Potencial de fitorremediação de diferentes plantas em solo contaminado por 14C-tebuthiuron

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a tolerância e a capacidade de fitorremediação de crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus), amendoim (Arachis hypogaea) e alfafa (Mendicago sativa) a solos contaminados por tebuthiuron. Para determinar a tolerância das plantas ao herbicida estas foram submetidas a 5 diferentes doses (300, 600, 1200, 2400 e 4800 gramas de ingrediente ativo por hectare gi.a. ha-1) e comparadas com uma testemunha que não recebeu aplicação do herbicida. Crotalária, Nabo forrageiro e alfafa se mostraram sensíveis ao herbicida, mesmo na menor dose de aplicação, enquanto sorgo se mostrou tolerante ao herbicida até a dose de 600 gi.a. ha-1 tendo apresentado fitointoxicação de 80% na dose de 1200 gi.a. ha-1 e amendoim foi tolerante até a dose de 4800 gi.a. ha-1 para a qual apresentou apenas 40% de fitointoxicação. Plantas de amendoim e sorgo foram submetidas a dose de contaminação de 600 gi.a. ha-1 aplicada por meio de uma solução de trabalho contendo 17,47kBq (Quilobecquerels) de 14C-tebuthiuron. As duas plantas foram capazes de remediar o solo, no entanto amendoim se mostrou mais eficiente reduzindo a contaminação em 75,8% enquanto sorgo retirou do solo 44,49% do herbicida contaminante

Ioseph Comoedia sacra, cum nuncupatoria paraclesi ad studium ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Paraphrasis seu potius, epitome, inscripta D. Erasmo ... in Elegantiarum libros Laurentii Vallae, ab ipso iam recognita, cum Gallica tum dictionum, tum locutionum expositione. Cui accessit Farrago sordidorum verborum, per Cornelium Crocum.

Mode of access: Internet.

The potential application of pyroligneous acid in the UK agricultural industry

This paper highlights the potential benefits of smoke recovery from the production of biochar in crop management through it application as an antimicrobial agent against plant disease and as a pesticide. The study reports on the findings of zone inhibition assays on selected plant pathogens (Agrobacterium tumefacien and Xanthomonas campestris), growth studies on selected plants (Raphanus sativus and Vicia faba), and toxicity studies performed on arthropods (Myzus persicae and Tetranychus urticae). The results suggested a strong benefit to crop management in terms of crop protection against selected causal agents responsible for plant disease, with zones of inhibition observed on both Agrobacterium tumefacien and Xanthomonas campestris when inoculated with pyroligneous acid (liquid smoke) at 10% dilution. Similarly, its potential as a bio-pesticide are favorable, with a reported 20%–30% of arthropods affected (knocked out/mortality) after exposure for 48 hours.

The development of a sustainable agricultural industry through the application of biochar and pyroligneous acid

This paper marks the first in a series of studies into the potential use of pyrolysis products in the development of more sustainable practices within the agricultural industry. In this study, the immediate benefits of the application of biochar to crop yields of Raphanus sativus (radishes) are assessed. Furthermore, the study reports on the preliminary findings into the potential application of pyroligneous acid (wood vinegar) as a biocidal agent against crop disease. Although germination tests undertaken on biochar/compost blends of up to 1: 2, by weight, showed no significant adverse effect from the addition of the nutrient rich carbonaceous solid, evidence of substantial increases in crop yield through the addition of biochar were not observed. In sharp contrast, zones of inhibition were observed at 3-10 vol. % upon application of pyroligneous acid to two causal agents responsible for certain diseases in vegetable and fruit crops, i.e. Rhizobium radiobacter (agrobacterium tumefaciens) and Xanthomonas campestris, highlighting the versatility in the application of pyrolysis products and avenues for exploration in the development of this biomass conversion technology.

Quitosana na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de espécies olerícolas e no controle de fitopatógenos in vitro

Induction of resistance is defined as the activation of a state of resistance against diseases which is induced systemically in plants by the use of biotic or abiotic agents without any modification of the plant genome, occurring non-specific way, by activating genes coding for various plant defense responses. Chitosan is a polymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin, which is found in large quantities in crustacean shell, and studied with the potential to control plant pathogens, both by its direct fungistatic action, as the ability to induce protection of plants, indicating the presence of molecules of elicitoras characteristics. Three experiments with objective of evaluating the potential of chitosan in the seedling resistance induction were developed, beet (Beta vulgaris) seeds, cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seeds and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds, and the control of Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani K¨uhn e Pythium sp. in vitro conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Beet seeds, tomato and cucumber were submerged in chitosan solution for 20 minutes, in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2% in the control and distilled water. Seeds were sown in trays containing Plantmax Florestalr substrate sterilized and inoculated with Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani K¨unh and Pythium sp., respectively for the three cultures. The experiment was conducted for 14 days in growth chamber with controlled temperature (25 C 2 C), light (12 hour photoperiod) and humidity (70% 10%). The evaluations were seed emergency, seedling damping-off, seedling length, fresh weight and activity of the enzymes phenylalanine amˆonia-liase (PAL), chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase. It was also rated the mycelial growth of Fusarium sp., Pythium sp. and R. solani on P.D.A. (Potato-Dextrose and Agar) culture medium containing chitosan at the same concentrations evaluated in seeds. For beet growing, seed treatment with chitosan presented higher emergence and the length of the seedlings, and reduced the percentage of tipping. Treatment with chitosan activated the systemic acquired resistance with expression of chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase enzymes. For the tomato crop in chitosan concentration of 0.25% favored the emergency of seedlings, reduced the incidence of tipping and activated the PAL enzymes, chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase. In cucumber on the concentration of up 0.5% favored seedlings emergence and reduces the incidence of tipping. Chitosan activated the PAL enzymes and b-1,3-glucanase. Chitosan also presented fungistatic action on the initial growth of Pythium sp. and R. solani in vitro conditions, however, such action did not prevail until the end of the experiment. To Fusarium sp. the concentration of chitosan resulted in the reduction of mycelial growth in vitro.

Análisis preliminar de la fitotoxicidad del material particulado sedimentable de la zona urbana de Cuenca

Este artículo informa sobre la valoración de la fitotóxicidad del Material Particulado Sedimentable (MPS) en la zona urbana del cantón Cuenca. El MPS se recolectó en tres sitios de la zona urbana, mediante el método descrito en el Texto Unificado de Legislación Ambiental Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente (TULASMA). Por el material particulado se realizó la determinación de la concentración de los componentes utilizando el análisis gravimétrico, la de los metales pesados por espectroscopía de absorción atómica, y la de aniones por método adaptado de referencia EPA 300.1. Posteriormente se evaluó su fitotóxicidad en cuatro especies, mediante el bioensayo de germinación y elongación de raíz e hipocótilo, en semillas de Lactuca sativa, Brassica oleracea itálica, Allium cepa y Raphanus sativus. En el bioensayo las semillas se expusieron a diferentes diluciones de la suspensión acuosa de MPS. Los resultados muestran que el efecto de los MPS dependió de la concentración y de la especie analizada, evidenciando diferentes grados de fitotóxicidad.

Bioecology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1757) in different cover crops.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the biological variables of Spodoptera frugiperda on species of cover crops. The experiments were conducted in laboratory and greenhouse using the following species: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea), brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens e Urochloa ruziziensis), millet (Pennisetum americanum), black oat (Avena stringosa), white lupin (Lupinus albus), forage turnip (Rafanus sativus) and maize (Zea mays). In laboratory the S. frugiperda larval survival varied from 57%, on L. albus, to 93% on H. annuus and the survival of the pre-imaginal phase varied from 45% on U. decumbens to 81.6% on Z. mays. On C. juncea the larval biomass was lower and the development period of the young and larval stage was higher. The adaptation index was less on C. juncea in greenhouse and laboratory. In greenhouse the larval survival at 14 days was similar for all plants and at 21 days was the lowest on C. juncea. There was less accumulation of biomass at 14 days on C. juncea and at 21 days on C. juncea and A. stringosa. Regarding damage, C. juncea presented less susceptibility to Spodoptera frugiperda attack, which together with the other evaluated parameters, indicated this plant as the most appropriate for soil cover before cultivation of maize.

Atividade fitotóxica de extratos e exsudatos radiculares de Guilandina bonduc (Fabaceae)

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, 2015.

Controle biológico do ácaro rajado com ácaros predadores fitoseideos (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) em culturas de pepino e morango.

O ácaro rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch, é considerado uma das principais pragas de hortaliças e varias outras culturas no Brasil, em áreas onde um considerável volume de acaricidas e anualmente empregado no seu controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a viabilidade técnica do empregado dos fitoseideos Amblyseius idaeus (Denmark & Muma) e Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks), comumente encontrados no Brasil, no controle de T. urticae em pepino e morangueiro em Jaguariúna, SP. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições e 4 tratamentos (T1-T4) para o pepino e 5 tratamentos para o morangueiro (T1-T5): T1, testemunha; T2 pulverização semanais de Malation para a exclusão de predadores nativos; T3, liberação periodicos de A. idaeus; T4, liberações periódicas de P.macropilis; T5, pulverizações semanais de avermectina para a exclusão de ácaros fitófagos e predadores nativos. Apenas A. idaeus se estabeleceu na cultura do pepino, reduzindo significativamente a população de T. urticae. Ambas espécies de predadores se estabeleceram na cultura do morango e reduziram significativamente a população de T. urticae.

Resistence of radish biotypes to iodosulfuron and alternative control.

2016