% and 15.0% higher, respectively, (P<0.001) in type 2 diabetes than in controls. Following adjustment for various confounders, the OR for presenting type 2 diabetes in subjects in the highest vs the lowest tertile of sCD163 was [(OR), 2,01 (95%CI, 1,46-2,97); P for trend <0.001]. Coffee and red wine consumption was negatively associated with serum levels of sCD163 (P = 0.0001 and; P = 0.002 for coffee and red wine intake, respectively). CONCLUSIONS High circulating levels of sCD163 are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Spanish population. The association between coffee and red wine intake and these biomarkers deserves further study to confirm its potential role in type 2 diabetes.

Lack of correlation between the optimal glycaemic control and coronary micro vascular dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus: a cross sectional study.

Background Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is associated with cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Optimal glycaemic control does not always preclude future events. We sought to assess the effect of the current target of HBA1c level on the coronary microcirculatory function and identify predictive factors for CMD in T2DM patients. Methods We studied 100 patients with T2DM and 214 patients without T2DM. All of them with a history of chest pain, non-obstructive angiograms and a direct assessment of coronary blood flow increase in response to adenosine and acetylcholine coronary infusion, for evaluation of endothelial independent and dependent CMD. Patients with T2DM were categorized as having optimal (HbA1c < 7 %) vs. suboptimal (HbA1c ≥ 7 %) glycaemic control at the time of catheterization. Results Baseline characteristics and coronary endothelial function parameters differed significantly between T2DM patients and control group. The prevalence of endothelial independent CMD (29.8 vs. 39.6 %, p = 0.40) and dependent CMD (61.7 vs. 62.2 %, p = 1.00) were similar in patients with optimal vs. suboptimal glycaemic control. Age (OR 1.10; CI 95 % 1.04–1.18; p < 0.001) and female gender (OR 3.87; CI 95 % 1.45–11.4; p < 0.01) were significantly associated with endothelial independent CMD whereas glomerular filtrate (OR 0.97; CI 95 % 0.95–0.99; p < 0.05) was significantly associated with endothelial dependent CMD. The optimal glycaemic control was not associated with endothelial independent (OR 0.60, CI 95 % 0.23–1.46; p 0.26) or dependent CMD (OR 0.99, CI 95 % 0.43–2.24; p = 0.98). Conclusions The current target of HBA1c level does not predict a better coronary microcirculatory function in T2DM patients. The appropriate strategy for prevention of CMD in T2DM patients remains to be addressed. Keywords: Endothelial dysfunction; Diabetes mellitus; Coronary microcirculation

Patients' and physicians' preferences for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatments in Spain and Portugal: a discrete choice experiment.

OBJECTIVE To assess Spanish and Portuguese patients' and physicians' preferences regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatments and the monthly willingness to pay (WTP) to gain benefits or avoid side effects. METHODS An observational, multicenter, exploratory study focused on routine clinical practice in Spain and Portugal. Physicians were recruited from multiple hospitals and outpatient clinics, while patients were recruited from eleven centers operating in the public health care system in different autonomous communities in Spain and Portugal. Preferences were measured via a discrete choice experiment by rating multiple T2DM medication attributes. Data were analyzed using the conditional logit model. RESULTS Three-hundred and thirty (n=330) patients (49.7% female; mean age 62.4 [SD: 10.3] years, mean T2DM duration 13.9 [8.2] years, mean body mass index 32.5 [6.8] kg/m(2), 41.8% received oral + injected medication, 40.3% received oral, and 17.6% injected treatments) and 221 physicians from Spain and Portugal (62% female; mean age 41.9 [SD: 10.5] years, 33.5% endocrinologists, 66.5% primary-care doctors) participated. Patients valued avoiding a gain in bodyweight of 3 kg/6 months (WTP: €68.14 [95% confidence interval: 54.55-85.08]) the most, followed by avoiding one hypoglycemic event/month (WTP: €54.80 [23.29-82.26]). Physicians valued avoiding one hypoglycemia/week (WTP: €287.18 [95% confidence interval: 160.31-1,387.21]) the most, followed by avoiding a 3 kg/6 months gain in bodyweight and decreasing cardiovascular risk (WTP: €166.87 [88.63-843.09] and €154.30 [98.13-434.19], respectively). Physicians and patients were willing to pay €125.92 (73.30-622.75) and €24.28 (18.41-30.31), respectively, to avoid a 1% increase in glycated hemoglobin, and €143.30 (73.39-543.62) and €42.74 (23.89-61.77) to avoid nausea. CONCLUSION Both patients and physicians in Spain and Portugal are willing to pay for the health benefits associated with improved diabetes treatment, the most important being to avoid hypoglycemia and gaining weight. Decreased cardiovascular risk and weight reduction became the third most valued attributes for physicians and patients, respectively.

Prevenção de úlceras nos membros inferiores em pacientes com diabetes mellitus

Este artigo de atualização discute os riscos para o desenvolvimento de úlceras em membros inferiores a que os pacientes com diabetes mellitus estão expostos, ao longo da vida. A patogênese das úlceras diabéticas é enfocada com o objetivo de dar subsídios ao enfermeiro para avaliar a capacidade de manutenção da integridade cutânea e adequar as medidas preventivas necessárias.

Structural alterations of the coronary arterial wall are associated with myocardial flow heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), coronary artery calcification (CAC), and myocardial blood flow (MBF) at rest and during vasomotor stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: In 68 individuals, carotid IMT was measured using high-resolution vascular ultrasound, while the presence of CAC was determined with electron beam tomography (EBT). Global and regional MBF was determined in milliliters per gram per minute with (13)N-ammonia and positron emission tomography (PET) at rest, during cold pressor testing (CPT), and during adenosine (ADO) stimulation. RESULTS: There was neither a relationship between carotid IMT and CAC (r = 0.10, p = 0.32) nor between carotid IMT and coronary circulatory function in response to CPT and during ADO (r = -0.18, p = 0.25 and r = 0.10, p = 0.54, respectively). In 33 individuals, EBT detected CAC with a mean Agatston-derived calcium score of 44 +/- 18. There was a significant difference in regional MBFs between territories with and without CAC at rest and during ADO-stimulated hyperemia (0.69 +/- 0.24 vs. 0.74 +/- 0.23 and 1.82 +/- 0.50 vs. 1.95 +/- 0.51 ml/g/min; p < or = 0.05, respectively) and also during CPT in DM but less pronounced (0.81 +/- 0.24 vs. 0.83 +/- 0.23 ml/g/min; p = ns). The increase in CAC was paralleled with a progressive regional decrease in resting as well as in CPT- and ADO-related MBFs (r = -0.36, p < or = 0.014; r = -0.46, p < or = 0.007; and r = -0.33, p < or = 0.041, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The absence of any correlation between carotid IMT and coronary circulatory function in type 2 DM suggests different features and stages of early atherosclerosis in the peripheral and coronary circulation. PET-measured MBF heterogeneity at rest and during vasomotor stress may reflect downstream fluid dynamic effects of coronary artery disease (CAD)-related early structural alterations of the arterial wall.

Avaliação de dois esquemas de monitorização domiciliar em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 1

O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a efetividade de esquemas de monitorização domiciliar sangüíneo e urinário, na obtenção de adequado controle glicêmico, em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 1, em regime quinzenal de ajuste terapêutico; durante 6 meses de participação em grupos educativos. A amostra foi de 34 pacientes divididos em dois grupos. Os pacientes do grupo A realizaram monitorização domiciliar da glicemia capilar 1 vez ao dia e os do grupo B realizaram monitorização domiciliar da glicosúria 1 vez ao dia, conforme esquemas preconizados. Estes esquemas possibilitaram construção de perfis e de ajustes terapêuticos. Os resultados mostraram que o uso sistemático dos testes domiciliares sangúíneos e urinários da forma prescrita, não proporcionou melhora significante no controle metabólico em nenhum dos dois grupos. Entretanto, favoreceu o processo educativo e possibilitou reflexões sobre a necessidade de intensificação da monitorização glicêmica.

Caracterização dos perfis glicêmicos domiciliares como estratégia para os ajustes insulinoterápicos em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 1

O artigo tem como objetivo principal caracterizar os perfis glicêmicos domiciliares de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo1, a partir de um esquema de monitorização proposto, e adotá-los como estratégia de ajuste nas doses de insulina. Foram realizados 3259 testes, 781 antes do café, 752 antes do almoço, 765 antes do jantar, 740 antes de deitar e 221 pela madrugada. A média das glicemias nestes períodos ultrapassaram os limites superiores satisfatórios em 6,87%, 3,83%, 11,37%, 30,50% e 19,28% respectivamente. Estes dados forneceram subsídios para ajustes nos esquemas insulinoterápicos. Os níveis HbA1c não mudaram de forma significante com os ajustes realizados porém, foram mantidos em 10%.

Elevada prevalença d’hipovitaminosi D en pacients amb diabetis mellitus tipus 2: relació amb la ingesta de vitamina D i el temps d’exposició solar

Objectius: Estimar la prevalença del dèficit de VitD en pacients amb DM2; avaluar el compliment de les IDR per la VitD; valorar la influència d’aquest compliment i de l’exposició solar en la 25-OH-D3 i la PTHi. Mètodes: 70 pacients. Es va estimar l’exposició solar i la ingesta de VitD. Es van determinar paràmetres del metabolisme fosfo-càlcic i del control glucèmic. Resultats: El 95,8% presentaven hipovitaminosi D, i el 14,8% una PTHi elevada. La majoria no van assolir el compliment de les IDR. La 25-OH-D3 es va correlacionar amb la PTHi però no amb la ingesta de VitD ni l’exposició solar.

Unitat per a la detecció de complicacions cròniques en pacients amb Diabetis Mellitus

Des de l’estudi UKPDS s’accepta que el 50% de pacients diabètics presenten alguna complicació crònica al moment del diagnòstic. L’objectiu del treball és determinar la prevalença i incidència de complicacions cròniques de la diabetis. Van participar 460 pacients realitzant un cribatge de les complicacions cròniques micro i macrovasculars en una única visita. La prevalença de complicacions cròniques va ser del 57% i la incidència d’un 35.4%. Els pacients diagnosticats d’alguna complicació nova eren més hipertensos, dislipèmics, i presentaven una edat més avançada i un índex de massa corporal (IMC) més elevat comparat amb els pacients amb complicacions ja diagnosticades prèviament.

Dèficit de vitamina D i malaltia cardiovascular asimptomàtica en el pacient amb Diabetis Mellitus tipus 1.

La coronariopatia diabètica podria relacionar-se amb el dèficit de vitamina D. El nostre estudi compara les concentracions sanguínies de la vitamina i dues proves de detecció d’isquèmia silent en pacients diabètics tipus1 asimptomàtics respecte un grup control. Els diabètics i els fumadors actius presentaren un major dèficit de vitamina respecte els controls i els no fumadors. No es detectaren diferències entre casos i controls ni entre deficitaris i no deficitaris en els resultats de les proves cardiovasculars. Concloem que els diabètics tipus1 presenten major dèficit de vitamina D sense associar-se a una major proporció de coronariopatia silent.

Postmortem diagnosis of unsuspected diabetes mellitus.

Vitreous glucose, blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and glycated hemoglobin were systematically measured in a series of 500 medico-legal autopsies in order to characterize the glycemic control during the weeks preceding death and identify ketoacidosis as the cause of death in diagnosed and unsuspected diabetics. Unenhanced CT-scans, histology and toxicology were performed in all cases. 16 cases of diabetic ketoacidosis were identified based on the results of all investigations. Among those, 13 cases concerned individuals with pre-existing diagnoses of diabetes mellitus whereas 3 cases concerned individuals with undiagnosed diabetes. A recent cocaine use was observed in 2 cases. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 were measured and proved to be increased in all cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, whereas markers of generalized, bacterial infection and sepsis were normal in most of these cases. The results of this study highlight the usefulness of systematically performing biochemistry to identify ketoacidosis in unsuspected diabetics. It also emphasizes the role of toxicology and biochemistry to support the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis and delineate the pathophysiological mechanisms that may disrupt the metabolic balance and finally lead to death in diabetic individuals.

O manejo da cetoacidose em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus : subsídios para a prática clínica de enfermagem

A cetoacidose diabética é uma condição aguda e grave que se desenvolve predominantemente em pacientes com Diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 e é induzida pela deficiência relativa ou absoluta de insulina. Ocorre comumente em associação a situações de estresse, que elevam os níveis dos hormônios contra-reguladores e constitui importante emergência clínica, que requer intervenções imediatas e efetivas. Assim, pretende-se, por meio deste artigo, com base na fisiopatologia e nas manifestações clínicas, fornecer subsídios para a prática clínica de enfermagem no manejo da cetoacidose diabética.

Reutilização de seringas descartáveis no domicílio de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus

O fornecimento inadequado ou insuficiente de medicações e materiais para aplicar insulina, leva às famílias a adotarem estratégias variadas, como a prática de reutilização de seringas na tentativa de minimizar os custos com a doença. Objetivos: avaliar a prática de preparo e aplicação de insulina, evidenciar alterações freqüentes nos locais de aplicação de insulina. Este estudo foi comparativo, transversal, com 199 crianças e adolescentes diabéticos do Ambulatório do Instituto da Criança de São Paulo. Dividiu-se em Grupo A que reutiliza seringas descartáveis e Grupo B não as reutiliza. Estratégia comum foi o reencape da agulha sem limpeza prévia, guarda dentro ou fora da geladeira em recipiente fechado. Maior queixa foi a dor. O Hospital e o enfermeiro foram os responsáveis pela orientação dessa prática.

Essstörungen bei Adipositas und Diabetes mellitus [Eating disorders associated with obesity and diabetes].

Binge eating disorder is one of the most frequent comorbid mental disorders associated with overweight and obesity. Binge eating disorder patients often suffer from other mental disorders and longitudinal studies indicate a continuous weight gain during the long-term course. As in other eating disorders gender is a risk factor, but the proportion of male binge eating disorder patients is surprisingly high.In young women with type 1 diabetes the prevalence of subclinical types of bulimia nervosa is increased. In addition, insulin purging as a characteristic compensatory behavior in young diabetic women poses a considerable problem. In patients with type 1 diabetes, disturbed eating and eating disorders are characterized by insufficient metabolic control and early development of late diabetic sequelae. Patients with type 2 diabetes are often overweight or obese. Binge eating disorder does not occur more frequently in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy persons. However, the comorbidity of binge eating disorder and diabetes type 2 is associated with weight gain and insulin resistance. Especially in young diabetic patients a screening procedure for disturbed eating or eating disorders seems to be necessary. Comorbid patients should be offered psychotherapy.