Mobile elements drive recombination hotspots in the core genome of Staphylococcus aureus

Horizontal gene transfer is an important driver of bacterial evolution, but genetic exchange in the core genome of clonal species, including the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, is incompletely understood. Here we reveal widespread homologous recombination in S. aureus at the species level, in contrast to its near-complete absence between closely related strains. We discover a patchwork of hotspots and coldspots at fine scales falling against a backdrop of broad-scale trends in rate variation. Over megabases, homoplasy rates fluctuate 1.9-fold, peaking towards the origin-of-replication. Over kilobases, we find core recombination hotspots of up to 2.5-fold enrichment situated near fault lines in the genome associated with mobile elements. The strongest hotspots include regions flanking conjugative transposon ICE6013, the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) and genomic island νSaα. Mobile element-driven core genome transfer represents an opportunity for adaptation and challenges our understanding of the recombination landscape in predominantly clonal pathogens, with important implications for genotype–phenotype mapping.

Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons

The purported migrations that have formed the peoples of Britain have been the focus of generations of scholarly controversy. However, this has not benefited from direct analyses of ancient genomes. Here we report nine ancient genomes (~1 x) of individuals from northern Britain: seven from a Roman era York cemetery, bookended by earlier Iron-Age and later Anglo-Saxon burials. Six of the Roman genomes show affinity with modern British Celtic populations, particularly Welsh, but significantly diverge from populations from Yorkshire and other eastern English samples. They also show similarity with the earlier Iron-Age genome, suggesting population continuity, but differ from the later Anglo-Saxon genome. This pattern concords with profound impact of migrations in the Anglo-Saxon period. Strikingly, one Roman skeleton shows a clear signal of exogenous origin, with affinities pointing towards the Middle East, confirming the cosmopolitan character of the Empire, even at its northernmost fringes.

Improved Prediction of Hydrocarbon Flash Points from Boiling Point Data

Flash points (T(FP)) of hydrocarbons are calculated from their flash point numbers, N(FP), with the relationship T(FP) (K) = 23.369N(FP)(2/3) + 20.010N(FP)(1/3) + 31.901 In turn, the N(FP) values can be predicted from experimental boiling point numbers (Y(BP)) and molecular structure with the equation N(FP) = 0.987 Y(BP) + 0.176D + 0.687T + 0.712B - 0.176 where D is the number of olefinic double bonds in the structure, T is the number of triple bonds, and B is the number of aromatic rings. For a data set consisting of 300 diverse hydrocarbons, the average absolute deviation between the literature and predicted flash points was 2.9 K.

Calculating Flash Point Numbers from Molecular Structure: An Improved Method for Predicting the Flash Points of Acyclic Alkanes

We report a novel method for calculating flash points of acyclic alkanes from flash point numbers, N(FP), which can be calculated from experimental or calculated boiling point numbers (Y(BP)) with the equation N(FP) = 1.020Y(BP) - 1.083 Flash points (FP) are then determined from the relationship FP(K) = 23.369N(FP)(2/3) + 20.010N(FP)(1/3) + 31.901 For it data set of 102 linear and branched alkanes, the correlation of literature and predicted flash points has R(2) = 0.985 and an average absolute deviation of 3.38 K. N(FP) values can also be estimated directly from molecular structure to produce an even closer correspondence of literature and predicted FP values. Furthermore, N(FP) values provide a new method to evaluate the reliability of literature flash point data.

Simple Method to Evaluate and to Predict Flash Points of Organic Compounds

Flash points (T(FP)) of organic compounds are calculated from their flash point numbers, N(FP), with the relationship T(FP) = 23.369N(FP)(2/3) + 20.010N(FP)(1/3) + 31.901. In turn, the N(FP) values can be predicted from boiling point numbers (Y(BP)) and functional group counts with the equation N(FP) = 0.974Y(BP) + Sigma(i)n(i)G(i) + 0.095 where G(i) is a functional group-specific contribution to the value of N(FP) and n(i) is the number of such functional groups in the structure. For a data set consisting of 1000 diverse organic compounds, the average absolute deviation between reported and predicted flash points was less than 2.5 K.

Carbon Sequestration and Major Population Centers in Maine

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MODELING POTENTIAL TIGER HABITAT IN HUPINGSHAN-HOUHE ANDMANGSHAN-NANLING NATIONAL NATURE RESERVES, CHINA

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Modeling Potential Tiger Habitat in Hupingshan-Houhe and Mangshan-Nanling National Nature Reserves, China

After declining steadily for several decades, the South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) is now thought to be extinct in the wild. However, there is some hope of reintroduction, with Hupingshan-Houhe and Mangshan-Nanling National Nature Reserves in southern China seeming to hold the most promise. Our study used slope, elevation, vegetation, and landcover variables to construct a rough habitat suitability index for tigers in these two parks. According to our model, there are areas of suitable habitat within both parks. However, there are some important variables that we were unable to include in our model, such as human population density and prey availability. Considerable in-depth research will be necessary to evaluate the suitability of these locations before reintroduction is considered.

Atitude socialmente responsável ou estratégia comercial: o caso do pacto global

The discussion about corporate obligations toward the various stakeholders began in the postindustrial era and developed to culminate in the creation of rules, regulations, programs and projects focusing on the dissemination and promotion of what we know today as corporate social responsibility (CSR). In this context, satisfying this new demand and adopting social policies emerge as a determining factor in defining organizational strategies. Nevertheless, some questions are raised when we examine the subject, such as: To what extent should organizations intervene in society? Is the decision for the organizations to adopt a socially responsible attitude really linked to promoting social well being, or is it only a commercial strategy? How does social marketing relate to CSR projects? The study herein, based on the concept and understanding of CSR theories, stakeholders and social marketing, has sought to find evidence of this relationship, in the light of the Global Compact (GC). It was decided to use the multi-case study methodology, considering the possibility of explaining the reasons why the decisions were taken, how they were implemented and what was the outcome. Interviews, supported by previously prepared scripts, were held with CSR managers, employees from other areas of the organizations, and specialists on the subject. Complementary research studies were made in various sources, such as the website of companies under analysis, their sustainability reports, and the GC websites in Brazil and the United Nations (UN). The results obtained show that the organizations have worked increasingly with CSR projects, but the efforts have not been focused. Special mention is given to the programs that create major impact on the company¿s image and reputation, such as projects competing for prizes and participating in the formation of rankings or socially responsible organizations. From the view of Carroll¿s Pyramid (1991) for CSR, it is found that the projects are predominantly focusing on ethical and philanthropic issues. The driving power of the GC, action based on learning, dialogue and partnership, is not to be found. This factor contributes to the statement that social marketing tools are used to build an ethical and socially responsible image, in detriment to effective action by the organizations to meet the social requirements of their stakeholders. The social marketing has as an objective to transform the way a specific public sees a social question and promotes behavior changes, but what has been seen is the use of marketing tools exclusively to promote the company's image.

Blogosfera, estratégias de subversão e o campo da comunicação no Brasil: uma análise do Movimento dos Blogueiros Progressistas sob uma perspectiva de estudos organizacionais

O campo da comunicação tem passado por um processo de intensas mudanças no que tange ao modo como a notícia é produzida, distribuída e consumida em seus diversos segmentos. Tal fenômeno está ligado, principalmente, a mudanças de ordem tecnológica que têm possibilitado novas alternativas de se produzir e comercializar a noticia e que fogem ao modelo estabelecido pelas organizações dominantes nesse espaço. A Internet, além de ter modificado o processo tradicional de produção, comercialização e distribuição da informação praticado pelas corporações de mídia, possibilitou também que diferentes grupos da sociedade civil pudessem expressar-se de maneira mais livre. Nesse sentido, graças à utilização das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação por parte de tais grupos, viu-se o surgimento, no campo da comunicação no Brasil, de um conjunto de blogs políticos que possui como principal intuito desafiar o poder da mídia tradicional e também o de permitir a difusão de pontos de vista políticos distintos aos das organizações mainstream. Tal espaço é aqui denominado como uma blogosfera política alternativa. Dentre os diversos grupos de agentes que ingressaram no campo da comunicação nos últimos tempos, pode-se mencionar um movimento organizado específico que ganhou visibilidade nos últimos anos tanto por sua atuação política, como por seu engajamento na discussão sobre a democratização da mídia no Brasil: o Movimento dos Blogueiros Progressistas (BlogProg). O BlogProg, que é composto por jornalistas egressos de grandes organizações de mídia tradicional, jornalistas ligados a veículos de mídia alternativa e militantes políticos vinculados a partidos de esquerda, foi responsável pela realização de diversos encontros nacionais em que foram feitas diversas reivindicações em prol da formulação de políticas públicas que garantissem a democratização do campo da comunicação no Brasil e que incentivassem a própria blogosfera. Nesse sentido, a presente tese possui como objetivo analisar de que maneira a gênese e a consolidação de uma blogosfera política alternativa possibilitou, sobretudo a partir da criação do Movimento de Blogueiros Progressistas (BlogProg), o surgimento de estratégias de subversão por parte de diferentes agentes pertencentes ao campo da comunicação no Brasil. Procura-se realizar uma articulação entre a teoria sociológica de campo social desenvolvida pelo sociólogo francês Pierre Bourdieu, e a perspectiva de ativismo de mídia advinda dos campos dos estudos de mídia e comunicação e da sociologia, especialmente aquela desenvolvida por autores como Carroll e Hackett (2006) e Hackett (2008). Para que o objetivo deste trabalho pudesse ser atingido, optou-se por coletar diferentes tipos de dados que pudessem ser contrapostos e que permitissem uma maior profundidade no que tange à analise dos elementos aqui sob investigação. Assim, foram coletados dados provenientes de treze blogs vinculados ao movimento BlogProg. Também, foram coletados dados provenientes de observação participante nos principais eventos promovidos pelos agentes que compõem o movimento. Por fim, foram entrevistados dezoito pessoas, dentre blogueiros e ativistas digitais que possuem algum tipo de relação com o movimento aqui analisado. Como resultado foi possível verificar que este novo movimento social faz uso de diferentes micro e macro estratégias de subversão não só para que seja possível desafiar as organizações dominantes vinculadas aos meios de comunicação tradicionais, mas também para modificar as regras dominantes e a ordem estabelecida no campo da comunicação. Entretanto, evidenciou-se que as estratégias de subversão, ainda que sejam orientadas por um desejo de promover transformações revolucionárias no campo por meio da defesa de práticas opostas às práticas dominantes, ainda assim muitas vezes são obrigadas a incorporar algumas práticas ou elementos que também estão presentes nestas últimas, o que está relacionado à força do habitus dos agentes que exercem mais peso no movimento e também pela necessidade do movimento continuar a disputar o jogo em questão. Espera-se que a pesquisa aqui proposta contribua para os estudos sobre as organizações e o elemento poder presente em toda a sua rede de relações sociais. Tais estudos, de acordo com Faria (2003), deve ser capaz de revelar não apenas o que é manifesto e que somos capazes de ver facilmente, mas também o que não pode ser expresso, o que jaz oculto.

Testing consumption optimality using aggregate data

The objective of this paper is to test for optimality of consumption decisions at the aggregate level (representative consumer) taking into account popular deviations from the canonical CRRA utility model rule of thumb and habit. First, we show that rule-of-thumb behavior in consumption is observational equivalent to behavior obtained by the optimizing model of King, Plosser and Rebelo (Journal of Monetary Economics, 1988), casting doubt on how reliable standard rule-of-thumb tests are. Second, although Carroll (2001) and Weber (2002) have criticized the linearization and testing of euler equations for consumption, we provide a deeper critique directly applicable to current rule-of-thumb tests. Third, we show that there is no reason why return aggregation cannot be performed in the nonlinear setting of the Asset-Pricing Equation, since the latter is a linear function of individual returns. Fourth, aggregation of the nonlinear euler equation forms the basis of a novel test of deviations from the canonical CRRA model of consumption in the presence of rule-of-thumb and habit behavior. We estimated 48 euler equations using GMM, with encouraging results vis-a-vis the optimality of consumption decisions. At the 5% level, we only rejected optimality twice out of 48 times. Empirical-test results show that we can still rely on the canonical CRRA model so prevalent in macroeconomics: out of 24 regressions, we found the rule-of-thumb parameter to be statistically signi cant at the 5% level only twice, and the habit ƴ parameter to be statistically signi cant on four occasions. The main message of this paper is that proper return aggregation is critical to study intertemporal substitution in a representative-agent framework. In this case, we fi nd little evidence of lack of optimality in consumption decisions, and deviations of the CRRA utility model along the lines of rule-of-thumb behavior and habit in preferences represent the exception, not the rule.

Testing consumption optimality using aggregate data

This paper tests the optimality of consumption decisions at the aggregate level taking into account popular deviations from the canonical constant-relative-risk-aversion (CRRA) utility function model-rule of thumb and habit. First, based on the critique in Carroll (2001) and Weber (2002) of the linearization and testing strategies using euler equations for consumption, we provide extensive empirical evidence of their inappropriateness - a drawback for standard rule- of-thumb tests. Second, we propose a novel approach to test for consumption optimality in this context: nonlinear estimation coupled with return aggregation, where rule-of-thumb behavior and habit are special cases of an all encompassing model. We estimated 48 euler equations using GMM. At the 5% level, we only rejected optimality twice out of 48 times. Moreover, out of 24 regressions, we found the rule-of-thumb parameter to be statistically significant only twice. Hence, lack of optimality in consumption decisions represent the exception, not the rule. Finally, we found the habit parameter to be statistically significant on four occasions out of 24.

Uma visita ao universo matemático de Lewis Carrol e o (re)encontro com sua lógica do nonsense

Notable mathematics teacher, Lewis Carroll, pseudonym of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898), made the mixture of mathematics with literature a ludic environment for learning that discipline. Author of Alice s Adventures In Wonderland and its sequel Alice Through The Looking Glass, he eventually created a real and complex universe which uses what we call the logic of the nonsense as an element to motivate the development of mathematical thinking of the reader, taking it as well, learn by establishing a link between the concrete (mathematics) and the imaginary (their universe). In order to investigate and discuss the educational potential of their works and state some elements that can contribute to a decentralized math education from the traditional method of following the models and decorate formulas, we visited his works based on the studies of archeology of knowledge (FOUCAULT, 2007), the rational thought and symbolic thinking (VERGANI, 2003) and about the importance of stories and narratives to the development of human cognition (FARIAS, 2006). Through a descriptive, analytical study, we used the literary construction and presented part of our study in form of a mathematical novel, to give the mathematical school a particular charm, without depriving it of its basics properties as discipline and content. Our study showed how the works of Carroll have a strong didactic element that can deploy in various activities of study and teaching for mathematics classes