从氨基酸残基的静态可及性探讨组蛋白的分子进化

该试验利用 Apal，BamHI，BclI，BglI，BglⅡ，DraI，EcoRI，EcoRV，HaeⅡ，HindⅢ, KpnI，PstI，PvuⅡ，SacI，SalI，SmaI 和 X hoI 计18种限制性内切酶, 研究了来自欧洲、非洲及国内的5个山羊品种共计33只个体的 mtDNA, 共检测出27种限制性态型，可归结为8种单倍型. 结果表明, 国内2个山羊品种的基本单倍型为 BamHl-A, Bcl, I-B, ClaI-A, EcoRI-A, EcoRV- A, HaeIIA, HindIII-C和PvuⅡ-A, 以及为 BamHl-A,BcII-A,ClaI-A, EcoRI-A, EcoRV-A, HaeⅡ-A, HindIII-C和PvuⅡ-A.II一A, 而欧洲及非洲3个山羊品种基本的单倍型为BamHl-B, BcII-A, ClaI-A, EcoRI-A, EcoRV-A, HaeⅡ-A, HindIII-B和PvuⅡ-A，这一结果提示本研究几个受试山羊品种可能有两种不同的母系来源; 同时, 各品种的分子聚类图也表明国内2个山羊品种间具有较近的亲缘关系, 而欧洲品种和非洲3个品种间的亲缘关系较近, 这一结果也支持上述几个受试山羊品种可能有不同野生祖先的结论, 同时也验证了欧洲品种萨能羊曾引入过奴比羊的事实。

云南保种山羊线粒体DNA限制性酶切研究

　采用碱变性法,提取来自云南省不同地区4个保种山羊的13个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA),并用ApaⅠ,AvaⅠ,BamHⅠ,BclⅠ,BcIⅠ，BglⅡ,ClaⅠ,DraⅠ, EcoRⅠ,EcoRⅤ,HaeⅠ,HindⅢ,KpnⅠ,PstⅠ,PvuⅡ,SacⅠ,SalⅠ,SmaⅠ,StuⅠ和XhoⅠ等20种限制性内切酶进行酶切分析。结果发现它们的线粒体DNA的分子量大 小约为15.8Kb；不同限制性内切酶的酶切位点分别为：DraⅠ有7个酶切位点，AvaⅢ有6个酶切位点，EcoRⅤ和StuⅠ共有5个酶切位点，HindⅡ和HaeⅡ有4个酶 切位点，BamHⅠ,BglⅡ,PstⅠ和PvuⅡ有3个酶切位点，ApaⅠ，ClaⅠ有两个酶切位点，其余有1个酶切位点。各保种山羊间未发现变异，说明云南的4个保种山 羊极可能来自于共同的母性祖先。

云南龙陵黄山羊线粒体DNA限制性酶切分析

采用碱性变性法提取来自于龙陵县不同地区的18只黄山羊个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA),并用Apa I、Ava I、BamH I、Bcl I、Bgl I、Bgl II、Cla I、Dra I、EcoR I、EcoR V、Hae I、Hind III、Kpn I、Pst I、Pvu II、Sac I、Sal I、Sma I、Stu I和Xba I等20种限制性内切酶进行酶切分析。 结果发现龙陵黄山羊线粒体DNA的分子量大小约为15.8Kb;不同酶的酶切位点分别为:Dra I有7个酶切位点,Ava II有6个酶切位点,EcoR V和Stu I共有5个酶切位点,Hind III和Hea II有4个酶切位点,BamH I、Bgl II、Pst I和Pvu II有3个酶切位点,Apa I、Cla I有2个酶切位点,其余有1个酶切位点。

Plerchis heterorchis N. sp. (Digenea: Acanthocolpidae Luhe, 1909) from fishes Lutjanus johnii and Otolithus argenteus of Karachi coast, Pakistan

A new species of trematodes Pleorchis heterorchis is described from the fishes Lutjanus johnii and Otolithus argenteus of Karachi coast. The new species is characterized by having a lanceolate body with a notch at the middle of the posterior end of the body. Body surface is smooth, ventral sucker rounded, situated at the anterior middle region of the body, pre-pharynx is well developed, widened posteriorly, pharynx muscular, oesophagus short, intestine H-shaped with anterior arms much shorter than the posterior, intestinal bifurcation almost in the middle of fore body, anterior caeca wide and short extending as far as anterior limit of pharynx. Posteriorly caeca reach to posterior end of the body with no lateral out pocketing. Testes 44 in number, intercecal arranged in 2 parallel rows, sub-globular, entire to slightly irregular, almost of same sizes extending immediately from posterior of the ovary to anterior of excretory vesicle. Cirrus pouch overlaps the ventral sucker, extends into hind body, terminating above the ovary, containing bipartite seminal vesicle, pars prostatica and ejaculatory duct. Genital pore behind the intestinal bifurcation and pre-acetabular. Ovary pre-testicular, consists of 16 follicles of varying sizes. Vitellaria lateral, follicular, extending from post bifurcal to posterior extremity. Excretory vesicle reaches to the posterior level of last pair of testes.

Study of inter species diversity and population structure by molecular genetic method in Iranian Artemia

Artemia is a small crustacean that adapted to live in brine water and has been seen in different brine water sources in Iran. Considering the importance of genetic studies manifest inter population differences in species, to estimate genetic structure, detect difference at molecular level and separate different Artemia populations of Iran, also study of phylogenic relationships among them, samples of Artemia were collected from nine region: Urmia lake in West Azerbaijan, Shoor and Inche-Borun lakes in Golestan, Hoze-Soltan and Namak lakes in Qom, Maharloo and Bakhteghan lakes in Fars, Nough pool in Kerman and Mighan pool in Markazi and DNA extracted by phenol-chloroform method. Primers designed on a ribosomal fragment (16s rRNA) of mt DNA sequence and PCR was done. Digestion of the 1566 bp segment PCR product by 10 restriction endonuclease (Alu I, EcoR I, Eco47 I, Hae III, Hind III, Hinf I, Mbo I, Msp I, Rsa I, TaqI) showed 25 different haplotypes: 9 in Urmia, 4 in Shoor and Inche- Borun, 1 in Namak and Hoze-Soltan, 3 in Mighan, 1 in Bakhtegan Maharlo, 3 in Maharloo and 4 in Nough. Measurement of haplotype and nucleotide diversity intra population and nucleotide diversity and divergence inter populations and evolutionary distance between haplotypes showed a high diversity in mitochondrial genome of Artemia in studied regions whose results are similar to those explained for highly geographic expansion organism. In addition, results showed considerable heterogeneity between different populations and there are enough evidences in haplotypic level for separation of studied samples and division of Iranian Artemia to seven populations including Urmia, Shoor and Inche-Borun, Hoze-Soltan and Namak, Maharloo, Bakhteghan, Nough and Mighan. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA data set resulted strict consensus and neighbor joining distance trees, demonstrated that all samples were monophyletic and parthenogenetic form derivation from bisexual populations and genetically high resemblance to those of A. urmiana. Study of 270 specimens from different region showed the genus Artemia in Iran clustered into three clades including: 1- Shoor, Inche-Burun, Hoze-Soltan, Namak, Bakhtegan and Maharloo 2- Nough and Mighan 3- Urmia. Totally, obtained results indicated to ability of used techniques for study of inter species diversity, population structure, reveal of phylogenic relationship and dividing of different populations of Artemia in Iran.

Genetic variation survey of intra-specific (Sepia pharaonis) in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea using PCR-RFLP

This research was conducted to identify Cuttlefish population (Sepia pharaonis) in The Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea using PCR-RFLP. Specimens were collected from )0 different stations. Bottom trawling method was used for sampling from different zones of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, and finally specimens from S. Pharaonis were collected at each station . DNA was extracted by phenol—Coloroform method. One pair primer was designed based on 1As rRNA gene nucleotide sequences. The results obtained from 1 As rRNA gene RFLP, which was reproduced by PCR technique, were analyzed and utilized for study of diversity of the Cuttlefish population. PCR product with o pair base in length achieved for all specimens, which was subjected to enzymatic digestion by A restriction action enzymes: Alu I-Taq I-Mnl I-Rsa I-Hind III-Dra I-vu II and Hae II DNA bands patterns in all specimens digested by those enzymen showed similarity with no any polymorphism. From this result, it can be concluded that there is not any possibility to isolate different populations in the studied Cuttlefish species under exploitation of rRNA gene.

C1q-like inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis and controls normal hernatopoiesis during zebrafish embryogenesis

Except for the complement C1q, the immunological functions of other C1q family members have remained unclear. Here we describe zebrafish C1q-like, whose transcription and translation display a uniform distribution in early embryos, and are restricted to mid-hind brain and eye in later embryos. In vitro studies showed that C1q-like could inhibit the apoptosis induced by ActD and CHX in EPC cells, through repressing caspase 3/9 activities. Moreover, its physiological roles were studied by morpholino-mediated knockdown in zebrafish embryogenesis. In comparison with control embryos, the C1q-like knockdown embryos display obvious defects in the head and cramofacial development mediated through p53-induced apoptosis, which was confirmed by the in vitro transcribed C1q-like mRNA or p53 MO co-injection. TUNEL assays revealed extensive cell death, and caspase 3/9 activity measurement also revealed about two folds increase in C1q-like morphant embryos, which was inhibited by p53 MO co-injection. Real-time quantitative PCR showed the up-regulation expression of several apoptosis regulators such as p53, mdm2, p21, Box and caspase 3, and down-regulation expression of hbae1 in the C1q-like morphant embryos. Knockdown of C1q-like in zebrafish embryos decreased hemoglobin production and impaired the organization of mesencephalic vein and other brain blood vessels. Interestingly, exposure of zebrafish embryos to UV resulted in an increase in mRNA expression of C1q-like, whereas over-expression of C1q-like was not enough resist to the damage. Furthermore, C1q-like transcription was up-regulated in response to pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila, and embryo survival significantly decreased in the C1q-like morphants after exposure to the bacteria. The data suggested that C1q-like might play an antiapoptotic and protective role in inhibiting p53-dependent and caspase 3/9-mediated apoptosis during embryogenesis, especially in the brain development, and C1q-like should be a novel regulator of cell survival during zebrafish embryogenesis. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In situ studies on the distribution patterns and dynamics of microcystins in a biomanipulation fish - bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

The distribution and dynamics of microcystins in various organs of the phytoplanktivorous bighead carp were studied monthly in Lake Taihu, which is dominated by toxic cyanobacteria. There was a good agreement between LC-MS and HPLC-UV determinations. Average recoveries of spiked fish samples were 63% for MC-RR and 71% for MC-LR. The highest MC contents in intestine, liver, kidney and spleen were 85.67, 2.83, 1.70 and 1.57 mu g g(-1) DW, respectively. MCs were much higher in mid-gut walls (1.22 mu g g(-1) DW) than in hind- and fore-gut walls (0.31 and 0.18 mu g g(-1) DW, respectively), suggesting the importance of mid-gut wall as major site for MC absorption. A cysteine conjugate of MC-LR was detected frequently in kidney. Among the muscle samples analyzed, 25% were above the provisional tolerable daily intake level by WHO. Bighead is strongly resistant to microcystins and can be used as biomanipulation fish to counteract cyanotoxin contamination in eutrophic waters. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vc二步发酵新菌系B529-V6的构建及其分子生物学特性

从芽抱杆菌属、酵母属二十株菌中筛选到一株优良伴生菌B529，与新选育出的产酸菌V6构成一新菌系B529-V6。新菌系B529-V6表现出了较强的高浓度L-山梨糖耐受能力、较高的底物代谢速率和较高的2-KGA转化能力，在8％山梨糖浓度的发酵培养基中培养48h，糖酸转化率较对照菌系提高了5.94％；山梨糖浓度提高至10％，其生长代谢受影响程度较小，且能不同程度地利用葡萄糖和山梨醇为底物，合成维生素C前体-2-酮基-L-古龙酸（2-KGA），其发酵产物2-KGA经反相高效液相色谱分析其质量符合工业化生产要求。对新菌系生长代谢规律及调控进行了研究，4M3罐和300M3罐发酵实验表明：种子培养基的碳源、葡萄糖／山梨糖浓度比、氮源、生长因子、接种种液质量及环境因子，均可影响新菌系的生长代谢。4M3罐发酵，新菌系具有周期短、糖酸转化率高等特点，连续4批发酵平均转化率较对照菌系提高10.18％，周期缩短23.7％。在300M3罐发酵试运行期间，新菌系糖酸转化率达到90.10％，较原生产菌系提高3.95％，发酵周期平均缩短1.3小时，显示出了较高的应用价值，在东北制药总厂进行了推广应用。研究了新产酸菌V6的基本生物学特性，分析了GC moL％含量，165rDNA同源性，鉴定其在系统发育学上应归入Ketoguloigenium 属，暂命名为Ketogulonigenium sp．V6。选用限制性内切酶Hind IH对新产酸菌V6染色体DNA进行了部分消化，应用载体pGEM-3zf（+）构建了v6的基因文库。结合阳性转化子在以L－山梨糖为唯一碳源培养基上的生长特性，利用PCR技术从该基因文库中，筛选到一株含有L-山梨糖还原酶（sR）基因的阳性克隆，并利用pET-32a（+）表达载体，实现了sR酶基因在大肠杆菌AD494（DE3）中的表达。SDS-PAGE电泳分析测定SR融合蛋白分子量大约在65kD左右，除去硫氧化还原蛋白、S-Tag和His-Tag蛋白，可推测出天然sR酶蛋白分子量约53 kD左右，与从SR基因推测出的分子量大小相符。另外，SR酶学特性研究表明，还原型辅酶II（NADPH）是sR酶蛋白的最适电子供体，其最适反应pH为7.0，pH6.5时保持稳定，酶活力较高；最适反应温度为50 ℃，30 ℃时热稳定性较好；lmM的Cu~(2+)，Fe~(3+)和Mn~(2+)对该酶活抑制作用较大。

IL-2与金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和B融合基因的克隆及表达

目的 :IL - 2与金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和B融合基因的克隆及表达。方法 :分别在金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A2 2 7Ala、B基因的两端克隆上两个酶切位点HindⅢ ,KpnⅠ。将IL - 2基因突变 ,设计一段linker使之分别与SEA2 2 7Ala和SEB相连并克隆到PET表达载体中 ,在大肠杆菌DH5α(DE3) -Pass中表达。结果 :表达的蛋白占总蛋白 15 %。结论 :IL - 2与金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和B融合蛋白能在大肠杆菌中有效表达

Aberrant expression of X-linked genes RbAp46, Rsk4, and Cldn2 in breast cancer

The consequence of activation status or gain/loss of an X-chromosome in terms of the expression of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes in breast cancer has not been clearly addressed. In this study, we investigated the activation status of the X-chromosomes in a panel of human breast cancer cell lines, human breast carcinoma, and adjacent mammary tissues and a panel of murine mammary epithelial sublines ranging from low to high invasive potentials. Results show that most human breast cancer cell lines were homozygous, but both benign cell lines were heterozygous for highly polymorphic X-loci (IDS and G6PD). On the other hand, 60% of human breast carcinoma cases were heterozygous for either IDS or G6PD markers. Investigation of the activation status of heterozygous cell lines revealed the presence of only one active X-chromosome, whereas most heterozygous human breast carcinoma cases had two active X-chromosomes. Furthermore, we determined whether or not an additional active X-chromosome affects expression levels of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Reverse transcription-PCR data show high expression of putative tumor suppressor genes Rsk4 and RbAp46 in 47% and 79% of breast carcinoma cases, respectively, whereas Cldn2 was down-regulated in 52% of breast cancer cases compared with normal adjacent tissues. Consistent with mRNA expression, immunostaining for these proteins also showed a similar pattern. In conclusion, our data suggest that high expression of RbAp46 is likely to have a role in the development or progression of human breast cancer. The activation status of the X-chromosome may influence the expression levels of X-linked oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.

Expression and localization of a novel phosducin-like protein from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri

A full length amphioxus cDNA, encoding a novel phosducin-like protein (Amphi-PhLP), was identified for the first time from the gut cDNA library of Branchiostoma belcheri. It is comprised of 1 550 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 241 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of approximately 28 kDa. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed a tissue-specific expression pattern of Amphi-PhLP with the high levels in the ovary, and at a lower level in the hind gut and testis, hepatic caecum, gill, endostyle, and epipharyngeal groove, while it was absent in the muscle, neural tube and notochord. In the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the expression plasmid pEGFP-N1/Amphi-PhLP, the fusion protein was targeted in the cytoplasm of CHO cells, suggesting that Amphi-PhLP is a cytosolic protein. This work may provide a framework for further understanding of the physiological function of Amphi-PhLP in B. belcheri.

滤食性贝类筏式养殖对浅海生态环境影响的基础研究

近年来，由于对海区不合理的开发，我国浅海贝类筏式养殖接连遭受重创，这亟需从理论上和实践中确定养殖容量和养殖模式。本文在我国北方典型养殖海湾四十里湾对筏式养殖的贝类开展了现场生理生态学研究，对贝类对浮游植物等悬浮颗粒物的处理过程即贝类对颗粒有机物及营养元素C、N、P的摄食、吸收、排泄、排粪和生长进行了剖析，分析了贝类在沿岸养殖生态系中的物质和营养循环中所扮演的角色，为海区贝类养殖容量和养殖模式的最终确定提供了基础数据。另外，本文还对海水、沉积物及生物体中磷的分析方法进行了大量的实验工作。主要结果如下：① 比较系统地评述了双壳贝类的生物沉积(biodeposition)的原理、测定方法及其生态效应。贝类通过生物沉积在沿岸生态系中的物质和营养循环中扮演着重要的角色。国际上已有不少研究专门报道了贝类在海区现场的生物沉积。而在我国，这方面的研究却罕见。② 综述了双壳贝类各种形态的 N 和 P 排泄及其生态效应。对于我国广泛养殖 的栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝和牡蛎等双壳贝类的TDN、TP排泄尚未见报道。 ③ 在6～7月，在四十里湾的不同养殖海区(8个站位)对扇贝的生物沉积进行了现场测定。在整个四十里湾海区，一龄栉孔扇贝(壳高 41.1±4.1mm，软体干重 0.48±O.10 g/ind))每个每天所产生生物沉积物干重平均为59.9mg，对颗粒有机质(POM)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒有机氮(PON)和颗粒有机磷(POP)的生物沉积速率范围及平均值分别为： 6.88、3.09、0.392 和 0.022mg/ind·d。还在一个站位测定了海湾扇贝(壳高 24.6±2.3mm；软体干重 O.14g/ind)的生物沉积速率为 24.3mg/ind·d，或179.2mg/g·d。不同站位一龄栉孔扇贝的生物沉积速率有较大变化，这主要与饵料浓度不同有关。二龄栉孔扇贝(壳高60.9±8.2mm；软体干重1.91±0.32 g/ind)的生物沉积速率平均为 112.7mg/ind·d，对POM、POC、PON和POP的沉积速率分别是一龄扇贝的1.85倍、1.68倍、1.77倍和2.33倍。养殖海区与非养殖海区比较，前者近海底沉积速率是后者的 1.51～3.47 倍。根据以上数据，作者计算了中等规格栉孔扇贝(用壳高 41.1±4.8mm 扇贝估算)在四十里湾在夏季每天的生物沉积量达 162 吨(干重)，或18.6tPOM、8.37tPOC、1.06tPON和60kgPP。在四十里湾的贝类筏式养殖海区，可以估计贝类每年因生物沉积的生产而循环427tN和98.OtP(包括20.0t OP的贡献)，它们能分别满足浮游藻类生产所需求N和P的17.0％和28.3％(其中OP贡献 6.9％)。可见，贝类在养殖生态系的物质和营养盐循环中扮演着重要的角色。高密度、大面积的贝类养殖使大量的生物沉积物聚集于海底，可能对海区环境产生冲击。作者分析，98年8月份烟台养殖区赤潮的发生很可能与海底生物沉积物营养盐的快速释放以及栉孔扇贝大面积死亡而使浮游藻类失去了摄食控制有关，而风平浪静和养殖笼对水流的阻挡也为赤潮的发生提供了有利条件。④ 采用半现场流水系统法测定了栉孔扇贝在不同养殖密度、不同养殖模式(扇贝单养、贝藻混养、贝藻参混养)中的生物沉积。实验时间尺度大，前后计80天。结果说明扇贝的生物沉积速率与其养殖密度呈反比关系。养殖密度的高低影响饵料浓度的变化(两者呈负相关的对数函数关系)，而饵料浓度的高低直接决定着扇贝的生物沉积速率的高低，两者呈正相关关系(生物沉积速率与POC和叶绿 a 分别呈对数和指数函数关系)。不仅生物沉积物的数量与养殖密度(或饵料浓度)有关，生物沉积物的质量同样与养殖密度(或饵料浓度)有关。栉孔扇贝的养殖使沉积物的有机质含量及C、N 和 P 含量降低，且密度越高，它们的含量越低。这反映了扇贝对环境的适应能力。在海带和扇贝的混养模式中，海带对扇贝生物沉积物的数量和质量不构成影响，当然这是在海带不影响浮游植物数量的前提下得出的结果。而实际上在自然海区两者可能是竞争关系。⑤ 对从海区取回到实验室的多种滤食性动物，包括经济双壳贝类(栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝、长牡蛎、贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔等)和养殖中的污损动物(栖海鞘、玻璃海鞘、藤壶、玟斑稜蛤)的 N 和 P 排泄进行了测定，包括排泄成分和排泄速率。在N排泄中，NH_4-H 占主要部分，如笼式养殖的双壳贝类 NH_4-N 占总N排泄的70％以上，平均值范围为70.8～80.1％。氨基酸是第二大排泄成分，平均占总N排泄的10～25％。其它形态的N，如尿素、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐也有检出，如双壳贝类尿素氮在总氮排泄中占 2～5％。但在双壳贝类中未检出尿酸氮。比较而言，海鞘、藤壶的尿素氮相对高一些。在P排泄中，OP约占TDP排泄的15～27％。栉孔扇贝TDP排泄速率为0.281μmol/h·ind。作者以实验室测定结果计算，在整个四十里湾的夏季，所养殖的双壳贝类每天将排泄4.54t总溶解氮，其中NH_4-N 3.36t、Amino-N 0.69t、Urea-N 0.2t。 同时每天磷的排泄为0.57t TDP，其中OP O.15t。对面积为1.3 * 10~4hm~2的海区而言，贝类的N、P排泄分别能满足浮游植物生产所需N、P的44％和40％。尽管Urea-N所占比例有限，但也能满足海区浮游植物所需 N 的 2％左右。以上说二月高密度的贝类养殖对海区生态系统营养盐循环的影响是很显著的。附着动物(柄海鞘等)的N、P 排泄也不容忽视，它们分别能满足浮游藻类生产所需 N、P 的 ll％和 12％。它们一方面通过排泄和排粪加速营养盐和物质的循环对浮游植物的生长产生刺激作用；另一方面，对藻类产生摄食控制，如果海区中滤食性动物太多，即使营养盐再丰富也难以使浮游植物大量繁殖，这无疑将影响滤食性动物的生长速率。⑥ 运用近年来发展起来的生物沉积法对四十里湾半现场流水系统中贝类的滤水率、吸收率、生长率、生态效率等生理生态学参数进行了测定。栉孔扇贝(收获时规格0.194～0.412g软体干重/ind)滤水率平均为3.65 1/ind·h。扇贝放养密度和饵料浓度没有显著关系。扇贝的总摄食率平均为3.98mg/ind·h，对POM、POC、PON的 摄食率范围为0.84～1.87、0.335～0.748、0.0515～O.1293mg/ind·h。扇贝的摄食率随放养密度的升高而降低，与POM呈正相关关系。扇贝的吸收速率受密度和饵料浓度的影响不明显。扇贝对N的吸收效率较C、P稍高，对总有机质的吸收效率为75.9±4.1％，如此高的吸收效率与低饵料浓度有关。扇贝氨基酸泄漏所损失的能量高于排氨的能量损失。代谢能与吸收能呈明显的正相关关系。SFG与饵料浓度呈正相关关系。总生长效率K1(* 100)变化较大，范围为20～49；净生长效率K，K_2(* 100)随POM的升高而升高。扇贝对N的总生态效率范围为6.2～12.8％(平均9.9％)，这高于对C(平均5.9％)和P(平均4.1％)的总生态效率。扇贝对POC、PON和PP的生长余力(SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P)平均分别为197、46.8和6.2μg/ind·h，它们分别与POC、PON和PP呈正比关系。扇贝对N的净生长率高于对C和P的净生长率。在N的预算中，如果仅考虑NH_4-N的排泄而忽视其它形态氮的排泄，将会产生很大偏差(平均约20％)。扇贝贝壳生长所需的能量在整个扇贝生长所需能量的9.0～15.1％(平均 11.2％)；贝壳C、N和P在扇贝生长中所占的比例分别为10.5～17.8％、9.4～16.1％和8.7～15.O％。可见，贝壳不管在能量预算还是在元素预算中都不应该被忽视。理论计算而得到的SFG和SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P与扇贝的实际生长和扇贝C、N、P的实际增长量之间呈正相关关系，但前者明显过高地估计了扇贝的生长。⑦ 运用生物沉积法在四十里湾养殖海区现场对栉孔扇贝的生理生态学特征进行了研究。不同海区扇贝的滤水率有变化，一龄扇贝(41.1±4.1mm，软体干重 0.48±O.10g/ind)滤水率变化范围为 0.72～2.54(平均 1.27)1/ind·h 或 1.65～5.97(平均 2.61)1/g·h。与半现场研究结果一致，滤水率与TPM没有明显关系，而摄食率却与TPM呈正相关关系。二龄扇贝(软体干重 1.91±0.32g/ind)滤水率为 2.09～3.99(平均 3.10)1/ind·h。吸收速率与POM(或TDM)呈正相关关系，与饵料质量(POM/TPM)无明显的相关关系。吸收效率AE_(POM)与TPM(或POM)没有相关关系，却与饵料质量呈明显 的正相关关系。扇贝对POC、PON和PP的吸收效率平均分别为68.9％、64.0％和63.6％。不同海区SFG差别很大。一龄扇贝SFG范围为-O.174～24.08 J/ind·h，SFG与饵料浓度POM呈正相关关系。SFG负值的出现主要与低饵料浓度有关。SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P分别与POC、PON和PP呈正相关关系。在N的生长余力计算中，如果仅考虑NH_4-N排泄，而不考虑其它形态N的排泄，就可能产生相当大的偏差，偏差范围为11～360％，这高于半现场的偏差值，显然SFG_N越低，产生的偏差就越大。这说明在饵料不足、扇贝生长受到限制的环境下进行N生长余力的计算时必须考虑其它形态N的排泄。⑧ 对四十里湾养殖海区一些双壳贝类和藻类的化学组成和有机净生产量进行了讨论。不同双壳贝类的软体有机碳含量差别不大，而N含量差异较大。栉孔扇贝N含量最高(占软体干重的12.36％)，而牡蛎、毛蚶软体N含量相对较低，为 8～9％。从双壳贝类贝壳的组成来看，贻贝和菲律宾蛤仔贝壳中N含量最高，分别为 0.55％ 和 0.56％；而栉孔扇贝贝壳N含量相对较低，在 O.1％左右。贻贝贝壳有机磷含量 (308ppm) 也明显高于栉孔扇贝贝壳(62.1 ppm)。不同海区海带的 C/N 比值较高，变化明显，范围为17.36～30.23。石莼与此相似。大型藻类高 C/N 比值说明海区营养元素N的不足。海带的不同部位N含量差别很大，中带部和边叶在不同海区有较大变化，即对环境的营养状况比较敏感。紫贻贝贝壳中C、H、N 和 P 的含量在整个贻贝中占有相对大的比例，分别为 30.4％、30.2％、31.8％和 29．6％。

A new genus of grasshopper (orthoptera : acridoidea : Catantopidae : Cyrtacanthacridinae) from China

This paper reports a new genus i.e. Parapachyacris gen. nov and a new species Parapachyacris taiwanensis sp. nov in Cyrtacathacridinae. The new genus is similar to Pachyacris Uvarov, 1923 and differs from the latter in: 1) foveolae lacking; 2) hind tibiae with 10 spines on inner side and 8 spines on outer side; 3) basal part of prostemal process thickened; 4) cross veins right angled with longitudinal veins in apical part of tegmina and 5) the back of body with yellow longitudinal stripe in middle. The new genus is also similar to Patanga Uvarov, 1923 and differs from the latter in: 1) foveolae lacking; 2) basal part of prostemal process thickened; 3) upper side of hind femora with three dark bands and 4) black spots of tegmina lacking. Type specimen is deposited in the National Museum of Natural Science (NMNH), Taichung, Taiwan, China.

A new species and a key to known species of the genus Atractomorpha (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Pyrgomorphidae) from China

A new species, Atractomorpha taiwanensis sp. n. from Taiwan, China, is described in this paper. The new species is similar to A. micropenna Zheng, 1992, but it differs from the latter by the following: lateral lobe of pronotum without membranous area near posterior margin; the tegmina strongly shortened, not reaching ( in male) the midpoint of hind femur; and wings very small, not reaching the midpoint of tegmina. A key to all known species of the genus Atractomorpha from China is given. The type specimens are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University, China.