914 resultados para DNA methylation, Epigenetics, Caulobacter crescentus


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Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus are small, vibroid, predatory bacteria that grow within the periplasmic space of a host Gram-negative bacterium. The intermediate-filament (IF)-like protein crescentin is a member of a broad class of IF-like, coiled-coil-repeat-proteins (CCRPs), discovered in Caulobacter crescentus, where it contributes to the vibroid cell shape. The B. bacteriovorus genome has a single ccrp gene encoding a protein with an unusually long, stutter-free, coiled-coil prediction; the inactivation of this did not alter the vibriod cell shape, but caused cell deformations, visualized as chiselled insets or dents, near the cell poles and a general 'creased' appearance, under the negative staining preparation used for electron microscopy, but not in unstained, frozen, hydrated cells. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus expressing 'teal' fluorescent protein (mTFP), as a C-terminal tag on the wild-type Ccrp protein, did not deform under negative staining, suggesting that the function was not impaired. Localization of fluorescent Ccrp-mTFP showed some bias to the cell poles, independent of the cytoskeleton, as demonstrated by the addition of the MreB-specific inhibitor A22. We suggest that the Ccrp protein in B. bacteriovorus contributes as an underlying scaffold, similar to that described for the CCRP protein FilP in Streptomyces coelicolor, preventing cellular indentation, but not contributing to the vibroid shape of the B. bacteriovorus cells.

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Background: Interindividual epigenetic variation that occurs systemically must be established prior to gastrulation in the very early embryo and, because it is systemic, can be assessed in easily biopsiable tissues. We employ two independent genome-wide approaches to search for such variants.

Results: First, we screen for metastable epialleles by performing genomewide bisulfite sequencing in peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) and hair follicle DNA from two Caucasian adults. Second, we conduct a genomewide screen for genomic regions at which PBL DNA methylation is affected by season of conception in rural Gambia. Remarkably, both approaches identify the genomically imprinted VTRNA2-1 as a top environmentally responsive epiallele. We demonstrate systemic and stochastic interindividual variation in DNA methylation at the VTRNA2-1 differentially methylated region in healthy Caucasian and Asian adults and show, in rural Gambians, that periconceptional environment affects offspring VTRNA2-1 epigenotype, which is stable over at least 10 years. This unbiased screen also identifies over 100 additional candidate metastable epialleles, and shows that these are associated with cis genomic features including transposable elements.

Conclusions: The non-coding VTRNA2-1 transcript (also called nc886) is a putative tumor suppressor and modulator of innate immunity. Thus, these data indicating environmentally induced loss of imprinting at VTRNA2-1 constitute a plausible causal pathway linking early embryonic environment, epigenetic alteration, and human disease. More broadly, the list of candidate metastable epialleles provides a resource for future studies of epigenetic variation and human disease.

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During cancer development and progression, tumor cells undergo abnormal epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone deacetylation and nucleosome remodeling. Collectively, these aberrations promote genomic instability and lead to silencing of tumor-suppressor genes and reactivation of oncogenic retroviruses. Epigenetic modifications, therefore, provide exciting new avenues for prostate cancer research. Promoter hypermethylation is widespread during neoplastic transformation of prostate cells, which suggests that restoration of a 'normal' epigenome through treatment with inhibitors of the enzymes involved could be clinically beneficial. Global patterns of histone modifications are also being defined and have been associated with clinical and pathologic predictors of prostate cancer outcome. Although treatment for localized prostate cancer can be curative, the development of successful therapies for the management of castration-resistant metastatic disease is urgently needed. Reactivation of tumor-suppressor genes by demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors could be a potential treatment option for patients with advanced disease.

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BACKGROUND: Aberrant DNA methylation has been implicated as a key survival mechanism in cancer, whereby promoter hypermethylation silences genes essential for many cellular processes including apoptosis. Limited data is available on the methylation profile of apoptotic genes in prostate cancer (CaP). The aim of this study was to profile methylation of apoptotic-related genes in CaP using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC).

METHODS: Based on an in silico selection process, 13 genes were screened for methylation in CaP cell lines using DHPLC. Quantitative methylation specific PCR was employed to determine methylation levels in prostate tissue specimens (n = 135), representing tumor, histologically benign prostate, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Gene expression was measured by QRT-PCR in cell lines and tissue specimens.

RESULTS: The promoters of BIK, BNIP3, cFLIP, TMS1, DCR1, DCR2, and CDKN2A appeared fully or partially methylated in a number of malignant cell lines. This is the first report of aberrant methylation of BIK, BNIP3, and cFLIP in CaP. Quantitative methylation analysis in prostate tissues identified 5 genes (BNIP3, CDKN2A, DCR1, DCR2 and TMS1) which were frequently methylated in tumors but were unmethylated in 100% of benign tissues. Furthermore, 69% of tumors were methylated in at least one of the five-gene panel. In the case of all genes, except BNIP3, promoter hypermethylation was associated with concurrent downregulation of gene expression.

CONCLUSION: Future examination of this "CaP apoptotic methylation signature" in a larger cohort of patients is justified to further evaluate its value as a diagnostic and prognostic marker.

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The identification of direct nuclear hormone receptor gene targets provides clues to their contribution to both development and cancer progression. Until recently, the identification of such direct target genes has relied on a combination of expression analysis and in silico searches for consensus binding motifs in gene promoters. Consensus binding motifs for transcription factors are often defined using in vitro DNA binding strategies. Such in vitro strategies fail to account for the many factors that contribute significantly to target selection by transcription factors in cells beyond the recognition of these short consensus DNA sequences. These factors include DNA methylation, chromatin structure, posttranslational modifications of transcription factors, and the cooperative recruitment of transcription factor complexes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a means of isolating transcription factor complexes in the context of endogenous chromatin, allowing the identification of direct transcription factor targets. ChIP can be combined with site-specific PCR for candidate binding sites or alternatively with cloning, genomic microarrays or more recently direct high throughput sequencing to identify novel genomic targets. The application of ChIP-based approaches has redefined consensus binding motifs for transcription factors and provided important insights into transcription factor biology.

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Small bowel accounts for only 0.5% of cancer cases in the US but incidence rates have been rising at 2.4% per year over the past decade. One-third of these are adenocarcinomas but little is known about their molecular pathology and no molecular markers are available for clinical use. Using a retrospective 28 patient matched normal-tumor cohort, next-generation sequencing, gene expression arrays and CpG methylation arrays were used for molecular profiling. Next-generation sequencing identified novel mutations in IDH1, CDH1, KIT, FGFR2, FLT3, NPM1, PTEN, MET, AKT1, RET, NOTCH1 and ERBB4. Array data revealed 17% of CpGs and 5% of RNA transcripts assayed to be differentially methylated and expressed respectively (p < 0.01). Merging gene expression and DNA methylation data revealed CHN2 as consistently hypermethylated and downregulated in this disease (Spearman -0.71, p < 0.001). Mutations in TP53 which were found in more than half of the cohort (15/28) and Kazald1 hypomethylation were both were indicative of poor survival (p = 0.03, HR = 3.2 and p = 0.01, HR = 4.9 respectively). By integrating high-throughput mutational, gene expression and DNA methylation data, this study reveals for the first time the distinct molecular profile of small bowel adenocarcinoma and highlights potential clinically exploitable markers.

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Background: Current therapeutic strategies for advanced prostate cancer (PCa) are largely ineffective. Because aberrant DNA methylation associated with inappropriate gene-silencing is a common feature of PCa, DNA methylation inhibitors might constitute an alternative therapy. In this study we aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer properties of RG108, a novel non-nucleoside inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), in PCa cell lines. Methods: The anti-tumoral impact of RG108 in LNCaP, 22Rv1, DU145 and PC-3 cell lines was assessed through standard cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle assays. Likewise, DNMT activity, DNMT1 expression and global levels of DNA methylation were evaluated in the same cell lines. The effectiveness of DNA demethylation was further assessed through the determination of promoter methylation and transcript levels of GSTP1, APC and RAR-β2, by quantitative methylation-specific PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. Results: RG108 led to a significant dose and time dependent growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in LNCaP, 22Rv1 and DU145. LNCaP and 22Rv1 also displayed decreased DNMT activity, DNMT1 expression and global DNA methylation. Interestingly, chronic treatment with RG108 significantly decreased GSTP1, APC and RAR-β2 promoter hypermethylation levels, although mRNA re-expression was only attained GSTP1 and APC. Conclusions: RG108 is an effective tumor growth suppressor in most PCa cell lines tested. This effect is likely mediated by reversion of aberrant DNA methylation affecting cancer related-genes epigenetically silenced in PCa. However, additional mechanism might underlie the anti-tumor effects of RG108. In vivo studies are now mandatory to confirm these promising results and evaluate the potential of this compound for PCa therapy.

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RESUMO: O cancro colo-rectal (CCR) é um dos cancros que possui maior taxa de mortalidade a nível mundial. Em Portugal esta patologia é responsável pela morte de cerca de 3700 pessoas por ano, sendo que estes números aumentam de ano para ano. Ao longo das últimas décadas o papel das alterações genéticas na etiologia das patologias oncológicas tem vindo a ter cada vez mais um maior destaque. O número de estudos que avaliam a importância de polimorfismos, mutações, alterações na regulação génica e interacções entre genes no desenvolvimento destas patologias tem aumentado exponencialmente. Com o aumento do conhecimento da forma como estas alterações influenciam o desenvolvimento do cancro surgiram os primeiros meios de diagnóstico genético, levando assim a uma alteração da forma como são encarados o diagnóstico e a prevenção destas doenças. No CCR as formas hereditárias com alterações genéticas inequivocamente identificadas representam apenas 5% dos casos. Existem cerca de 25% que representam formas hereditárias para as quais ainda não foram estabelecidos os padrões de alterações genéticas subjacentes. Desta forma, estudos que venham contribuir para um maior conhecimento dos mecanismos moleculares responsáveis pelo aumento da susceptibilidade dos indivíduos para o desenvolvimento de CCR são extremamente importantes. O CCR é uma patologia multifactorial, onde factores genéticos interagem com factores ambientais no surgimento e desenvolvimento da doença. Assim, torna-se essencial integrar o estudo das alterações genéticas no contexto ambiental onde os indivíduos em estudo se encontram. No caso desta patologia um dos principais factores ambientais estudado é a nutrição. Vários estudos têm sido realizados ao longo dos últimos anos de forma a compreender como pode a ingestão dos nutrientes influenciar o desenvolvimento de CCR e de que forma interage com as alterações genéticas individuais. O ciclo do folato é um dos processos metabólicos onde o papel da nutrição em interacção com alterações genéticas mais tem sido estudado nos últimos anos. Deste cruzamento entre o estudo das alterações genéticas e ambientais surge a Nutrigenética. O conjunto de estudos da presente tese tem como objectivo aumentar o conhecimento do papel das alterações em genes do ciclo do folato, em interacção com factores nutricionais e de estilo de vida, não só no desenvolvimento de CCR, mas também de outra patologia do tracto gastrointestinal, a Doença de Crohn (DC), uma doença inflamatória muitas vezes associada como factor de risco para o desenvolvimento de CCR. Este estudo debruçou-se essencialmente no estudo dos genes timidilato sintetase (TYMS) e metionina sintetase (MTR) em populações com CCR e DC, bem como no padrão nutricional destas populações com particular incidência nos nutrientes envolvidos no ciclo do folato (folato, metionina, vitamina B6, vitamina B12). Analisando o conjunto de resultados obtidos para os estudos do CCR podemos concluir que quer a TYMS quer a MTR possuem um papel relevante na susceptibilidade para desenvolver esta patologia, assim como têm destaque no funcionamento do ciclo celular durante o processo oncogénico. Os resultados demonstram que os factores que levam a uma menor disponibilidade de grupos metil no ciclo de folato (baixos níveis de folato, alteração da actividade de MTR, elevada expressão de TYMS) constituem factores de risco, muito provavelmente por contribuírem para uma desregulação dos níveis de metionina disponível para a metilação do DNA da célula. Demonstram ainda que em células tumorais ocorrem alterações na regulação do ciclo do folato de forma a favorecer a síntese de DNA em detrimento da metilação do mesmo, alterando para isso a expressão dos genes de forma a que o fluxo de grupos metil provenientes do folato sejam encaminhados para a enzima TYMS. O polimorfismo de deleção 6pb da TYMS surge como um factor de diagnóstico e de prognóstico de CCR para a população portuguesa. Dos factores nutricionais analisados apenas o folato aparenta ter um papel relevante na modelação do risco de desenvolver CCR. Na doença de Crohn (DC) podemos verificar que a homocisteína e o seu metabolismo poderão contribuir para o aparecimento e desenvolvimento da patologia. O aumento da homocisteína poderá ser o responsável por um aumento da resposta auto-imune do organismo, promovendo o aparecimento da DC. O polimorfismo A2756G MTR desempenha um papel preponderante como factor de diagnóstico da DC, tendo sido associado pela primeira vez a esta patologia. Tem também um papel importante no desenvolvimento da doença, uma vez que está associado a uma idade de diagnóstico mais baixa, sugerindo assim que o desenvolvimento da doença ocorre de forma mais precoce. Concluindo, com este estudo pensamos ter contribuído para um melhor entendimento do papel do ciclo do folato no desenvolvimento de CCR e DC, sendo um ponto de partida para futuras investigações que possam revelar cada vez melhor as complexas interacções metabólicas desta via e a sua influência nas patologias estudadas. Do nosso estudo destacamos a importância de uma análise global das várias etapas do ciclo do folato para que se possa compreender a dinâmica que se estabelece no desenvolvimento destas patologias, podendo diversas alterações, quer a nível genético quer a nível nutricional, exercerem efeitos diferentes consoante o estado dos restantes intervenientes do ciclo do folato. Acreditamos que no futuro este estudo permitirá que o conhecimento do ciclo do folato tenha cada vez mais uma relevância fundamental a nível de diagnóstico e terapêutica destas patologias.------------ ABSTRACT: Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is one of the cancers that have a higher rate of mortality worldwide. In Portugal this pathology is responsible for the deaths of about 3700 people per year, and these numbers increase each year. Over the past few decades the role of genetic changes in the etiology of oncological pathologies has had an increasingly greater emphasis. The number of studies that evaluate the importance of polymorphisms, mutations, changes in gene regulation and gene interactions in the development of these diseases has increased exponentially. With the increased knowledge of how these changes influence the development of cancer, appeared the first means for genetic diagnostic, leading to a change in the way diagnosis is seen and in the prevention of these diseases. In CRC the hereditary forms with clearly identified genetic changes represent only 5% of cases. There are about 25% representing hereditary forms for which the patterns of genetic changes haven’t been established. In this way, studies that will contribute to a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for increased susceptibility of individuals to the CRC development are extremely important. CRC is a multifactorial pathology, where genetic factors interact with environmental factors in the emergence and development of the disease.Thus, it is essential to integrate the study of genetic changes in the environmental context of the individuals under study. In the case of this pathology one of the main environmental factors studied is nutrition. Several studies have been conducted over the past few years in order to understand how the intake of nutrients can influence the development of CRC and how nutrients interact with the individual genetic changes. The folate cycle is one of the metabolic processes where the role of nutrition in interaction with genetic alterations has been studied in recent years. This cross between the study of genetic and environmental changes developed Nutrigenetics. The set of studies of this thesis aims to increase awareness of the role of changes in genes of the folate cycle, in interaction with nutritional factors and lifestyle, not only in the development of CRC, but also of another pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, Crohn's disease (CD), an inflammatory disease often associated as a risk factor for the development of CRC. This study dealt mainly in the study of genes thymidylate synthase (TYMS) and methionine synthase (MTR) in populations with CRC and CD, as well as in the nutritional pattern of these populations with particular focus on nutrients involved in the folate cycle (folate, methionine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12). Analyzing the results obtained for the CRC studies we conclude that either the MTR TYMS have a relevant role in susceptibility to develop this pathology, and have an important role in the functioning of the cell cycle during oncogenesis. The results show that the factors that lead to a lower availability of methyl groups in folate cycle (low levels of folate, change the activity of MTR, high expression of TYMS) constitute risk factors, most likely by contribute to a dysregulation of methionine levels available for DNA methylation of the cell. Our results also demonstrate that in tumor cells occur changes in the regulation of the folate cycle in order to promote the synthesis of DNA, to the detriment of methylation of the same by changing the expression of genes so that the methyl groups from folate are forwarded to the TYMS enzyme reaction. The deletion polymorphism 6bp of TYMS emerges as a diagnostic and prognostic factor of CCR for the Portuguese population. Nutritional factors analyzed only folate appears to have a major role in modulating the risk of developing CCR.In Crohn’s disease (CD) we can check that homocysteine and its metabolism may contribute to the emergence and development of this pathology. Increased homocysteine may be responsible for an increase in the body's autoimmune response, promoting the emergence of CD. The polymorphism A2756G MTR plays a leading role as a factor of diagnosis of DC, having been associated with this pathology for the first time. It also has an important role in the development of the disease, since it is associated with a lower diagnostic age, suggesting that the development of the disease occurs earlier. In conclusion, our study has contributed to a better understanding of the role of folate cycle in the development of CRC and CD, being a starting point for future research that may prove increasingly complex metabolic interactions in this via and its influence on the pathologies studied. In our study we highlight the importance of a comprehensive analysis of the various steps of the folate cycle in order to understand the dynamics that settles in the development of these pathologies, and a number of amendments, whether at the genetic level or at the nutritional level, exercise different effects depending on the stage of the remaining participants in the folate cycle. We believe that in the future this study will allow the knowledge of folate cycle to have increasingly a fundamental relevance at the level of diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.

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Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a low grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The molecular pathology of this entity remains poorly understood. To characterise this lymphoma at the molecular level, we performed an integrated analysis of 1) genome wide genetic copy number alterations 2) gene expression profiles and 3) epigenetic DNA methylation profiles.We have previously shown that SMZL is characterised by recurrent alterations of chromosomes 7q, 6q, 3q, 9q and 18; however, gene resolution oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridisation did not reveal evidence of cryptic amplification or deletion in these regions. The most frequently lost 7q32 region contains a cluster of miRNAs. qRT-PCR revealed that three of these (miR-182/96/183) show underexpression in SMZL, and miR-182 is somatically mutated in >20% of cases of SMZL, as well as in >20% of cases of follicular lymphoma, and between 5-15% of cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, MALT-lymphoma and hairy cell leukaemia. We conclude that miR-182 is a strong candidate novel tumour suppressor miRNA in lymphoma.The overall gene expression signature of SMZL was found to be strongly distinct fromthose of other lymphomas. Functional analysis of gene expression data revealed SMZL to be characterised by abnormalities in B-cell receptor signalling (especially through the CD19/21-PI3K/AKT pathway) and apoptotic pathways. In addition, genes involved in the response to viral infection appeared upregulated. SMZL shows a unique epigenetic profile, but analysis of differentially methylated genes showed few with methylation related transcriptional deregulation, suggesting that DNA methylation abnormalities are not a critical component of the SMZL malignant phenotype.

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Les gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs (TSGs) contrôlent la prolifération cellulaire et leur inactivation joue un rôle important dans la leucémogénèse. Deux mécanismes épigénétiques majeurs sont impliqués dans la répression des TSGs: 1- la méthylation de l’ADN et 2- la déacétylation des histones des chromosomes. On les dit épigénétiques car ils n’affectent pas la séquence de l’ADN. Ces phénomènes sont réversibles, faisant donc d’eux des cibles thérapeutiques de choix. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons évalué le potentiel chimiothérapeutique de différents agents qui visent ces mécanismes épigénétiques et nous les avons administrés seuls et en combinaison dans le but d’améliorer leur efficacité. La 5-aza-2’-désoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) est un inhibiteur de la méthylation de l’ADN qui permet la ré-expression des TSGs. Cet agent s’est avéré efficace contre certaines maladies hématologiques et est d’ailleurs approuvé aux États-Unis dans le traitement du syndrome myélodysplasique depuis 2006. Cependant, le protocole d’administration optimal de cet agent, en termes de doses et de durée, n’est toujours pas établi. Nos recherches suggèrent que le celui-ci devrait être plus intensif que ce que rapporte la littérature. Les inhibiteurs des déacétylases des histones (HDACi) ont également montré une activité antinéoplasique intéressante. De récentes recherches ont montré que la combinaison d’agents ciblant à la fois la méthylation de l’ADN et la déacétylation des histones produit une réactivation synergique des TSGs, ce à quoi nous nous sommes intéressé. Nous avons observé que la co-administration d’un HDACi avec la 5-Aza-CdR potentialise son action anti-leucémique. Il est aussi possible d’augmenter l’activité de la 5-Aza-CdR en inhibant sa dégradation par l’enzyme cytidine (CR) désaminase. Nous avons observé que la co-administration du zebularine, un inhibiteur de la CR désaminase, avec la 5-Aza-CdR accroît son efficacité. Le zebularine est aussi un inhibiteur de la méthylation de l’ADN, ce qui pourrait contribuer à la potentialisation de la réponse anti-leucémique observée lors de la co-administration de ces deux agents. En résumé, il est possible d’augmenter l’efficacité anti-leucémique de la 5-Aza-CdR en : 1- intensifiant son protocole d’administration, en termes de doses et de durée, 2- la combinant avec un HDACi, et 3- diminuant sa dégradation par la CR désaminase. L’utilisation de ces résultats précliniques dans l’élaboration de protocoles cliniques pourrait être bénéfique à beaucoup de patients.

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Le fonctionnement du cortex cérébral nécessite l’action coordonnée de deux des sous-types majeurs de neurones, soient les neurones à projections glutamatergiques et les interneurones GABAergiques. Les interneurones GABAergiques ne constituent que 20 à 30% des cellules corticales par rapport au grand nombre de neurones glutamatergiques. Leur rôle est toutefois prépondérant puisqu’ils modulent fortement la dynamique et la plasticité des réseaux néocorticaux. Il n’est donc pas surprenant que les altérations de développement des circuits GABAergiques soient associées à plusieurs maladies du cerveau, incluant l’épilepsie, le syndrome de Rett et la schizophrénie. La compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires régissant le développement des circuits GABAergiques est une étape essentielle menant vers une meilleure compréhension de la façon dont les anormalités se produisent. Conséquemment, nous nous intéressons au rôle de l’acide polysialique (PSA) dans le développement des synapses GABAergiques. PSA est un homopolymère de chaînons polysialylés en α-2,8, et est exclusivement lié à la molécule d’adhésion aux cellules neuronales (NCAM) dans les cerveaux de mammifères. PSA est impliqué dans plusieurs processus développementaux, y compris la formation et la plasticité des synapses glutamatergiques, mais son rôle dans les réseaux GABAergiques reste à préciser. Les données générées dans le laboratoire du Dr. Di Cristo démontrent que PSA est fortement exprimé post- natalement dans le néocortex des rongeurs, que son abondance diminue au cours du développement, et, faits importants, que son expression dépend de l’activité visuelle i et est inversement corrélée à la maturation des synapses GABAergiques. La présente propose de caractériser les mécanismes moléculaires régulant l’expression de PSA dans le néocortex visuel de la souris. Les enzymes polysialyltransférases ST8SiaII (STX) et ST8SiaIV (PST) sont responsables de la formation de la chaîne de PSA sur NCAM. En contrôlant ainsi la quantité de PSA sur NCAM, ils influenceraient le développement des synapses GABAergiques. Mon projet consiste à déterminer comment l’expression des polysialyltransférases est régulée dans le néocortex visuel des souris durant la période post-natale; ces données sont à la fois inconnues, et cruciales. Nous utilisons un système de cultures organotypiques dont la maturation des synapses GABAergiques est comparable au modèle in vivo. L’analyse de l’expression génique par qPCR a démontré que l’expression des polysialyltransférases diminue au cours du développement; une baisse majeure corrélant avec l’ouverture des yeux chez la souris. Nous avons de plus illustré pour la première fois que l’expression de STX, et non celle de PST, est activité-dépendante, et que ce processus requiert l’activation du récepteur NMDA, une augmentation du niveau de calcium intracellulaire et la protéine kinase C (PKC). Ces données démontrent que STX est l’enzyme régulant préférentiellement le niveau de PSA sur NCAM au cours de la période post-natale dans le cortex visuel des souris. Des données préliminaires d’un second volet de notre investigation suggèrent que l’acétylation des histones et la méthylation de l’ADN pourraient également contribuer à la régulation de la transcription de cette enzyme durant le développement. Plus d’investigations seront toutefois nécessaires afin de confirmer cette hypothèse. En somme, la connaissance des mécanismes par lesquels l’expression des ii polysialyltransférases est modulée est essentielle à la compréhension du processus de maturation des synapses GABAergiques. Ceci permettrait de moduler pharmacologiquement l’expression de ces enzymes; la sur-expression de STX et/ou PST pourrait produire une plus grande quantité de PSA, déstabiliser les synapses GABAergiques, et conséquemment, ré-induire la plasticité cérébrale.

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L’arthrose ou ostéoarthrose (OA) est l’affection rhumatologique la plus fréquente au monde. Elle est caractérisée principalement par une perte du cartilage articulaire et l’inflammation de la membrane synoviale. L’interleukine (IL)-1ß, une cytokine pro-inflammatoire, joue un rôle très important dans la pathogenèse de l’OA. Elle exerce son action en induisant l’expression des enzymes cyclo-oxygénase 2 (COX-2), prostaglandine E synthétase microsomale 1 (mPGES-1) et l’oxyde nitrique synthétase inductible (iNOS) ainsi que la production de la prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) et de l’oxyde nitrique (NO). Ces derniers (PGE2 et NO) contribuent à la synovite et la destruction du cartilage articulaire par leurs effets pro-inflammatoires, pro-cataboliques, anti-anaboliques, pro-angiogéniques et pro-apoptotiques. Les modifications épigénétiques, telles que la méthylation de l’ADN, et l’acétylation et la méthylation des histones, jouent un rôle crucial dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes. Parmi ces modifications, l’acétylation des histones est la plus documentée. Ce processus est contrôlé par deux types d’enzymes : les histones acétyltransférases (HAT) qui favorisent la transcription et les histones déacétylases (HDAC) qui l’inhibent. L’objectif de ce travail est d’examiner le rôle des enzymes HDAC dans la régulation de l’expression de la COX-2, mPGES-1 et iNOS. Nous avons montré qu’au niveau des chondrocytes, les inhibiteurs des HDAC (iHDAC), trichostatine A (TSA) et butyrate de sodium (NaBu), suppriment l’expression de la COX-2 et iNOS au niveau de l’ARNm et protéique, ainsi que la production de la PGE2 et du NO, induites par l’IL-1ß. L’effet inhibiteur à lieu sans affecter l’activité de liaison à l’ADN du facteur de transcription NF-κB (nuclear factor κ B). La TSA et le NaBu inhibent également la dégradation induite par l’IL-1ß des protéoglycanes au niveau du cartilage. Nous avons également montré, qu’au niveau des fibroblastes synoviaux, les iHDAC, TSA, NaBu et acide valproïque (VA), suppriment l’expression de la mPGES-1 ainsi que la production de la PGE2 induites par l’IL-1ß. En utilisant diverses approches expérimentales, nous avons montré que HDAC4 est impliquée dans l’induction de l’expression de la mPGES-1 par l’IL-1ß. HDAC4 exerce son action, via son activité déacétylase, en augmentant l’activité transcriptionnelle de Egr-1 (early growth factor 1), facteur de transcription principal de l’expression de la mPGES-1. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggère que les inhibiteurs des HDAC pourraient être utilisés dans le traitement de l’OA.

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La méthylation de l'ADN est l'une des modifications épigénétiques au niveau des îlots CpG. Cette modification épigénétique catalysée par les ADN méthyltransférases (DNMTs) consiste en la méthylation du carbone 5' d’une cytosine ce qui aboutit à la formation de 5-méthylcytosine. La méthylation de l'ADN est clairement impliquée dans l'inactivation des gènes et dans l'empreinte génétique. Elle est modulée par la nutrition, en particulier par les donneurs de méthyle et par une restriction protéique. Ces modifications épigénétiques persistent plus tard dans la vie et conduisent au développement de nombreuses pathologies telles que le syndrome métabolique et le diabète de type 2. En fait, de nombreux gènes clés subissent une modification de leur état de méthylation en présence des composants du syndrome métabolique. Cela montre que la méthylation de l'ADN est un processus important dans l'étiologie du syndrome métabolique. Le premier travail de ce doctorat a porté sur la rédaction d’un article de revue qui a examiné le cadre central du syndrome métabolique et analyser le rôle des modifications épigénétiques susceptibles d'influer sur l'apparition du stress oxydant et des complications cardiométaboliques. D’autre part, les cellules intestinales Caco-2/15, qui ont la capacité de se différencier et d’acquérir les caractéristiques physiologiques de l'intestin grêle, ont été utilisées et traitées avec du Fer-Ascorbate pour induire un stress oxydant. Le Fer-Ascorbate a induit une augmentation significative de l’inflammation et de la peroxydation des lipides (malondialdehyde) ainsi que des altérations de de la défense antioxydante (SOD2 et GPx) accompagnées de modifications épigénétiques. De plus, la pré-incubation des cellules avec de la 5-aza-2'-désoxycytidine, un agent de déméthylation et/ou l’antioxydant Trolox a normalisé la défense antioxydante, réduit la peroxydation des lipides et prévenu l'inflammation. Ce premier travail a démontré que les modifications du redox et l’inflammation induites par le Fer-Ascorbate peuvent impliquer des changements épigénétiques, plus particulièrement des changements dans la méthylation de l’ADN. Pour mieux définir l’impact du stress oxydant au niveau nutritionnel, des cochons d’Inde âgés de trois jours ont été séparés en trois groupes : 1) Témoins: alimentation régulière; 2) Nutrition parentérale (NP) 3) H2O2 : Témoins + 350 uM H2O2. Après quatre jours, pour un groupe, les perfusions ont été stoppées et les animaux sacrifiés pour la collecte des foies. Pour l’autre groupe d’animaux, les perfusions ont été arrêtées et les animaux ont eu un accès libre à une alimentation régulière jusqu'à la fin de l’étude, huit semaines plus tard où ils ont été sacrifiés pour la collecte des foies. Ceci a démontré qu’à une semaine de vie, l'activité DNMT et les niveaux de 5'-méthyl-2'-désoxycytidine étaient inférieurs pour les groupes NP et H2O2 par rapport aux témoins. A neuf semaines de vie, l’activité DNMT est restée basse pour le groupe NP alors que les niveaux de 5'-méthyl-2'-désoxycytidine étaient plus faibles pour les groupes NP et H2O2 par rapport aux témoins. Ce travail a démontré que l'administration de NP ou de H2O2, tôt dans la vie, induit une hypométhylation de l'ADN persistante en raison d'une inhibition de l'activité DNMT. Finalement, des souris ayant reçu une diète riche en gras et en sucre (HFHS) ont été utilisées comme modèle in vivo de syndrome métabolique. Les souris ont été nourris soit avec un régime standard chow (témoins), soit avec une diète riche en gras et en sucre (HFHS) ou avec une diète HFHS en combinaison avec du GFT505 (30 mg/kg), un double agoniste de PPARα et de PPARδ, pendant 12 semaines. La diète HFHS était efficace à induire un syndrome métabolique étant donnée l’augmentation du poids corporel, du poids hépatique, des adiposités viscérales et sous-cutanées, de l’insensibilité à l’insuline, des lipides plasmatiques et hépatiques, du stress oxydant et de l’inflammation au niveau du foie. Ces perturbations étaient accompagnées d’une déficience dans l’expression des gènes hépatiques PPARα et PPARγ concomitant avec une hyperméthylation de leurs promoteurs respectifs. L’ajout de GFT505 à la diète HFHS a empêché la plupart des effets cardiométaboliques induits par la diète HFHS via la modulation négative de l’hyperméthylation des promoteurs, résultant en l’augmentation de l’expression des gènes hépatiques PPARα et PPARγ. En conclusion, GFT505 exerce des effets métaboliques positifs en améliorant le syndrome métabolique induit par l'alimentation HFHS via des modifications épigénétiques des gènes PPARs. Ensemble, les travaux de cette thèse ont démontré que le stress oxydant provenant de la nutrition induit d’importants changements épigénétiques pouvant conduire au développement du syndrome métabolique. La nutrition apparait donc comme un facteur crucial dans la prévention de la reprogrammation fœtale et du développement du syndrome métabolique. Puisque les mécanismes suggèrent que le stress oxydant agit principalement sur les métabolites du cycle de la méthionine pour altérer l’épigénétique, une supplémentation en ces molécules ainsi qu’en antioxydants permettrait de restaurer l’équilibre redox et épigénétique.

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La sérotonine (5-HT) joue un rôle crucial dans l'étiologie des troubles mentaux comme la dépression majeure, les troubles de comportement et les troubles anxieux. Des études ont montré que des altérations précoces du système 5-HT peuvent potentiellement influencer le développement du cerveau et le fonctionnement du système fronto-limbique, engendrant des conséquences pour la régulation émotionnelle. Il existe aussi des évidences que le stress précoce peut affecter la méthylation de l'ADN résultant d'une altération de l'expression génique. Toutefois, le lien entre la méthylation de l'ADN et la réactivité comportementale à des facteurs de stress de la vie quotidienne est inconnu. La méthylation du gène transporteur 5-HT (SLC6A4) est d'un intérêt particulier, étant donné le rôle de SLC6A4 dans le développement du cerveau, les troubles mentaux et la régulation du stress. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'association entre (1) les niveaux périphériques de méthylation de l'ADN dans le gène SLC6A4 et les réponses neurales aux stimuli émotionnels dans les circuits fronto-limbiques du cerveau, ainsi qu’entre (2) la méthylation périphérique de SLC6A4 et la réactivité comportementale au stress de la vie quotidienne. Nous explorons également l'association entre les réponses neuronales fronto-limbique à des stimuli émotionnels et la réactivité comportementale au stress de la vie quotidienne (3). À cette fin, vingt-deux personnes (11 femmes) d’âge moyen de 34,0 ans (SD : 1,5) avec différents niveaux de méthylation au gène SLC6A4 ont été recrutés à partir de deux études longitudinales. Les participants ont subi une analyse IRMf qui comprenait une tâche de traitement émotionnel. Un questionnaire en ligne sur la réactivité au stress quotidien de la vie a été réalisé pendant 5 jours consécutifs. Des analyses corrélationnelles et de régression ont été effectuées pour examiner les associations entre les variables primaires. Les résultats préliminaires de cette étude ont montré que la méthylation de l'ADN est associée à la désactivation significative du gyrus précentral et gyrus fusiforme respectivement face à des stimuli de peur et de tristesse. Aucune association significative n'a été observée entre les niveaux de méthylation et l'activation de l'amygdale. En outre, les scores obtenus aux variables de stress de la vie quotidienne tels que la détresse chronique ont été associées à la désactivation du précuneus et du cortex cingulaire postérieur face à la tristesse. Ces résultats suggèrent l'implication potentielle des processus épigénétiques dans l'activation cérébrale spécifique et la sensibilité au stress de la vie courante.

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In the present study, the initial phase was directed to confirm the effects of curcumin and vitamin D3 in preventing or delaying diabetes onset by studying the blood glucose and insulin levels in the pre-treated and diabetic groups. Behavioural studies were conducted to evaluate the cognitive and motor function in experimental rats. The major focus of the study was to understand the cellular and neuronal mechanisms that ensure the prophylactic capability of curcumin and vitamin D3. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in conferring the antidiabetogenesis effect, we examined the DNA and protein profiles using radioactive incorporation studies for DNA synthesis, DNA methylation and protein synthesis. Furthermore the gene expression studies of Akt-1, Pax, Pdx-1, Neuro D1, insulin like growth factor-1 and NF-κB were done to monitor pancreatic beta cell proliferation and differentiation. The antioxidant and antiapoptotic actions of curcumin and vitamin D3 were examined by studying the expression of antioxidant enzymes - SOD and GPx, and apoptotic mediators like Bax, caspase 3, caspase 8 and TNF-α. In order to understand the signalling pathways involved in curcumin and vitamin D3 action, the second messengers, cAMP, cGMP and IP3 were studied along with the expression of vitamin D receptor in the pancreas. The neuronal regulation of pancreatic beta cell maintenance, proliferation and insulin release was studied by assessing the adrenergic and muscarinic receptor functional regulation in the pancreas, brain stem, hippocampus and hypothalamus. The receptor number and binding affinity of total muscarinic, muscarinic M1, muscarinic M3, total adrenergic, α adrenergic and β adrenergic receptor subtypes were studied in pancreas, brain stem and hippocampus of experimental rats. The mRNA expression of muscarinic and adrenergic receptor subtypes were determined using Real Time PCR. Immunohistochemistry studies using confocal microscope were carried out to confirm receptor density and gene expression results. Cell signalling alterations in the pancreas and brain regions associated with diabetogenesis and antidiabetogenesis were assessed by examining the gene expression profiles of vitamin D receptor, CREB, phospholipase C, insulin receptor and GLUT. This study will establish the anti-diabetogenesis activity of curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treatment and will attempt to understand the cellular, molecular and neuronal control mechanism in the onset of diabetes.Administration of MLD-STZ to curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treated rats induced only an incidental prediabetic condition. Curcumin and vitamin D3 pretreated groups injected with MLD-STZ exhibited improved circulating insulin levels and behavioural responses when compared to MLD-STZ induced diabetic group. Activation of beta cell compensatory response induces an increase in pancreatic insulin output and beta cell mass expansion in the pre-treated group. Cell signalling proteins that regulate pancreatic beta cell survival, insulin release, proliferation and differentiation showed a significant increase in curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treated rats. Marked decline in α2 adrenergic receptor function in pancreas helps to relent sympathetic inhibition of insulin release. Neuronal stimulation of hyperglycemia induced beta cell compensatory response is mediated by escalated signalling through β adrenergic, muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors. Pre-treatment mediated functional regulation of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors, key cell signalling proteins and second messengers improves pancreatic glucose sensing, insulin gene expression, insulin secretion, cell survival and beta cell mass expansion in pancreas. Curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treatment induced modulation of adrenergic and cholinergic signalling in brain stem, hippocampus and hypothalamus promotes insulin secretion, beta cell compensatory response, insulin sensitivity and energy balance to resist diabetogenesis. Pre-treatment improved second messenger levels and the gene expression of intracellular signalling molecules in brain stem, hippocampus and hypothalamus, to retain a functional neuronal response to hyperglycemia. Curcumin and vitamin D3 protect pancreas and brain regions from oxidative stress by their indigenous antioxidant properties and by their ability to stimulate cellular free radical defence system. The present study demonstrates the role of adrenergic and muscarinic receptor subtypes functional regulation in curcumin and vitamin D3 mediated anti-diabetogenesis. This will have immense clinical significance in developing effective strategies to delay or prevent the onset of diabetes.