Guiding neutral atoms with two current-carrying wires and a vertical bias field on the atom chip

We demonstrate the guiding of neutral atoms with two parallel microfabricated current-carrying wires on the atom chip and a vertical magnetic bias field. The atoms are guided along a magnetic field minimum parallel to the current-carrying wires and confined in the other two directions. We describe in detail how the precooled atoms are efficiently loaded into the two-wire guide. We present a detailed experimental study of the motional properties of the atoms in the guide and the relationship between the location of the guide and the vertical bias field. This two-wire guide with vertical bias field can be used to realize large area atom interferometer.

La auditoría de cuentas de una empresa dedicada a la comercialización y distribución de productos químicos

El presente proyecto recoge los aspectos más significativos de la auditoría de cuentas realizada a la entidad ficticia denominada Chemicals, Sociedad Anónima (SA), empresa dedicada a la comercialización y distribución de productos químicos. Desarrollaremos la auditoría de acuerdo con las Normas Técnicas de Auditoría (NTA) vigentes en España, al objeto de poder expresar una opinión sobre la razonabilidad con la que las cuentas anuales, correspondientes al ejercicio 2013, presentan y expresan la imagen fiel del patrimonio, situación financiera y de los resultados de la entidad Chemicals, SA. Sabiendo que cumplimos con los requerimientos éticos necesarios para aceptar y realizar el encargo, comenzaremos el proyecto presentando un memorándum de planificación que comprenderá un análisis de la entidad y su entorno, un estudio sobre las principales características de la empresa, su sector y los riesgos de incorrecciones, etc. Posteriormente, basándonos en las CCAA del ejercicio anterior y en la información contable provisional del año 2013, ejecutaremos la planificación prevista y aplicaremos las pruebas de revisión y verificación que nos permitan obtener la evidencia suficiente y adecuada para expresar una opinión razonable sobre las CCAA definitivas que recogeremos en el pertinente informe de auditoría. Para finalizar, culminaremos el estudio con unas breves conclusiones.

Investigations on the vertical migration of planktonic Crustacea in the Bodensee-Obersee. [Translation from: Schriften des Vereins fur Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung, 87, 177-187, 1969.]

The vertical zoning of the planktonic Crustacea in a lake is the expression of a complex set of different factors. Besides the measurable, external influences such as light, temperature, acid and C02 stratification, a particularly large part is played by internal factors, which co-ordinate a specific reaction in each species depending on state of development, age and sex. Supporting this extensive, predictable, annual course of diurnal depths and the daily vertical migrations, whose extent is again dependent on external conditions, primarily of course on the amount of light. The individual factors mentioned, however, are here also of great significance. Within the scope of a long-term study of the planktonic Copepoda of Lake Constance, some day and night series were in 1963 also carried out in the Obersee, in order to obtain at least volumetric data on the extent of the daily migrations of these creatures.

On drift and diel vertical migration of bottom invertebrates of the Amur. [Translation from: Zoologicheskie Zhurnal 42 1601-1612, 1963.]

Planktobenthos was sampled in 1957-58 in the river Amur. A determination of the kind of organisms drifting in the mass of water of the Amur was carried out. Of special interest for the authors was the activity of drifting of benthic larvae.

The vertical distribution of zooplankton in the Goggausee (the influence of algae and Chaoborus flavicans) [Translation from: Carinthia II 166/186 373-385, 1976]

The Goggausee, a small, shallow, meromictic lake(700m long, 150m wide, max. depth=12m, mean depth=6m), was the site of a week long study (19-26 May 1974) of the limnology department of the University of Vienna. The study comprised pollen analysis and palaeolimnological studies on the one hand, as well as a stock- taking of physiochemical factors, primary production, bacteria, zooplankton, zoo benthos and fish on the other. This paper studies the zooplankton of the lake. The Goggausee is a meromictic lake, with its anoxic deep water, that restricts the vertical distribution of most zooplankton. The aim of the study was to pursue the vertical distribution of the rotifers and Crustacea. Density of individuals, biomass, percentages of zooplankton together and crustaceans and rotifers as groups. Special consideration is given to the the Dipteran Chaoborus flavicans.

1.55-mu m InGaAs/InGaAlAs MQW vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with InGaAlAs/InP distributed Bragg reflectors

High-performance InGaAs/InGaAlAs multiple-quantum-well vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with lnGaAlAs/InP distributed Bragg reflectors are proposed for operation at the wavelength of 1.55 mum. The lasers have good heat diffusion characteristic, large index contrast in DBRs, and weak temperature sensitivity. They could be fabricated either by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth. The laser light-current characteristics indicate that a suitable reflectivity of the DBR on the light output side in a laser makes its output power increase greatly and its lasing threshold current reduce significantly, and that a small VCSEL could output the power around its maximum for the output mirror at the reflectivity varying in a broader range than a large VCSEL does. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dynamic Stall on Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

In this study the dynamics of flow over the blades of vertical axis wind turbines was investigated using a simplified periodic motion to uncover the fundamental flow physics and provide insight into the design of more efficient turbines. Time-resolved, two-dimensional velocity measurements were made with particle image velocimetry on a wing undergoing pitching and surging motion to mimic the flow on a turbine blade in a non-rotating frame. Dynamic stall prior to maximum angle of attack and a leading edge vortex development were identified in the phase-averaged flow field and captured by a simple model with five modes, including the first two harmonics of the pitch/surge frequency identified using the dynamic mode decomposition. Analysis of these modes identified vortical structures corresponding to both frequencies that led the separation and reattachment processes, while their phase relationship determined the evolution of the flow.

Detailed analysis of the leading edge vortex found multiple regimes of vortex development coupled to the time-varying flow field on the airfoil. The vortex was shown to grow on the airfoil for four convection times, before shedding and causing dynamic stall in agreement with 'optimal' vortex formation theory. Vortex shedding from the trailing edge was identified from instantaneous velocity fields prior to separation. This shedding was found to be in agreement with classical Strouhal frequency scaling and was removed by phase averaging, which indicates that it is not exactly coupled to the phase of the airfoil motion.

The flow field over an airfoil undergoing solely pitch motion was shown to develop similarly to the pitch/surge motion; however, flow separation took place earlier, corresponding to the earlier formation of the leading edge vortex. A similar reduced-order model to the pitch/surge case was developed, with similar vortical structures leading separation and reattachment; however, the relative phase lead of the separation mode, corresponding to earlier separation, necessitated that a third frequency to be incorporated into the reattachment mode to provide a relative lag in reattachment.

Finally, the results are returned to the rotating frame and the effects of each flow phenomena on the turbine are estimated, suggesting kinematic criteria for the design of improved turbines.

Aerodynamics of vertical-axis wind turbines in full-scale and laboratory-scale experiments

Within a wind farm, multiple turbine wakes can interact and have a substantial effect on the overall power production. This makes an understanding of the wake recovery process critically important to optimizing wind farm efficiency. Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) exhibit features that are amenable to dramatically improving this efficiency. However, the physics of the flow around VAWTs is not well understood, especially as it pertains to wake interactions, and it is the goal of this thesis to partially fill this void. This objective is approached from two broadly different perspectives: a low-order view of wind farm aerodynamics, and a detailed experimental analysis of the VAWT wake.

One of the contributions of this thesis is the development of a semi-empirical model of wind farm aerodynamics, known as the LRB model, that is able to predict turbine array configurations to leading order accuracy. Another contribution is the characterization of the VAWT wake as a function of turbine solidity. It was found that three distinct regions of flow exist in the VAWT wake: (1) the near wake, where periodic blade shedding of vorticity dominates; (2) a transition region, where growth of a shear-layer instability occurs; (3) the far wake, where bluff-body oscillations dominate. The wake transition can be predicted using a new parameter, the dynamic solidity, which establishes a quantitative connection between the wake of a VAWT and that of a circular cylinder. The results provide insight into the mechanism of the VAWT wake recovery and the potential means to control it.

Estudios sobre la distribución de recubrimientos NSR y SCR en catalizadores monolíticos de doble capa para la eliminación de NOx

Título: Estudios sobre la distribución de recubrimientos NSR y SCR en catalizadores monolíticos de doble capa para la eliminación de NOx. Resumen: el desarrollo tecnológico, la necesidad inherente del transporte y el crecimiento exponencial de la población en los últimos 50 años han incrementado el número de vehículos motorizados de forma masiva. Como consecuencia, la contaminación del aire cada vez más evidente se ha convertido en un problema crítico a nivel global que es necesario remediar. La principal problemática de los vehículos diesel es el incremento de las emisiones de NOx debido a sus condiciones de operación (atmosfera oxidante). Para el control de las emisiones de NOx y el cumplimiento de la normativa Euro 6 que está por llegar, se han desarrollado tecnologías como la basada en el almacenamiento y reducción de NOx (NSR) o la reducción catalítica selectiva (urea – SCR). Sin embargo, la tecnología NSR no es capaz de cumplir los estándares establecidos debido a la producción de NH3 nocivo como subproducto y la tecnología SCR requiere de un costoso y voluminoso tanque de urea difícil de incorporar en el sistema. Una alternativa para lidiar con ambos problemas es la combinación de ambas tecnologías a través de catalizadores monolíticos de doble capa NSR – SCR. Esta combinación es capaz de aprovechar el NH3 generado en el catalizador aguas abajo NSR para reducir una cantidad de NOx adicional en el catalizador aguas arriba SCR sin la necesidad de incorporar un sofisticado sistema de alimentación de urea para la completa eliminación. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es estudiar el mecanismo de eliminación de NOx en esta clase de catalizadores combinados.

The oculomotor system: (1) Vertical-horizontal interaction and signal recognition, (2) Time delays and power spectra

In the first section of this thesis, two-dimensional properties of the human eye movement control system were studied. The vertical - horizontal interaction was investigated by using a two-dimensional target motion consisting of a sinusoid in one of the directions vertical or horizontal, and low-pass filtered Gaussian random motion of variable bandwidth (and hence information content) in the orthogonal direction. It was found that the random motion reduced the efficiency of the sinusoidal tracking. However, the sinusoidal tracking was only slightly dependent on the bandwidth of the random motion. Thus the system should be thought of as consisting of two independent channels with a small amount of mutual cross-talk.

These target motions were then rotated to discover whether or not the system is capable of recognizing the two-component nature of the target motion. That is, the sinusoid was presented along an oblique line (neither vertical nor horizontal) with the random motion orthogonal to it. The system did not simply track the vertical and horizontal components of motion, but rotated its frame of reference so that its two tracking channels coincided with the directions of the two target motion components. This recognition occurred even when the two orthogonal motions were both random, but with different bandwidths.

In the second section, time delays, prediction and power spectra were examined. Time delays were calculated in response to various periodic signals, various bandwidths of narrow-band Gaussian random motions and sinusoids. It was demonstrated that prediction occurred only when the target motion was periodic, and only if the harmonic content was such that the signal was sufficiently narrow-band. It appears as if general periodic motions are split into predictive and non-predictive components.

For unpredictable motions, the relationship between the time delay and the average speed of the retinal image was linear. Based on this I proposed a model explaining the time delays for both random and periodic motions. My experiments did not prove that the system is sampled data, or that it is continuous. However, the model can be interpreted as representative of a sample data system whose sample interval is a function of the target motion.

It was shown that increasing the bandwidth of the low-pass filtered Gaussian random motion resulted in an increase of the eye movement bandwidth. Some properties of the eyeball-muscle dynamics and the extraocular muscle "active state tension" were derived.

Análisis comparativo de las desigualdades laborales entre mujeres y hombres en las comunidades autónomas españolas

Comunicación presentada en JEL 2013 - X Jornadas de Economía Laboral (Madrid, 11 y 12 de Julio de 2013)

ANÁLISIS DEL EFECTO DEL CAMBIO DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE CLASES MEDIANTE MÉTODOS DE REMUESTREO INTELIGENTE EN ÁRBOLES DE CLASIFICACIÓN SIMPLES Y CONSOLIDADOS

En los trabajos expuestos en esta memoria de tesis, hemos analizado elefecto que tienen sobre la capacidad de aprendizaje de diferentes algoritmosde clasificación los cambios en la distribución de clases, teniendo encuenta para ello, diferentes métodos de remuestreo de datos.En concreto se ha analizado este efecto en el conocido algoritmo deconstrucción de árboles de clasificación propuesto por Quinlan, el algoritmoC4.5, y en el algoritmo de construcción de árboles consolidados, elalgoritmo CTC, propuesto por el grupo de investigación ALDAPA de laUniversidad del País Vasco que, basado en el mismo C4.5, obtiene un árbol declasificación pero basado en un conjunto de muestras.Así mismo, planteamos cómo encontrar la distribución de clases más adecuadapara un algoritmo de clasificación y método de remuestreo concretos.

Aplicando netnografía a la obtención del mapa de posicionamiento para empresas de distribución alimentaria

[ES] Las comunidades online se han convertido en un lugar de encuentro muy popular para los consumidores que les permite compartir información. En este artículo se presenta una técnica de información novedosa como la netnografía, y se aplica para determinar cuál es el posicionamiento de las empresas de distribución alimentaria. Tras la recogida y análisis de 506 mensajes válidos de la comunidad online Ciao, se pudo conocer qué atributos se asociaban a seis establecimientos de alimentación analizados. Mercadona se asocia con la calidad de su marca de distribuidor y una escasa variedad de marcas/productos. Las tiendas discount, Lidl y DIA, destacan por la posibilidad de mejora en la limpieza del establecimiento y la localización de los productos. Los hipermercados, Eroski, Alcampo y Carrefour, son destacados por su variedad de marcas/productos, y alejado del domicilio. También se ha identificado a los competidores más directos de cada empresa, encontrándose una competencia entre los formatos de venta del mismo tipo (intratipo). El uso de la netnografia, técnica relativamente reciente, supone la mayor originalidad del trabajo. Además, las conclusiones obtenidas, que son coincidentes con estudios anteriores, muestran que la netnografía puede ser una fuente de información para determinar cuál es la imagen comercial y el posicionamiento de las empresas.

"Quando eu descobri tive um baque: os desafios da prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV

A eficácia da quimioprofilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV tem contribuído para minimizar o numero de crianças infectadas pelo vírus. No entanto é essencial para essa finalidade o uso correto do protocolo pela mãe. Mas onde estão as falhas desse processo? Porque ainda há crianças sendo desnecessariamente expostas ao vírus HIV? Foi objetivo desse estudo conhecer as concepções sobre gravidez, HIV/AIDS e transmissão vertical de gestantes e mães soropositivas. A partir disso, fornecer subsídios para o aperfeiçoamento da prevenção da transmissão vertical. Partiu-se da hipótese de que aspectos sociais, culturais e econômicos das mulheres podem estar envolvidos na adesão ou não da prevenção da transmissão vertical da AIDS. Quatorze mulheres soropositivas, sendo onze com filhos já nascidos e três gestantes, deram seus depoimentos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas orientadas por roteiro. Os Fatores sócio culturais das mulheres não foram investigados de forma direta, mas foi possível registrar através das falas uma possível associação destes com a quimioprofilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV. Ainda que de forma incompleta todas realizaram a quimioprofilaxia, com exceção de uma mulher que teve o diagnostico somente após o parto. Através da análise dos depoimentos foi possível identificar que as mulheres que possuíam nível sócio cultural mais elevado demonstraram maior domínio quanto à importância do tratamento, embora a principal motivação para a realização do tratamento tenha sido a não contaminação de seus filhos. Foram descritos alguns determinantes envolvidos na adesão das mulheres ao tratamento, dentre eles; o conhecimento acerca do tratamento e aspectos ligados aos serviços de saúde. Algumas falhas no pré-natal foram apontadas como ponto negativo neste processo. Dentre os resultados encontrados ocasionalmente foi ressaltado a forma que os companheiros reagiram à doença. E a constatação de que a grande maioria das mulheres ao não reconhecerem sua posição de risco para a infecção pelo HIV, descobrem-se soropositivas somente no pré-natal.