863 resultados para Bottom-up learning
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During the last 30 years, significant debate has taken place regarding multilevel research. However, the extent to which multilevel research is overtly practiced remains to be examined. This article analyzes 10 years of organizational research within a multilevel framework (from 2001 to 2011). The goals of this article are (a) to understand what has been done, during this decade, in the field of organizational multilevel research and (b) to suggest new arenas of research for the next decade. A total of 132 articles were selected for analysis through ISI Web of Knowledge. Through a broad-based literature review, results suggest that there is equilibrium between the amount of empirical and conceptual papers regarding multilevel research, with most studies addressing the cross-level dynamics between teams and individuals. In addition, this study also found that the time still has little presence in organizational multilevel research. Implications, limitations, and future directions are addressed in the end. Organizations are made of interacting layers. That is, between layers (such as divisions, departments, teams, and individuals) there is often some degree of interdependence that leads to bottom-up and top-down influence mechanisms. Teams and organizations are contexts for the development of individual cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors (top-down effects; Kozlowski & Klein, 2000). Conversely, individual cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors can also influence the functioning and outcomes of teams and organizations (bottom-up effects; Arrow, McGrath, & Berdahl, 2000). One example is when the rewards system of one organization may influence employees’ intention to quit and the existence or absence of extra role behaviors. At the same time, many studies have showed the importance of bottom-up emergent processes that yield higher level phenomena (Bashshur, Hernández, & González-Romá, 2011; Katz-Navon & Erez, 2005; Marques-Quinteiro, Curral, Passos, & Lewis, in press). For example, the affectivity of individual employees may influence their team’s interactions and outcomes (Costa, Passos, & Bakker, 2012). Several authors agree that organizations must be understood as multilevel systems, meaning that adopting a multilevel perspective is fundamental to understand real-world phenomena (Kozlowski & Klein, 2000). However, whether this agreement is reflected in practicing multilevel research seems to be less clear. In fact, how much is known about the quantity and quality of multilevel research done in the last decade? The aim of this study is to compare what has been proposed theoretically, concerning the importance of multilevel research, with what has really been empirically studied and published. First, this article outlines a review of the multilevel theory, followed by what has been theoretically “put forward” by researchers. Second, this article presents what has really been “practiced” based on the results of a review of multilevel studies published from 2001 to 2011 in business and management journals. Finally, some barriers and challenges to true multilevel research are suggested. This study contributes to multilevel research as it describes the last 10 years of research. It quantitatively depicts the type of articles being written, and where we can find the majority of the publications on empirical and conceptual work related to multilevel thinking.
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The arousal-biased competition model predicts that arousal increases the gain on neural competition between stimuli representations. Thus, the model predicts that arousal simultaneously enhances processing of salient stimuli and impairs processing of relatively less-salient stimuli. We tested this model with a simple dot-probe task. On each trial, participants were simultaneously exposed to one face image as a salient cue stimulus and one place image as a non-salient stimulus. A border around the face cue location further increased its bottom-up saliency. Before these visual stimuli were shown, one of two tones played: one that predicted a shock (increasing arousal) or one that did not. An arousal-by-saliency interaction in category-specific brain regions (fusiform face area for salient faces and parahippocampal place area for non-salient places) indicated that brain activation associated with processing the salient stimulus was enhanced under arousal whereas activation associated with processing the non-salient stimulus was suppressed under arousal. This is the first functional magnetic resonance imaging study to demonstrate that arousal can enhance information processing for prioritized stimuli while simultaneously impairing processing of non-prioritized stimuli. Thus, it goes beyond previous research to show that arousal does not uniformly enhance perceptual processing, but instead does so selectively in ways that optimizes attention to highly salient stimuli.
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Research on the flexibility of race-based processing offers divergent results. Some studies find that race affects processing in an obligatory fashion. Other studies suggest dramatic flexibility. The current study attempts to clarify this divergence by examining a process that may mediate flexibility in race-based processing: the engagement of visual attention. In this study, White participants completed an exogenous cuing task designed to measure attention to White and Black faces. Participants in the control condition showed a pronounced bias to attend to Black faces. Critically, participants in a goal condition were asked to process a feature of the stimulus that was unrelated to race. The induction of this goal eliminated differential attention to Black faces, suggesting that attentional engagement responds flexibly to top-down goals, rather than obligatorily to bottom-up racial cues.
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The relationship between working memory (WM) and attention is a highly interdependent one, with evidence that attention determines the state in which items in WM are retained. Through focusing of attention, an item might be held in a more prioritized state, commonly termed as the focus of attention (FOA). The remaining items, although still retrievable, are considered to be in a different representational state. One means to bring an item into the FOA is to use retrospective cues (‘retro-cues’) which direct attention to one of the objects retained in WM. Alternatively, an item can enter a privileged state once attention is directed towards it through bottom-up influences (e.g. recency effect) or by performing an action on one of the retained items (‘incidental’ cueing). In all these cases, the item in the FOA is recalled with better accuracy compared to the other items in WM. Far less is known about the nature of the other items in WM and whether they can be flexibly manipulated in and out of the FOA. We present data from three types of experiments as well as transcranial magnetic stimulation to early visual cortex to manipulate the item inside FOA. Taken together, our results suggest that the context in which items are retained in WM matters. When an item remains behaviourally relevant, despite not being inside the FOA, re-focusing attention upon it can increase its recall precision. This suggests that a non-FOA item can be held in a state in which it can be later retrieved. However, if an item is rendered behaviourally unimportant because it is very unlikely to be probed, it cannot be brought back into the FOA, nor recalled with high precision. Under such conditions, some information appears to be irretrievably lost from WM. These findings, obtained from several different methods, demonstrate quite considerable flexibility with which items in WM can be represented depending upon context. They have important consequences for emerging state-dependent models of WM.
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Understanding the dynamics and diversity of marine phytoplankton is essential for predicting oceanic primary production, oxygen generation and carbon sequestration. Several top-down and bottom-up factors lead to complex phytoplankton dynamics. Complexities further arise from inter-species interactions within phytoplankton communities. Consequently, some of the basic questions on phytoplankton diversity, identified long ago, still puzzle the ecologists: for example, what regulates the diversity in simple systems where species compete for limiting resources? In this context, allelopathic interaction among phytoplankton species has been identified as a potential driver of their dynamics and regulator of their diversity. This chapter deals with the importance of allelopathy in regulating the outcome of nutrient competition among phytoplankton species, through analysis of a resource-competition model. It demonstrates that, through the mechanism of pseudo-mixotrophy - proposed earlier by the author - allelopathy provides essential growth advantage to weaker competitors, and stabilizes resource competition, which ensures the coexistence of two phytoplankton on a single nutrient. In simple nutrient-phytoplankton interactions where higher-trophic influences are negligible, this mechanism theoretically promotes phytoplankton diversity, and can potentially support high diversity in natural phytoplankton communities.
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Understanding the effects of individual organisms on material cycles and energy fluxes within ecosystems is central to predicting the impacts of human-caused changes on climate, land use, and biodiversity. Here we present a theory that integrates metabolic (organism-based bottom-up) and systems (ecosystem-based top-down) approaches to characterize how the metabolism of individuals affects the flows and stores of materials and energy in ecosystems. The theory predicts how the average residence time of carbon molecules, total system throughflow (TST), and amount of recycling vary with the body size and temperature of the organisms and with trophic organization. We evaluate the theory by comparing theoretical predictions with outputs of numerical models designed to simulate diverse ecosystem types and with empirical data for real ecosystems. Although residence times within different ecosystems vary by orders of magnitude—from weeks in warm pelagic oceans with minute phytoplankton producers to centuries in cold forests with large tree producers—as predicted, all ecosystems fall along a single line: residence time increases linearly with slope = 1.0 with the ratio of whole-ecosystem biomass to primary productivity (B/P). TST was affected predominantly by primary productivity and recycling by the transfer of energy from microbial decomposers to animal consumers. The theory provides a robust basis for estimating the flux and storage of energy, carbon, and other materials in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems and for quantifying the roles of different kinds of organisms and environments at scales from local ecosystems to the biosphere.
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It is well-known that social insects such as ants show interesting collective behaviors. How do they organize such behaviors? To expand understanding of collective behaviors of social insects, we focused on ants, Diacamma, and analyzed the behavior of a few individuals. In an experimental set-up, ants are placed in hemisphere without a nest and food and the trajectory of ants is recorded. From this bottom-up approach, we found following characteristics: 1. Activity of individuals increases and decreases periodically. 2. Spontaneous meeting process is observed between two ants and meeting spot of two ants is localized in the experimental field.
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Thiol-bearing microgels have been synthesised from copolymerisation of 2-(acetylthio)ethylacrylate and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, and subsequent deprotection using sodium thiomethoxide. The concentration of thiol groups on these microgels could be tailored by use of different molar ratios of the two monomers. These thiol-bearing microgels were shown to adhere to ex vivo porcine urinary bladder, which was correlated with their level of thiolation. By simply mixing solutions of thiol-bearing microgels and doxorubicin, high levels of drug loading into the microgels could be achieved. Thiol-bearing microgels controlled the release of doxorubicin in a time-dependent manner over several hours. These doxorubicin-loaded thiol-bearing microgels could have application in the treatment of early-stage bladder cancers. The method used represents a new ‘bottom-up’ approach for the synthesis of novel mucoadhesive microgels.
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Bulk polycrystalline samples in the series Ti1−xNbxS2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.075) were prepared using mechanical alloying synthesis and spark plasma sintering. X-ray diffraction analysis coupled with high resolution transmission electron microscopy indicates the formation of trigonal TiS2 by high energy ball-milling. The as-synthesized particles consist of pseudo-ordered TiS2 domains of around 20–50 nm, joined by bent atomic planes. This bottom-up approach leads, after spark plasma sintering, to homogeneous solid solutions, with a niobium solubility limit of x = 0.075. Microstructural observations evidence the formation of small crystallites in the bulk compounds with a high density of stacking faults. The large grain boundary concentration coupled with the presence of planar defects, leads to a substantial decrease in the thermal conductivity to 1.8 W/mK at 700 K. This enables the figure of merit to reach ZT = 0.3 at 700 K for x = 0.05, despite the lower electron mobility in mechanically alloyed samples due to small crystallite/grain size and structural defects.
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Understanding complex social-ecological systems, and anticipating how they may respond to rapid change, requires an approach that incorporates environmental, social, economic, and policy factors, usually in a context of fragmented data availability. We employed fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) to integrate these factors in the assessment of future wildfire risk in the Chiquitania region, Bolivia. In this region, dealing with wildfires is becoming increasingly challenging due to reinforcing feedbacks between multiple drivers. We conducted semi-structured interviews and constructed different FCMs in focus groups to understand the regional dynamics of wildfire from diverse perspectives. We used FCM modelling to evaluate possible adaptation scenarios in the context of future drier climatic conditions. Scenarios also considered possible failure to respond in time to the emergent risk. This approach proved of great potential to support decision-making for risk management. It helped identify key forcing variables and generate insights into potential risks and trade-offs of different strategies. All scenarios showed increased wildfire risk in the event of more droughts. The ‘Hands-off’ scenario resulted in amplified impacts driven by intensifying trends, affecting particularly the agricultural production. The ‘Fire management’ scenario, which adopted a bottom-up approach to improve controlled burning, showed less trade-offs between wildfire risk reduction and production compared to the ‘Fire suppression’ scenario. Findings highlighted the importance of considering strategies that involve all actors who use fire, and the need to nest these strategies for a more systemic approach to manage wildfire risk. The FCM model could be used as a decision-support tool and serve as a ‘boundary object’ to facilitate collaboration and integration of different forms of knowledge and perceptions of fire in the region. This approach has also the potential to support decisions in other dynamic frontier landscapes around the world that are facing increased risk of large wildfires.
Resumo:
The influence of visual stimuli intensity on manual reaction time (RT) was investigated under two different attentional settings: high (Experiment 1) and low (Experiment 2) stimulus location predictability. These two experiments were also run under both binocular and monocular viewing conditions. We observed that RT decreased as stimulus intensity increased. It also decreased as the viewing condition was changed from monocular to binocular as well as the location predictability shifted from low to high. A significant interaction was found between stimulus intensity and viewing condition, but no interaction was observed between neither of these factors and location predictability. These findings support the idea that the stimulus intensity effect arises from purely sensory, pre-attentive mechanisms rather than deriving from more efficient attentional capture. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Den här studiens syfte är att undersöka om, hur och varför man kan läsa litteratur inom moderna språk, franska, på grundskola senare år. För att genomföra undersökningen har aktionsforskningsmetoden används, vilket innebär att forskaren deltog i den process som undersöktes som lärare. Studien har alltså två dimensioner: - Att planera, genomföra och utvärdera en verksamhet för en nionde klass som harmoniserar de nationella målen i moderna språk och studien av en litterär bok på franska (Le Petit Prince av Antoine de Saint-Exupéry). Att fundera på lärarens förhållningssätt. - Att undersöka elevernas lärande, uppfattning, förutsättningar, reaktioner och upplevelser genom enkäter och observationer. Studien visar att det är möjligt att harmonisera en undervisning baserad på litteratur med de nationella målen för moderna språk. En sådan undervisning kan främja kommunikation både muntligt och skriftligt. Den kan också utveckla elevernas medvetenhet om hur språkinlärningen går till, bland annat genom att ge dem insikt om de olika lässtrategierna och uppmuntra dem att lära sig anpassa lässtrategin med textens natur. Att litteratur utgör en del av kulturen bör dock förstärkas hos eleverna. Boken Le Petit Prince kännetecknas av underlättande särdragen och erbjuder samtidigt en rimlig utmaning. Bokens tema var inte lika motiverande för alla elever och några elever fick svårigheter i samband med deras språknivå. Studien visar dock att elevernas arbetsvanor spelar en avgörande roll i nyttan av undervisning baserad på litteratur både vad det gäller deras förhållningssätt och hur de upplever svårigheterna. Användning av lärobokstexter i språkundervisningen främjar bottom up-läsning och installerar vanor som kan hindra en top downläsning vid långa och autentiska texter. Att utveckla nya vanor anses alltså vara nödvändigt för att utnyttja språkundervisningen baserad på litteratur optimalt. Variation visar sig vara ett nyckelbegrepp då eleverna behöver uppmuntras och utmanas genom varierande aktiviteter och uppgifter. Detta gäller både inom språkundervisningen baserad på litteratur så som språkundervisningen i övrigt. Litteratur anses alltså vara ett bra komplement till läroböcker.
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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of two divergent methods for delineating commuting regions, also called labour market areas, in a situation that the base spatial units differ largely in size as a result of an irregular population distribution. Commuting patterns in Sweden have been analyzed with geographical information system technology by delineating commuting regions using two regionalization methods. One, a rule-based method, uses one-way commuting flows to delineate local labour market areas in a top-down procedure based on the selection of predefined employment centres. The other method, the interaction-based Intramax analysis, uses two-way flows in a bottom-up procedure based on numerical taxonomy principles. A comparison of these methods will expose a number of strengths and weaknesses. For both methods, the same data source has been used. The performance of both methods has been evaluated for the country as a whole using resident employed population, self-containment levels and job ratios for criteria. A more detailed evaluation has been done in the Goteborg metropolitan area by comparing regional patterns with the commuting fields of a number of urban centres in this area. It is concluded that both methods could benefit from the inclusion of additional control measures to identify improper allocations of municipalities.
Resumo:
This dissertation is a case study dealing with a school development project that took place in an upper secondary school as a result of a merger of two schools with different cultures. The project used a method called “Frirumsmodellen” and was planned to be conducted in three steps. The first was to carry out a cultural analysis in order to map the preconditions to start a school development project. The second was to carry out concrete actions and finally study eventual effects from such activities by doing a second cultural analysis. My role was to be a supervisor in the school development work, but at the same time study how this work was conducted and its impact in the ordinary school day. The dissertation takes its departure in the fact that schools are political governed. The mission of schools is never neutral; it is always an expression of behind laying social forces, ideologies and ideals of the contemporary society. Of this reason, there is a close connection between the macro political level and the micro political level. Another point of departure is the transition from a modern to a post modern society that gives the character to the changes that take place in schools. Steering of schools has partly been treated as a technical implementation problem. Schools contain on going conflicts between different interest groups that, more or less regularly, end up in educational reforms. These reforms generate school development activities in the single school. Undoubtedly, this makes school development to a complex process. At a rather late stage of the study I decided not to fulfil my task to follow the original plan. I instead let the school development project as a model to be in focus. The over all purpose was formulated: How is it possible to understand what happened in the school development project in the Falkgymnasiet and why was it not possible to carry it out as it was said in the project plan? To interpret what took place during the project I did create an interpretation frame of implementation and complexity theory that also made it possible to critically scrutinise the “Frirumsmodellen”. Already in an early stage of the process it was obvious that the “Frirumsmodellen” did not supply any tools to use and it became disconnected from the project. The project in it selves was marginalised and made invisible. The headmaster used the situation to change things she thought were important to develop. As a result, things happened, but most of the involved people did not at first hand connect this to the project. It is, of course, difficult in detail to say what caused what. The complexity theory successively made the hidden patterns revealed, hidden unofficial potentates visible, as well as unpredictable conditions that generated reactions from the personnel in front of a development work. Together this was rather efficient obstacles for not changing this school. I also discuss school development and implementation problems on a general level, for example, the possibility to transform a top-down initiated project to be bottom-up driven and using project as a tool for school development work. It was obvious that headmasters and teachers must be prepared to handle the ideological dimensions of problems schools have to face. Consequently, development work is about making problems visible and to handle these in the intersection point between the intentions of educational policies, pedagogical researchers, school administrators, headmasters, teachers and pupils. The ideological dimension also contains an existential issue. Do I as a teacher share the intentions for the development work? If not, how must I act?
Resumo:
Vid Norets barn- och utbildningsområde i Mora kommun bedrivits ett projektet kallat Noretnätet. Rektorsområdebestår av en större centralt belägen skola och tre s k byskolor, tillsammans innefattande åk 1-9, med en integrerad 6-årsverksamhet. I början av år 1998 lämnades en ansökan in om bidrag för ettkompetens- och skolutvecklingsprojekt till Utbildningsdepartementet. Ansökan beviljades och projektetNoretnätet kom att starta från och med höstterminen 1998. Målen för projektet formulerades som att:• Öka kunskapen om läroprocesser hos elever, föräldrar och personal• Öka medvetenheten kring den egna praktiken och ett språk för pedagogiskt arbete i arbetslag• Utveckla en organisation för arbete med elevernas inlärning• En större samstämmighet i undervisningsmönster mellan våra olika åldersgrupperI samband med att projektet startade bildades s k tvärgrupper. En samtalsledarutbildning startades och pågick parallellt med tvärgruppernas arbete. Arbetslagen har därefter inom projektets ram framför alltatt arbeta vidare med frågeställningar som de själva formulerat i form av s k ”småprojekt”.Syftet med utvärdering är:a) Att försöka värdera i vilken utsträckning arbetet bedrivits i linje med de mål som formulerades för projektet och om och i vilken utsträckning dessa har uppnåttsb) Att identifiera och diskutera faktorer som kan uppfattas väsentliga för att kunna genomföra ett framgångsriktskolutvecklingsprojektc) Att resultatet av utvärderingen skall kunna utgöra en lägesbeskrivning från vilken det för de inblandade aktörernaskall vara möjligt att formulera riktlinjer för ett fortsatt utvecklingsarbeteUtvärderingen bygger dels på tre tidigare genomförda delutvärderingar, och dels på data som insamlatsför att kunna komplettera dessa. För att komplettera denna information insamlades ytterligare data slutetav vårterminen 2001. Utvärderingen bygger således på ett tämligen omfattande empiriskt material som omfattar hela projektperioden. Tolkningsbasen är vad man skulle kunna kalla en konstruktivistisk idé om att de data som finns tillgängliga tillsammans skall kunna ”vävas” samman till en mer eller mindresammanhållen bild, en av flera möjliga, av det aktuella projektets samlade verksamhet.Det förefaller som att ett tämligen omfattande arbete har lagts ner på att skapa en ökad medvetenhet och kunskap om lärprocesser. Den sammanvägda bedömningen är att verksamheten i projektet på den punkten, i förhållande till de förutsättningar som funnits, bedrivits på ett sådant sätt att en ökad medvetenhet hos personalen om de lärprocesser som sker i skolan möjliggjorts. Detta bör även på ett konkret sätt ha kommit eleverna till del och förhoppningsvis innebär det att även deras medvetenhet omlärandet kommer att öka. Även om det från en del håll uttrycks tveksamheter att medvetenheten runt den egna praktiken och ett pedagogiskt språk verkligen påverkats på ett positivt sätt. En del av svårigheten tycks just vara att kunna upptäcka vad som sker, vilket t ex till en del kan förklaras av att det rör sig om förhållandevis långsamma processer. Däremot verkar resultatet vad gäller att involvera föräldrarna inte ha utvecklats särskilt långt. Bedömningen är ändå att projektet bedrivits på ett sådant sätt attdet har haft en riktning väl i linje med målet att öka medvetenheten om den egna praktiken och att utvecklaett pedagogiskt språk. Vad gäller målet att skapa en organisation för arbetet med elevernas lärandehar detta varit inriktat på att klara de behov som Noretnätet gett upphov till och som det framstår inte som ett försök att i första hand skapa en mera permanent organisatorisk förändring. Slutsatsen bliratt Noretnätet ändå indirekt kommit att visa på vägar för att finna en organisatorisk form som gör det möjligt att bygga in ett kontinuerligt skolutvecklingsarbete och sett från en sådan utgångspunkt kanverksamheten sägas ligga i linje med det mål som sattes upp. De slutsatser man kan dra om att projektet har gett en större samstämmighet i undervisningsmönster mellan olika åldersstadier är att de är en frågeställning som varit föremål för tämligen omfattande diskussioner. Projektets verksamhet förefallerdärför även på den här punkten i huvudsak ha legat i linje med det i sammanhanget aktuella målet.Sammantaget uppfattas verksamheten i Noretnätet för samtliga fyra mål haft den ”riktning” som målenangav. Med tanke på målens konstruktion är det inte möjligt att ha någon uppfattning i vilken grad målen uppnåtts.Vad gäller Noretnätet förefaller detta i hög grad ha varit ett Top-down initierat projekt, men samtidigt med en relativt stark strävan till att när detta initierats kan ges en tydlig Bottom-up rikting. Skolledningensroll berörs sparsamt i de utsagor som projektdeltagarna gör och kritik framkommer endast i någotenstaka fall. Möjligen kan det ändå tolkas som att skolans ledning varit relativt framgångsrika med attinitiera projektet och även med att lägga över ansvaret på dess genomförande till projektdeltagarna.Frågan om tid, eller snarare bristen på tid, är i skolutvecklingssammanhang en ständigt återkommandefrågeställning. Att förändra och utveckla organisationer och deras verksamhet kräver också tid både för att initieras, implementeras och inte minst för att institutionaliseras. Vad som framstår som lite uniktmed projektet Noretnätet är att skolledningen verkar att på allvar försöka organisera verksamheten så att det frigörs tid för att kunna arbeta med projektet. Genom att Noretnätet fick utrymme att fortsättasin verksamhet ytterligare ett läsår har detta möjliggjort att en del effekter visat sig på ett sätt som annars sannolikt inte hade varit möjligt. De s k samtalsledarna har haft en viktig roll, men kan också antasha varit olika framgångsrika med att utöva sin roll, men att det ändå finns skäl att tro att de på ett personligt plan har varit utvecklande att ikläda sig denna roll. Om ingen tar denna roll riskerar ett skolutvecklingsprojektav det här slaget att bli ett skrivbordskonstruktion. De s k ”småprojekten” framstårsom en av de stora poängerna med projektet Noretnätet. Genom att så tydligt koppla dessa mindreutvecklingsprojekt till de ordinarie arbetslagen har detta samtidigt möjliggjort en vardagsnära skolutvecklingsprocess.”Småprojekten” startas som en utveckling och fördjupning av projektet genom önskemålfrån personalen. Sammanfattningsvis framstår de s k ”småprojekten” som ett viktigt uppslag tillhur skolutvecklingsarbete i en mera generell mening kan bedrivas på ett framgångsrikt sätt.Det projekt som en gång för tre år sedan började med, som en del ansåg, tämligen abstrakta idéer har så småningom tagit form och har i hög grad omvandlats till en konkret och i vardagen påtaglig verksamhet.En intressant frågeställning är naturligtvis i vilken utsträckning som vad som skett som kan tillskrivasNoretnätet och vad som ändå skulle ha inträffat. Det är naturligtvis omöjligt att besvara en sådanfråga, men att det ändå kan vara värt att något reflektera över tänkbara svar. Det förefaller lika orimligt att påstå att inget kan tillskriva projektets verksamhet, som att all utveckling beror på detta. Den tidsom ställts till förfogande, vilket det samtidigt förefaller finnas stor enighet om att detta varit betydelsefullt, de samtal som därmed initieras, de verksamheter som startats i de s k ”småprojekten” talar ändåstarkt för att projektet har spelat en viktig roll för det utvecklingsarbete som skett. Noretnätet har därmed skapat en utmärkt bas för att kunna gå vidare mot en fortsatt positiv utveckling av verksamheteninom Norets barn- och utbildningsområde.