El maltrato infantil : un estudio experimental.

Conocer en qué medida y en qué manera los caracteres de personalidad del niño y la percepción que la madre tiene de éste puede ser usado de manera conjunta e independiente como predicciones de maltrato. Hipótesis 1: el hecho de que una madre perciba negativamente a su hijo y el hecho de ser un niño problemático, aumenta la posibilidad de maltrato. Hipótesis 2: la percepción materna tiene más peso que la personalidad del niño a la hora de predecir un acto de maltrato. 43 parejas madre-hijo. Los niños tienen entre 8 y 11 años. 26 varones y 17 hembras. Las madres tienen entre 26 y 52 años y con un nivel cultural medio-bajo. Se trata de un muestreo al azar. El método de investigación es de tipo predictivo. Variable dependiente: potencial de maltrato. Variables independientes: percepción materna del niño. Características de la personalidad del niño. Variables intervinientes: status socioeconómico y sexo. 'Child abuse potential inventory' de J. S. Milner (1981) para evaluar la variable 'potencial de maltrato'. 10 ítems del '1960 Rilp van Winkle hcil-reading questionnaire' de Eron Etal (1971) que componen la 'Rejection Scale' (Mlefkowitz y E.P. Tesyny, 1984) para evaluar la variable 'percepción materna del niño'. 'Eysenck personality questionnaire junior' de H.J. Eysenck y Sybil B.G. Eysenck en 1975 para medir las características de personalidad del niño. Coeficientes de correlación de Pearson para ver si hay relación entre variables, así como la dirección y el grado de relación. Análisis de varianza para verificar hipótesis estadísticas. Análisis múltiple o factorial de varianza, prueba T y prueba F como prueba de significación. Análisis de regresión múltiple. Análisis factorial. A medida que la percepción materna del niño es más positiva, el riesgo de maltrato va disminuyendo. A medida que el niño es mas problemático, el potencial de maltrato va incrementándose y cuando este riesgo potencial disminuye, el niño tiende a demostrar unos rasgos de personalidad menos problemáticos. Cuanto menores son los problemas de conducta del niño, la percepción materna es más positiva y viceversa. Solamente la variable 'percepción materna del niño' es significativa para predecir un posible maltrato. El riesgo de maltrato se incrementa a medida que el status socioeconómico es más bajo. A medida que la madre percibe que está sometida a situaciones de stress, soledad e infelicidad, o con más problemas familiares de otro tipo, que es más rígida y su autoestima más baja, el riesgo de potencial de maltrato es mayor. Las variables aquí usadas como personalidad del niño y percepción materna se pueden usar como indicador de la relación madre-hijo y por tanto del riesgo de un posible maltrato. Prospectiva: necesidad de determinar los factores para medir la calidad de la relación madre-hijo.

Un estudio predictivo del maltrato infantil : estudio atribucional, soporte social, clase social.

1) Valorar en qué medida el cuestionario de Milner 'The child abuse potential inventory' (1981), puede correlacionar en una población normal con algunas de las variables consideradas de alto riesgo en la teoría sobre el maltrato como son: estilo atribucional 'insidioso', bajo nivel de apoyo social y bajo status socioeconómico. 2) Estudiar cómo se adapta el cuestionario a una muestra distinta de la de Estados Unidos. 39 madres residentes en Ordizia cuyo número de hijos oscila entre 1 y 4 con un nivel cultural medio-bajo. Partimos del modelo transaccional o socio-psicológico. Es una investigación no experimental de tipo correlacional. La investigación es de tipo transversal, las medidas de las variables se toman una sola vez y al mismo tiempo. Las variables son: dependientes: puntuación en la escala de abuso. Independientes: estilo atribucional, soporte social, status socioeconómico. Intervinientes: edad, sexo, número de hijos y edades. Profesión de los padres, nivel de estudios. Diversos cuestionarios: 1) Escala de abuso del 'Child abuse potential inventory' (Milner 1981). 2) Cuestionario de estilo atribucional para adultos (Sellegan et al. 1979). 3) Nivel de apoyo social: escala autoaplicada (Departamento de Salud Mental de California, 1981) 4) Cuestionario sobre la calidad del soporte social (Delmer et al. 1984). Coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (R). Estudia la relación entre las puntuaciones globales en la escala de abuso y el estilo atribucional, entre las puntuaciones parciales en la escala de abuso y el estilo atribucional y entre las puntuaciones globales y parciales de la escala de abuso y del estilo atribucional con relación a las dos encuestas de soporte social. Análisis de varianza y análisis de regresión múltiple. No existe la asociación que se esperaba encontrar entre un estilo atributivo de tipo 'insidioso' y algunas puntuaciones en la escala de abuso. Hay una relación negativa entre la cantidad de soporte social y las puntuaciones globales de la escala de abuso. Hay una relación entre la calidad del apoyo social y el estilo atribucional 'insidioso'. A medida que la calidad del soporte va siendo menor, el estilo atribucional se acerca al llamado 'insidioso'. Tendencia al incremento de los puntuajes en la escala de abuso a medida que el status socioeconómico familiar es más bajo y que a su vez, son más rígidos con respecto a métodos de educación y disciplina y con más problemas familiares. El soporte social actúa indirectamente en la ocurrencia o no de maltrato a través de dos factores como son el stress y la autoestima. Hay una tendencia a aumentar la probabilidad del maltrato a medida que el status socioeconómico es menor. Hay una relación entre el estilo atribucional de tipo insidioso y la calidad del soporte social que a su vez se relaciona con el riesgo de maltrato.

Anàlisi de la figura de l'educador social en el centre d'acollida: l'aplicació dels bons tractes en infants que han patit situacions de maltractament i negligència

Treball que pretén analitzar i conèixer quin és el rol que ha de desenvolupar un educador social en un centre d’acollida per fer un bon acompanyament als nens que estan al centre. És a dir, entendre com pot aplicar els bons tractes un educador a un nen maltractat que ha ingressat en un centre d’acollida

Violência em escolas públicas do estado da Paraíba : impacto do projeto “Escola que Protege”

A presente pesquisa tem por finalidade investigar com os participantes do Projeto “Escola que Protege” quais as violências mais comuns registradas nas escolas e o impacto deste nas atividades desenvolvidas nas escolas no combate à violência. A violência contra a criança e o adolescente representa, atualmente, um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo e a escola é o ambiente frequentado diariamente pelas crianças, por isso torna-se um local de extrema e fundamental importância para o seu crescimento e desenvolvimento, interferindo diretamente em sua postura e comportamento futuros. Optamos por uma pesquisa qualitativa, que por meio das entrevistas pudéssemos verificar o entendimento dos sujeitos desta investigação sobre a violência escolar e a repercussão do Projeto “Escola que Protege” no município. E, ao analisá-las, concluiu-se que as violências mais comuns existentes nos municípios pesquisados não são diferentes das encontradas nas outras regiões do país, onde existe o trabalho infantil, casos de violência doméstica, bullying, além do abuso sexual, que também acomete as crianças destes municípios. Detectamos por fim que o Projeto Escola que Protege, conseguiu alcançar resultados positivos em todos os municípios pesquisados, levando informações importantes aos educadores, capacitando-os para a resolução ou o encaminhamento dos casos de violência infantil detectadas no âmbito escolar.

Atuação da escola frente à violência: estudo comparativo entre duas instituiçoes de ensino

It is a descriptive, exploratory study, quantitative comparative approach, whose general objective was to analyze the violence at school in a comparative way in the context of two schools in Natal / RN. The specifics were to identify the types of manifestations of violence in the contexts of public and private schools, to identify the position of the leadership, teachers and school staff during and after the occurrence of manifestations of violence in the school environment, to identify measures to prevent violence within of schools. The results show that 68 of the 121 participants (56.20%) were female and 53 (43.80%) were male, 38 (31.40%) were between 40 and 49, 85 (70.2%) lived in the south of Natal (RN), 46 (38.02%) specialization, 68 (56.20%) were Catholic, 63 (52.07%) married, 41 (33.88%) received between 03 and 05 and 68 minimum wages (56.20%) were teachers, 51 (42.15%) 02 employees (01,65%) and directors, 46 (38.02%) providers had between 05 and 14 years and 11 months experience in teaching 70 (57.85%) less than five years in the job, 68 (56.20%) worked between 20 hours and 40 hours per week, 81 (16.30%) worked in the 9th grade of elementary school II. As for the sizing of violence, 111 (91.74%) respondents witnessed episodes of this event who work in the institution, 100 (82.64%) witnessed verbal violence, 87 (71.90%) called for parents when some event happenedviolent that it caused injury to students, 66 (54.55%) believed that family violence is the main reason for young people practiced bullying, 44 (38.98%) reported daily episodes of bullying, 64 (52.89% ) the event happens in the courtyard. Of the 37 victims of violence at school, 22 (59.45%) suffered verbal abuse, 18 (48.65%) experienced violence once a week, 36 (97.30%) were attacked by students, 104 (85.95 %) are able to differentiate the bad acts of bullying behavior, 28 (23.14%) separated the involved coordination and communicated verbally, 23 (19.00%) stated that the coordination of schools talked with parents about the aggressive behavior of the student. Regarding the actions taken to minimize bullying, 69 (57.02%) participated in any professional education process, 47 (38.84%) was the educational process at another institution, 49 (71.01%) took courses lasting 12 to 24 hours, 59 (48.76%) stated that interaction with parents and family was the most stimulated by the school to try to minimize and prevent the event and 116 (95.87%) participated in meetings at the institutions surveyed , 58 (50.00%) responded that the meetings took place every two months and 121 (100.00%) reported having no refresher course on school violence in the schools surveyed. We conclude that violence in schools has been expressed in any social class and that professionals are poorly prepared to deal with the situation. So we hope that education professionals through the reading of our study may realize that school violence takes place in any institution affecting the lives of all who make up the educational universe. It is extremely important that these professionals always seek to empower through knowledge so that they can develop strategies to prevent and minimize the bullying to change the reality of the workplace

A credibilidade do testemunho da criança vítima de abuso sexual no contexto judiciário

Violência sexual contra crianças não é um evento incomum; no entanto, há a dificuldade de denúncia, pois, além do estabelecimento da relação de dominação que o agressor exerce sobre a vítima, a maneira como tal fato é recebido pela sociedade e como é encaminhado pelas instituições judiciárias responsáveis também é determinante para as omissões. Inserida no universo dos interrogatórios, muitas vezes, a criança causa confusão ao desmentir o que havia falado antes, reforçando possíveis preconceitos em relação a si mesma. O presente trabalho traz a análise das relações entre a infância e a instituição judiciária, com principal enfoque no sistema de comunicação e de notificação dos crimes sexuais contra a criança e as consequentes intervenções profissionais que buscam a validação, ou não, de seu testemunho. Para tanto, foram pesquisados 51 processos judiciais, dos quais foram selecionados dois casos exemplares. Este trabalho evidencia a possibilidade de preservar a criança da revitimização causada pela multiplicidade de interrogatórios, sem deixar de cumprir as normas jurídicas necessárias. A fragilidade da palavra da criança está na forma como é acolhida pelos adultos, desde a revelação na família até a denúncia aos órgãos oficiais, revelando a urgência de alterações nos procedimentos judiciais relacionados a essa problemática

Childhood trauma in substance use disorder and depression: An analysis by gender among a Brazilian clinical sample

Objective: In this study, we compared the frequency and intensity of childhood traumas in alcohol- or other drug-dependent patients, in patients with depression, and in a control group without psychiatric diagnoses. Methods: The study had a retrospective design of a clinical sample of men and women from the groups listed above. They were evaluated by the same standardized instrument: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.. Results: A higher frequency and intensity of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse were found in alcohol- and other drug-dependent patients than in patients with depression, who, in turn, presented significantly higher proportions than the control group. In all of the cases, the frequency was higher among women than men. Conclusion: Because of the high frequency and intensity of childhood traumas among alcohol- or other drug-dependent patients and depressed patients, the assessment of problems due to childhood traumas among these patients is essential to a better understanding of the etiology of those disorders and to their treatment. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação de grupo de intervenção para as mães/cuidadores de crianças pré-escolares com problemas de comportamento externalizantes

Negative parental practices may influence the onset and maintenance of externalizing behavior problems, and positive parenting seem to improve children's social skills and reduce behavior problems. The objective of the present study was to describe the effects of an intervention designed to foster parents' social skills related to upbringing practices in order to reduce externalizing problems in children aged 4 to 6 years. Thirteen mothers and two care taker grandmothers took part in the study with an average of four participants per group. To assess intervention effects, we used a repeated measure design with control, pre, and post intervention assessments. Instruments used were: (a) An interview schedule that evaluates the social interactions between parents and children functionally, considering each pair of child's and parent's behaviors as context for one another; (b) A Social Skills Inventory; (c) Child Behavior Checklist - CBCL. Intervention was effective in improving parent general social skills, decreasing negative parental practices and decreasing child behavior problems.

Violência denunciada: ocorrências de maus tratos contra crianças e adolescentes registradas em uma unidade policial.

This study aimed to investigate the profile of the occurrence of abuse against children and adolescents. We analyzed the data recorded in police reports from the Department of Women's Defense, Araçatuba-SP, in 2008, relating to assault, victim-offender relationship, sociodemographic characteristics of offenders and victims, and victims' demand for health services. Among the accusations, there was a higher prevalence of physical abuse, being the residence the place of higher incidence of aggression. In most cases, the aggressor was the mother of the child, being the subject of aggression not reported, in most cases. Thus, we can define the profile of violent incidents against children, contributing to the visualization, knowledge and to deal with the problem.

Estudo do perfil epidemiológico da violência contra crianças, adolescentes e idosos em registros policiais

Pós-graduação em Odontologia Preventiva e Social - FOA

Maltrato infantil: una dolorosa realidad puertas adentro

El maltrato infantil atenta contra los derechos más básicos de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Tal como se documenta en el artículo central de este número de Desafíos abocado al tema, el maltrato infantil es una realidad masiva,cotidiana y subdeclarada entre la población latinoamericana y caribeña. Encarna en modalidades diversas, incluyendo agresiones físicas y psicológicas, violación y abuso sexual, y se da en el seno del hogar, en el barrio, en la escuela, en el trabajo y en instituciones de protección y justicia. El maltrato suele reproducirse de una generación a la siguiente, y los principales agresores son el padre, la madre u otro adulto en el hogar.

Abordagem dos maus tratos na infância por unidades de saúde da família

The goal of this study was to apprehend conceptualizations and professional experiences concerning child maltreatment as reported by physicians and nurses working for the Family Health Strategy implemented in a medium-sized city in São Paulo state. It is a descriptive qualitative study in which 20 professionals were included and semi-structured taped interviews were used. The data obtained were analyzed according to the Collective Subject Discourse and systematized into five themes: Conceptualizations of child maltreatment; Professional training to work in this field; Professional experiences related to such aggravations; Difficult and easy aspects faced during care provision to child maltreatment in the Family Health Strategy; Proposals to promote child safety. It was concluded that care provision to such aggravation types by family health units is configured as an important strategy to promote child safety and support families in relation to this issue. However, it was observed that, in order to qualify professionals for such care provision, it is necessary to invest in continuing education for the multiprofessional team. Also, municipal policies concerning care provision to child abuse, particularly in the organization of integrated work of the health care, education, social welfare and justice sectors must be urgently established by actively including the general society in such process

Violence against children and adolescents: the importance of knowledge of the spectrum of bruise colors in its diagnosis

Introduction: One of the violence types more observed against children is the physical abuse, which produces many types of traumatic injuries. Contusions are common trauma signs and may indicate aggression when frequently present in locations where accidental injuries are rare. Contusions in skin undergo color changes with the passage of time, and such change in color is called “spectrum of bruise colors of Legrand du Saulle”. Thus, it is possible to estimate the age of the lesion based on the evaluation of color. Injuries caused by child abuse often reach regions of head, face and neck, because they are exposed and easily accessible. Therefore, the dentist is responsible with regard to the diagnosis and the actions to be undertaken against the cases of child abuse. Objective: To present and discuss the significance of the spectrum of bruise colors as a considerable visible trace in suspicion of violence against children and adolescents, during dentists’ clinical routine. Literature review: The study of the “spectrum of bruise colors of Legrand du Saulle” refers to the estimation of the age of the injury, in respect to the color change. The application of this study is of great value for identify if a lesion occurred from a single incident or from multiple incidents, especially in cases where it occurs in the same region of the body, indicative of repetitive trauma. Conclusion: The spectrum of bruise colors is very important for health professionals, such as dentists, for the identification or suspicion of cases of abuse against children and adolescents. As great part of the lesions originated of abuse involve the areas of head and neck, it is unacceptable that these professionals are unaware of the basic signs to help in early diagnosis, which is the case of the colors of the lesions. However, concerning the chronology of the spectrum of bruise colors, it is not possible to establish rigorous times.

A violência familiar sofrida na infância: uma investigação na adolescência

This study aims to highlight the prevalence of situations of domestic violence experienced by adolescents during their childhood. It is cross-sectional study with 372 adolescents enrolled in a vocational training institution, Araçatuba-SP, utilizing the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), translated and validated. Gender and social class were also investigated. According to the results, 180 adolescents were female and 192 were male. The predominant social class was B2 (39.2%). Seventy two percent of teens reported having experienced at least some form of violence during childhood. Mild (28.7%) and moderate (9.2%) emotional abuse were the most prevalently associated, as well as between: physical and emotional violence, physical and sexual, physical and emotional neglect, sexual and emotional abuse, emotional neglect and emotional. Regarding social class, no associations were found. In conclusion, most teens suffered abuse in childhood, with a prevalence of emotional violence.

Abuso sexual infantil e incesto: a ética da escuta na clínica de Françoise Dolto

This paper will discuss some aspects of the problem of child sexual abuse, specifically incest, drawing on psychoanalysis and in particular the psychoanalytic proposed by Françoise Dolto allowing their concepts of castration simboligênica, symbolic function, image and body language unconsciously take incest as the object of study to propose a psychoanalytic clinic devoted to listening to the subject, going beyond the legal concerns of policies on reporting and complaints, but not meddle in them, reflecting on the role of the psychologist and psychoanalyst in the clinic for children of sexual abuse.