Skeemakongruenssi : morfologisten skeemojen kongruenssia lapsenkielessä

Summary: Schema concord : agreement between morphological schemas in child language

Consistency and population sensitivity properties in marriage and Rrommate markets

We consider one-to-one matching markets in which agents can either be matched as pairs or remain single. In these so-called roommate markets agents are consumers and resources at the same time. Klaus (Games Econ Behav 72:172-186, 2011) introduced two new "population sensitivity" properties that capture the effect newcomers have on incumbent agents: competition sensitivity and resource sensitivity. On various roommate market domains (marriage markets, no-odd-rings roommate markets, solvable roommate markets),we characterize the core using either of the population sensitivity properties in addition to weak unanimity and consistency. On the domain of all roommate markets, we obtain two associated impossibility results.

A software to calculate soil hydraulic conductivity in internal drainage experiments (SHC, Version 2.00)

A software for the calculation of unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity K(theta) is presented for commonly used methods found in the literature, based on field experiments in which a soil profile is submitted to water infiltration followed by internal drainage. The software is available at: dourado@esalq.usp.br.

Fertilizer 15N balance in a coffee cropping system: a case study in Brazil

Knowledge about the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in agricultural systems is essential for the improvement of management practices in order to maximize nitrogen (N) recovery by the crop and reduce N losses from the system to a minimum. This study involves fertilizer management practices using the 15N isotope label applied in a single rate to determine the fertilizer-N balance in a particular soil-coffee-atmosphere system and to deepen the understanding of N plant dynamics. Five replicates consisting of plots of about 120 plants each were randomly defined within a 0.2 ha coffee plantation planted in 2001, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Nine plants of each plot were separated in sub-plots for the 15N balance studies and treated with N rates of 280 and 350 kg ha-1 during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005, respectively, both of them as ammonium sulfate enriched to a 15N abundance of 2.072 atom %. Plant shoots were considered as separate parts: the orthotropic central branch, productive branches, leaves of productive branches, vegetative branches, leaves of vegetative branches and fruit. Litter, consisting of dead leaves accumulated below the plant canopy, was measured by the difference between leaves at harvest and at the beginning of the following flowering. Roots and soil were sampled down to a depth of 1.0 at intervals of 0.2 m. Samples from the isotopic sub-plots were used to evaluate total N and 15N, and plants outside sub-plots were used to evaluate dry matter. Volatilization losses of NH3 were estimated using special collectors. Leaching of fertilizer-N was estimated from deep drainage water fluxes and 15N concentrations of the soil solution at 1 m soil depth. At the end of the 2-year evaluation, the recovery of 15N applied as ammonium sulfate was 19.1 % in aerial plant parts, 9.4 % in the roots, 23.8 % in the litter, 26.3 % in the fruit and 12.6 % remaining in the 0_1.0 m soil profile. Annual leaching and volatilization losses were very small (2.0 % and 0.9 %, respectively). After two years, only 6.2 % N were missing in the balance (100 %) which can be attributed to other non-estimated compartments and experimental errors. Results show that an enrichment of only 2 % atom 15N allows the study of the partition of fertilizer-N in a perennial crop such as coffee during a period of two years.

Funil de haines modificado: curvas de retenção de solos próximos à saturação

O movimento da água através da matriz do solo é geralmente modelado pelas equações de Darcy, Darcy-Buckingam e Richards, cujo uso está baseado no conhecimento de algumas propriedades físicas do solo, como, por exemplo, a distribuição de poros e a retenção de água pelo solo. A retenção de água pelo solo é conhecida a partir da determinação de sua curva de retenção (CR) ou curva característica. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um aparato simples, desenvolvido pela modificação do funil de placa porosa (funil de Haines), para a investigação e o levantamento de CRs detalhadas, em amostras de solos em condições de umidade próximas à saturação e em amostras com potenciais mátricos (ψm) que vão desde 0 kPa a aproximadamente -12 kPa (120 cm de altura de coluna de água). Foram investigados agregados de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd) de uma região do Estado do Paraná, cujos diâmetros médios e densidades variaram, respectivamente, entre 1,6 e 5,7 cm e 1,01 e 1,31 g cm-3, e amostras arenosas reconstituídas com areias de diâmetros médios entre 0,106 mm e 2,000 mm, com dimensões fractais de fracionamento (Df) entre 2,5 e 3,0. O segundo objetivo do trabalho foi inferir a distribuição de poros das amostras investigadas. Isso foi conseguido utilizando-se os parâmetros de ajuste da curva de van Genuchtenaos pontos das CRs obtidas para a determinação da Função Capacidade de Água (FCA). Pela análise dessas FCAs, observou-se que as amostras de agregados de solo apresentaram um sistema poroso de maior complexidade; e que a variação da granulometria do solo arenoso está diretamente relacionada às modificações de suas propriedades de retenção de água. Finalmente, a variação na densidade dos agregados investigados não alterou significativamente o comportamento das curvas de retenção na faixa de tensões estudadas.