¿Impact from road transport of radioactive wastes in Spain?

Transports of radioactive wastes in Spain are becoming issues of renewed interest, due to the increased mobility of these materials which can be expected after the building and operation of the planned central repository for this country in a near future. Such types of residues will be mainly of the medium and high activity classes and have raised concerns on the safety of the operations, the radiological protection of the individuals, the compliance with the legal regulations and their environmental consequences of all kind. In this study, relevant information for the assessment of radiological risk of road transport were taken into account, as the sources and destination of the radioactive transports, the amount of traveling to be done, the preferred routes and populations affected, the characterization of the residues and containers, their corresponding testing, etc. These data were supplied by different organizations fully related with these activities, like the nuclear power stations, the companies in charge of radioactive transports, the enterprises for inspection and control of the activities, etc., as well as the government institutions which are responsible for the selection and location of the storage facility and other decisions on the nuclear policies of the country. Thus, we have developed a program for computing the data in such a form that by entering the radiation levels at one meter of the transport loads and by choosing a particular displacement, the computer application is capable to calculate the corresponding radiological effects, like the global estimated impact, its relevance to the population in general or on those people living and driving near the main road routes, the doses received by the most exposed individuals (e.g. the workers for loading or driving the vehicle), or the probability of detrimental on the human health. The results of this work could be of help for a better understanding and management of these activities and their related impacts; at the same time that the generated reports of the computer application are considered of particular interest as innovative and complementary information to the current legal documentation, which is basically required for transporting radioactive wastes in the country, according with the international safety rules (like IAEA and ADR).Though main studies are still in progress, as the definite location for the Spanish storage facility has not been decided yet, preliminary results with the existing transports of residues of medium activity indicate that the radiological impact is very low in conventional operations. Nevertheless, the management of these transports is complex and laborious, making it convenient to progress further in the analysis and quantification of this kind of events, which constitutes one of the main objectives of the present study for the radioactive road mobility in Spain.

Estudio de caso "incidencias radiológicas y de impacto, ante un posible siniestro en el transporte por carretera en España de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad"

Los aspectos relacionados con el transporte de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad (RAA) hacia el futuro almacén temporal centralizado (ATC) están de actualidad, por el propio trasiego que se espera en un futuro próximo, el compromiso adquirido de estas actividades con el medio ambiente, la seguridad de las personas [1], así como su normativa reguladora. En España se prevé una larga “ruta radiactiva” de más de 2.000 kilómetros, por la que el combustible nuclear gastado se transportará presumiblemente por carretera desde las centrales nucleares hasta el ATC, así como los residuos vitrificados procedentes del reprocesado del combustible de la central nuclear Vandellos I, que en la actualidad están en Francia. Proponemos como hipótesis el siniestro de uno de estos transportes con combustible nuclear gastado en una ruta definida y nos preguntamos: ¿Qué impacto radiológico se podría generar en el medio ambiente o en individuos tipo cercanos al siniestro, el público en general…?

Theoretical Stark broadening parameters of Pb V spectral lines

In this paper, we report calculated values of the Stark widths and shifts for 72 spectral lines of Pb v. They were calculated using the Griem semi-empirical approach. A set of wavefunctions obtained from Hartree–Fock relativistic calculations including core polarization effects was used. Stark widths and shifts corresponding to lines arising from 5d9ns (n = 7, 8), 5d9 6p, 5d9 6d and 5d9 5f configurations of Pb v. Stark widths and shifts are presented for an electron density of 1017 cm−3 and temperatures T = 1.6–5.0 (104 K). The 2142.5, 2167.9 and 2278.6 Å lines of Pb v recently measured are included in our calculations. In this case, we have included for comparison calculations without core polarization effects. There is good agreement between our calculations and the above-cited experimental values.

Impacto radiológico asociado al transporte por carretera de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad en España.

Las cuestiones relacionadas con el transporte de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad, en adelante (RAA), al previsto almacén centralizado (ATC) constituyen un objeto de renovada actualidad, por la movilidad que se espera de estos materiales en un futuro próximo, por el compromiso creciente de estas actividades con el medio ambiente, por la seguridad y protección de las personas, así como por el actual marco legal [1]. Cabe preguntarse: ¿Cuáles serán las rutas más activas? ¿Qué impacto radiológico se generará en el medio ambiente o en individuos tipo, como los ocupantes de un vehículo particular o industrial que puedan coincidir con el transporte, en las poblaciones y el público en general … ? En España se prevé una larga “ruta radiactiva” de más de 2.000 kilómetros, por la que el combustible nuclear gastado se transportará presumiblemente por carretera desde las centrales nucleares hasta el ATC, así como los residuos vitrificados procedentes del reprocesado del combustible de la central nuclear Vandellos I, que en la actualidad están en Francia

Herramienta web para calcular el impacto radiologico asociado al transporte de residuos radiactivos al ATC

Técnicos de TECNATOM, S.A. e Investigadores de la (UPM), han desarrollado un programa para analizar la logística y los impactos potenciales del transporte por carretera de materiales radiactivos en España. El transporte de materiales radiactivos es un tema de renovado interés en nuestro país debido a la creciente movilidad que cabe esperar, sobre todo tras la entrada en operación del almacén temporal centralizado (ATC) previsto para los próximos años. Este almacén está destinado a residuos de alta actividad, principalmente combustibles gastados de las plantas nucleares españolas, que hasta ahora se han venido depositando en las propias instalaciones generadoras o se enviaban a Francia. Pero ninguna de ambas opciones resulta sostenible técnica o económicamente en el futuro, y de ahí la necesidad del nuevo (ATC)

Impacto y protección radiológica asociados al transporte de residuos de alta actividad (RAA) al almacén temporal centralizado (ATC) en España

Las cuestiones relacionadas con el transporte de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad (RAA) al previsto almacén temporal centralizado (ATC) en Villar de Cañas (Cuenca) están de actualidad, debido a la movilidad que se espera en un futuro próximo, el compromiso con el medio ambiente, la protección de las personas, así, como la normativa legal reguladora. En esta tesis se ha evaluado el impacto radiológico asociado a este tipo de transportes mediante una nueva herramienta de procesamiento de datos, que puede ser de utilidad y servir como documentación complementaria a la recogida en el marco legal del transporte. Además puede facilitar el análisis desde una perspectiva más científica, para investigadores, responsables públicos y técnicos en general, que pueden utilizar dicha herramienta para simular distintos escenarios de transportes radiactivos basados únicamente en datos de los materiales de entrada y las rutas elegidas. Así, conociendo el nivel de radiación a un metro del transporte y eligiendo una ruta, obtendremos los impactos asociados, tales como las poblaciones afectadas, la dosis recibida por la persona más expuesta, el impacto radiológico global, las dosis a la población en el trayecto y el posible detrimento de su salud. En España se prevé una larga “ruta radiactiva” de más de 2.000 kilómetros, por la que el combustible nuclear gastado se transportará presumiblemente por carretera desde las centrales nucleares hasta el ATC, así como los residuos vitrificados procedentes del reprocesado del combustible de la central nuclear Vandellos I, que en la actualidad están en Francia. Como conclusión más importante, se observa que la emisión de radiaciones ionizantes procedentes del transporte de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad en España, en operación normal, no es significativa a la hora de generar efectos adversos en la salud humana y su impacto radiológico puede considerarse despreciable. En caso de accidente, aunque la posibilidad del suceso es remota, las emisiones, no serán determinantes a la hora de generar efectos adversos en la salud humana. Issues related to the transport of high level radioactive wastes (HLW) to the new centralised temporary storage facility to be built in Villar de Cañas (Cuenca) are attracting renewed attention due to the mobility expected in the near future for these materials, the commitment to the environment, the protection of persons and the legal regulatory standards. This study assesses the radiological impacts associated with this type of transport by means of a new dataprocessing tool, which may be of use and serve as documentation complementary to that included in the legal framework covering transport. Furthermore, it may facilitate analysis from a more scientific perspective for researchers, public servants and technicians in general, who may use the tool to simulate different radioactive transport scenarios based only on input materials data and the routes selected. Thus, by knowing the radiation level at a distance of one metre from the transport and selecting a route, it is possible to obtain the associated impacts, such as the affected populations, the dose received by the most exposed individual, the overall radiological impact and the doses to the public en route and the possible detriment to their health. In Spain a long “radioactive route” of more than 2,000 kilometres is expected, along which spent nuclear fuels will be transported – foreseeably by road – from the nuclear power plants to the CTS facility. The route will also be used for the vitrified wastes from fuel reprocessing of the fuel from Vandellós I nuclear power plant, which are currently in France. In conclusion, it may be observed that the emission of ionising radiations from transport of high level radioactive wastes in Spain is insignificant, in normal operations, as regards the generation of adverse effects for human health, and that the radiological impact may be considered negligible. In the event of an accident, the possibility of which is remote, the emissions will not be also a very determining factor as regards adverse effects for human health.

Physical characterization of laser interaction and shock generation in laser shock processing: coupled theoretical-experimental analysis

Laser Shock Processing is developing as a key technology for the improvement of surface mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of metals due to its ability to introduce intense compressive residual stresses fields into high elastic limit materials by means of an intense laser driven shock wave generated by laser with intensities exceeding the 109 W/cm2 threshold, pulse energies in the range of 1 Joule and interaction times in the range of several ns. However, because of the relatively difficult-to-describe physics of shock wave formation in plasma following laser-matter interaction in solid state, only limited knowledge is available in the way of full comprehension and predictive assessment of the characteristic physical processes and material transformations with a specific consideration of real material properties. In the present paper, an account of the physical issues dominating the development of LSP processes from a moderately high intensity laser-matter interaction point of view is presented along with the theoretical and computational methods developed by the authors for their predictive assessment and new experimental contrast results obtained at laboratory scale.

Physical characterization of laser interaction and shock generation in laser processing: coupled theoretical-experimental analysis

Outline: • Introduction • Fundamental Physics of the Laser-Plasma Interaction in Laser Shock Processing • Theoretical/Computational Model Description • Some Results. Analysis of Interaction Parameters • Experimental Validation. Diagnosis Setup • Discussion and Outlook

Ab initio calculations of Ca III Stark broadening parameters,transition probabilities and radiative lifetimes

We have determined matrix elements for all experimental configurations of Ca III, including the 3s3p63d configuration. These values have been obtained using intermediate coupling (IC). For these IC calculations, we have used the standard method of least-squares fitting from the experimental energy levels, using the computer code developed by Robert Cowan. In this paper, using these matrix elements, we report the calculated values of the Ca III Stark widths and shifts for 148 spectral lines, of 56 Ca III spectral line transition probabilities and of eight radiative lifetimes of Ca III levels. The Stark widths and shifts, calculated using the Griem semi-empirical approach, correspond to the spectral lines of Ca III and are presented for an electron density of 1017 cm?3 and temperatures T = 1.0?10.0 (×104 K). The theoretical trends of the Stark broadening parameter versus the temperature are presented for transitions that are of astrophysical interest. There is good agreement between our calculations, for transition probabilities and radiative lifetimes, and the experimental values presented in the literature. We have not been able to find any values for the Stark parameters in the references.

Theoretical Stark broadening parameters for spectral lines arising from the 2p5ns, 2p5np and 2p5nd electronic configurations of MgIII

In the present work we report theoretical Stark widths and shifts calculated using the Griem semi-empirical approach, corresponding to 237 spectral lines of MgIII. Data are presented for an electron density of 1017 cm?3 and temperatures T = 0.5?10.0 (104 K). The matrix elements used in these calculations have been determined from 23 configurations of MgIII: 2s22p6, 2s22p53p, 2s22p54p, 2s22p54f and 2s22p55f for even parity and 2s22p5ns (n = 3?6), 2s22p5nd (n = 3?9), 2s22p55g and 2s2p6np (n = 3?8) for odd parity. For the intermediate coupling (IC) calculations, we use the standard method of least-squares fitting from experimental energy levels by means of the Cowan computer code. Also, in order to test the matrix elements used in our calculations, we present calculated values of 70 transition probabilities of MgIII spectral lines and 14 calculated values of radiative lifetimes of MgIII levels. There is good agreement between our calculations and experimental radiative lifetimes. Spectral lines of MgIII are relevant in astrophysics and also play an important role in the spectral analysis of laboratory plasma. Theoretical trends of the Stark broadening parameter versus the temperature for relevant lines are presented. No values of Stark parameters can be found in the bibliography.

Empirical analysis of traffic volume for the application of the options theory to highway concessions

*************************************************************************************** EL WCTR es un Congreso de reconocido prestigio internacional en el ámbito de la investigación del transporte que hasta el 2010 publicaba sus libros de abstracts con ISBN. Por ello consideramos que debería seguir teníendose en cuenta para los indicadores de calidad ******************************************************************************************* Investment projects in the field of transportation infrastructures have a high degree of uncertainty and require an important amount of resources. In highway concessions in particular, the calculation of the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project by means of the discount of cash flows, may lead to erroneous results when the project incorporates certain flexibility. In these cases, the theory of real options is an alternative tool for the valuation of concessions. When the variable that generates uncertainty (in our case, the traffic) follows a random walk (or Geometric Brownian Motion), we can calculate the value of the options embedded in the contract starting directly from the process followed by that variable. This procedure notably simplifies the calculation method. In order to test the hypothesis of the evolution of traffic as a Geometric Brownian Motion, we have used the available series of traffic in Spanish highways, and we have applied the Augmented Dickey-Fuller approach, which is the most widely used test for this kind of study. The main result of the analysis is that we cannot reject the hypothesis that traffic follows a Geometric Brownian Motion in the majority of both toll highways and free highways in Spain.

Housing For Young People, Córdoba (2011)

HOUSING FOR YOUNG PEOPLE, CÓRDOBA (2011). COLUMBUS’S EGG = EL HUEVO DE COLÓN

Marginalidad vertical : 8 formas de marginalidad vertical para 20 casos de estudio en Madrid

Marginalidad vertical : 8 formas de marginalidad vertical para 20 casos de estudio en Madrid

Interiormente sentida lloraba la Religion de Nuestro Padre San Agustin, el lamentable sucesso de un hijo suyo, sin que àzia fuera se le oyessen los gemidos, por ocultar la causa, y no querer ofender con la defensa [Texto impreso]

Se refiere al ajusticiamiento de Fray Facundo Ribera

Colomb dans les fers, a Ferdinand et Isabelle, après la découvert de l'Amérique ... : [Texto impreso] précédée d'un précis historique sur Colomb

Sign. : []4, A-I8, K4