Fasciola hepatica:the effect of the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B on the ultrastructure of the adult fluke

The effect of the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B (10 and 100 micrograms/ml) on the ultrastructure of adult Fasciola hepatica was determined in vitro by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) using both intact flukes and tissue-slice material. SEM revealed that initial swelling of the tegument led to surface blebbing and limited areas of sloughing after 24 h treatment at 100 micrograms/ml. In the tegumental syncytium, basal accumulations of secretory bodies (especially T2s) were evident in the earlier time periods but declined with longer incubations, until few secretory bodies remained in the syncytium overall. Blebbing of the apical plasma membrane and occasional areas of breakdown and sloughing of the tegument were observed over longer periods of treatment at 100 micrograms/ml. In the tegumental cell bodies, the Golgi complexes gradually decreased in size and activity, and few secretory bodies were produced. In the later time periods, the cells assumed abnormal shapes, the cytoplasm shrinking in towards the nucleus. In the vitelline follicles, a random dispersion of shell protein globules was evident within the intermediate-type cells, rather than their being organized into distinct shell globule clusters. Disruption of this process was more severe at the higher concentration of 100 micrograms/ml and again was more evident in tissue-slice material. In the latter, after prolonged (12 h) exposure to cytochalasin B, the intermediate and mature vitelline cells were filled with loosely packed and expanded shell globule clusters, containing few shell protein globules. The mature vitelline cells continued to lay down "yolk" globules and glycogen deposits. Disruption of the network of processes from the nurse cells was evident at the higher concentration of cytochalasin. Spaces began to appear between the vitelline cells and grew larger with progressively longer incubation periods, and the cells themselves assumed abnormal shapes. A number of binucleate stem cells were observed in tissue-slice material at the longest incubation period (12 h).

A comparative study on the thermophysical properties for two bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide-based ionic liquids containing the trimethyl-sulfonium or the trimethyl-ammonium cation in molecular solvents

Herein, we present a comparative study of the thermophysical properties of two homologous ionic liquids, namely, trimethyl-sulfonium bis[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]imide, [S₁₁₁][TFSI], and trimethyl-ammonium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide, [HN₁₁₁][TFSI], and their mixtures with propylene carbonate, acetonitrile, or gamma butyrolactone as a function of temperature and composition. The influence of solvent addition on the viscosity, conductivity, and thermal properties of IL solutions was studied as a function of the solvent mole fraction from the maximum solubility of IL, x_s, in each solvent to the pure solvent. In this case, x_s is the composition corresponding to the maximum salt solubility in each liquid solvent at a given temperature from 258.15 to 353.15 K. The effect of temperature on the transport properties of each binary mixture was then investigated by fitting the experimental data using Arrhenius' law and the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) equation. The experimental data shows that the residual conductivity at low temperature, e.g., 263.15 K, of each binary mixture is exceptionally high. For example, conductivity values up to 35 and 42 mS·cm^-1 were observed in the case of the [S ₁₁₁][TFSI] + ACN and [HN₁₁₁][TFSI] + ACN binary mixtures, respectively. Subsequently, a theoretical approach based on the conductivity and on the viscosity of electrolytes was formulated by treating the migration of ions as a dynamical process governed by ion-ion and solvent-ion interactions. Within this model, viscosity data sets were first analyzed using the Jones-Dole equation. Using this theoretical approach, excellent agreement was obtained between the experimental and calculated conductivities for the binary mixtures investigated at 298.15 K as a function of the composition up to the maximum solubility of the IL. Finally, the thermal characterization of the IL solutions, using DSC measurements, showed a number of features corresponding to different solid-solid phase transitions, T_S-S, with extremely low melting entropies, indicating a strong organizational structure by easy rotation of methyl group. These ILs can be classified as plastic crystal materials and are promising as ambient-temperature solid electrolytes. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Fasciola hepatica:disruption of spermatogenesis by the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B

The distribution of actin filaments in the spermatogenic cells of Fasciola hepatica was determined using a fluorescent derivative of phalloidin. Actin was localised primarily in the region of separation of a secondary spermatogonium from a primary spermatogonium, in the inner faces at the centre of four-cell clusters of tertiary spermatogonia and in the cytophore region of spermatocyte and spermatid rosettes. The effect of the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B (100 micrograms/ml) on the ultrastructure of the spermatogenic cells was determined in vitro by transmission electron microscopy using tissue-slice material. Cytochalasin B treatment led to the formation of bi- and multinucleate cells, whose frequency increased with progressively longer incubation periods. Few typical rosettes of spermatocyte and spermatid cells were evident from 6 h onwards, being replaced by syncytial masses of cells. Spermatozoon formation became abnormal in the longer treatment periods, the spermatozoa containing variable numbers of axonemes and an altered distribution of cortical microtubules. Multiple axonemes were observed in the cytoplasm of spermatid cells. The results are discussed in relation to the established role of actin in the cytokinesis phase of cell division and to the effects of cytochalasin B on other tissues and organ systems within the fluke.

Ionic liquids containing secondary hydroxyl-groups and a method for their preparation.

The invention provides ionic liqs., [R'1CH(OH)CH2]NR'nX (X = anion, R' = alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, aryl), having a secondary hydroxyl group, and an atom-efficient method for the prepn. of these ionic liqs., by epoxidn. of a protonated nitrogen- contg. org. base (which can optionally be prepd. in situ) in the presence of an anion suitable for supporting ionic liq. formation. Thus, reaction of 1-methylimidazole with HCl in EtOH ∼ 25° followed by treatment with propylene oxide gave 1-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride. [on SciFinder(R)]

Characterisation of the performance of sustainable grout containing bentonite for geotechnical applications

The grouts used in sealing or backfilling boreholes should ideally be selected to be compatible with the insitu field instruments installed in the borehole and also be engineered to match closely the geotechnical properties of the parent soils. A stable grout can be made using cement with various proportions of bentonite. The grout stability is very important during both the liquid and set conditions. The liquid grout fluidity should be as viscous as possible to avoid segregation, yet fluid enough to be easily pumpable and fill voids and over-break in the borehole. This paper investigates the effect of bentonite on the fresh and rheological properties of cement-based grouts in order to develop a stable grout to be used in these geotechnical situations. These properties were evaluated by the mini-slump flow, marsh cone flow time, Lombardi plate cohesion meter, static bleeding, yield stress and plastic viscosity values. Additionally, the compressive strength at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days were also investigated. The key parameters investigated were the dosages of bentonite and water-to-binder ratio (W/B). Test results showed that the dosage of bentonite had a significant effect on the fluidity, rheological properties and compressive strength of grout. The increase in the dosage of bentonite led to increasing the values of flow time, plate cohesion meter, yield stress and plastic viscosity, and reducing the mini-slump results, the static bleeding and the compressive strength at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days. Conversely, the increase in W/B led to decreasing the values of flow time, plate cohesion meter, yield stress, and plastic viscosity and the compressive strength, while increasing the mini-slump results and bleeding. Some recommendations for suitable mix proportions for use in soil boreholes are made.

Easily Accessible Rare-Earth-Containing Phosphonium Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: EXAFS, Luminescence and Magnetic Properties

A range of liquid rare-earth chlorometallate complexes with alkyl-phosphonium cations, [P666 14]+, has been synthesised and characterised. EXAFS confirmed the predominant liquid-state speciation of the [LnCl6]3- of the series with Ln = Nd, Eu, Dy. The crystal structure of the shorter-alkyl-chain cation analogue [P4444]+ has been determined and exhibits a very large unit cell. The luminescence properties, with visible light emissions of the liquid Tb, Eu, Pr and Sm and the NIR emissions for the Nd and Er compounds were determined. The effective magnetic moments were measured and fitted for the Nd, Tb, Ho, Dy, Gd and Er samples.

Post-Transcriptional Regulation of BCL2 mRNA by the RNA-Binding Protein ZFP36L1 in Malignant B Cells

The human ZFP36 zinc finger protein family consists of ZFP36, ZFP36L1, and ZFP36L2. These proteins regulate various cellular processes, including cell apoptosis, by binding to adenine uridine rich elements in the 3′ untranslated regions of sets of target mRNAs to promote their degradation. The pro-apoptotic and other functions of ZFP36 family members have been implicated in the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies. To identify candidate mRNAs that are targeted in the pro-apoptotic response by ZFP36L1, we reverse-engineered a gene regulatory network for all three ZFP36 family members using the ‘maximum information coefficient’ (MIC) for target gene inference on a large microarray gene expression dataset representing cells of diverse histological origin. Of the three inferred ZFP36L1 mRNA targets that were identified, we focussed on experimental validation of mRNA for the pro-survival protein, BCL2, as a target for ZFP36L1. RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments revealed that ZFP36L1 interacted with the BCL2 adenine uridine rich element. In murine BCL1 leukemia cells stably transduced with a ZFP36L1 ShRNA lentiviral construct, BCL2 mRNA degradation was significantly delayed compared to control lentiviral expressing cells and ZFP36L1 knockdown in different cell types (BCL1, ACHN, Ramos), resulted in increased levels of BCL2 mRNA levels compared to control cells. 3′ untranslated region luciferase reporter assays in HEK293T cells showed that wild type but not zinc finger mutant ZFP36L1 protein was able to downregulate a BCL2 construct containing the BCL2 adenine uridine rich element and removal of the adenine uridine rich core from the BCL2 3′ untranslated region in the reporter construct significantly reduced the ability of ZFP36L1 to mediate this effect. Taken together, our data are consistent with ZFP36L1 interacting with and mediating degradation of BCL2 mRNA as an important target through which ZFP36L1 mediates its pro-apoptotic effects in malignant B-cells.

Impact of enhanced compliance initiatives on the efficacy of rosuvastatin in reducing low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia.

The effectiveness of lipid-lowering medication critically depends on the patients' compliance and the efficacy of the prescribed drug. The primary objective of this multicentre study was to compare the efficacy of rosuvastatin with or without access to compliance initiatives, in bringing patients to the Joint European Task Force's (1998) recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level goal (LDL-C, <3.0 mmol/L) at week 24. Secondary objectives were comparison of the number and percentage of patients achieving European goals (1998, 2003) for LDL-C and other lipid parameters. Patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia and a 10-year coronary heart disease risk of >20% received open label rosuvastatin treatment for 24 weeks with or without access to compliance enhancement tools. The initial daily dosage of 10 mg could be doubled at week 12. Compliance tools included: a) a starter pack for subjects containing a videotape, an educational leaflet, a passport/goal diary and details of the helpline and/or website; b) regular personalised letters to provide message reinforcement; c) a toll-free helpline and a website. The majority of patients (67%) achieved the 1998 European goal for LDL-C at week 24. 31% required an increase in dosage of rosuvastatin to 20 mg at week 12. Compliance enhancement tools did not increase the number of patients achieving either the 1998 or the 2003 European target for plasma lipids. Rosuvastatin was well tolerated during this study. The safety profile was comparable with other drugs of the same class. 63 patients in the 10 mg group and 58 in the 10 mg Plus group discontinued treatment. The main reasons for discontinuation were adverse events (39 patients in the 10 mg group; 35 patients in the 10 mg Plus group) and loss to follow-up (13 patients in the 10 mg group; 9 patients in the 10 mg Plus group). The two most frequently reported adverse events were myalgia (34 patients, 3% respectively) and back pain (23 patients, 2% respectively). The overall rate of temporary or permanent study discontinuation due to adverse events was 9% (n = 101) in patients receiving 10 mg rosuvastatin and 3% (n = 9) in patients titrated up to 20 mg rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin was effective in lowering LDL-C values in patients with hypercholesterolaemia to the 1998 European target at week 24. However, compliance enhancement tools did not increase the number of patients achieving any European targets for plasma lipids.

Pigment orientation changes detected by low temperature linear dichroism spectroscopy: cold-hardening transition in phycobilisome-containing organisms

Low temperature (77K) linear dichroism spectroscopy was used to characterize pigment orientation changes accompanying the light state transition in the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. pee 6301, and cold-hardening in winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma). Samples were oriented for spectroscopy using the gel squeezing method (Abdourakhmanov et aI., 1979) and brought to 77K in liquid nitrogen. The linear dichroism (LD) spectra of Synechococcus 6301 phycobilisome/thylakoid membrane fragments cross-linked in light state 1 and light state 2 with glutaraldehyde showed differences in both chlorophyll a and phycobilin orientation. A decrease in the relative amplitude of the 681nm chlorophyll a positive LD peak was observed in membrane fragments in state 2. Reorientation of the phycobilisome (PBS) during the transition to state 2 resulted in an increase in core allophycocyanin absorption parallel to the membrane, and a decrease in rod phycocyanin parallel absorption. This result supports the "spillover" and "PBS detachment" models of the light state transition in PBS-containing organisms, but not the "mobile PBS" model. A model was proposed for PBS reorientation upon transition to state 2, consisting of a tilt in the antenna complex with respect to the membrane plane. Linear dichroism spectra of PBS/thylakoid fragments from the red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, grown in green light (containing relatively more PSI) and red light (containing relatively more PSll) were compared to identify chlorophyll a absorption bands associated with each photosystem. Spectra from red light - grown samples had a larger positive LD signal on the short wavelength side of the 686nm chlorophyll a peak than those from green light - grown fragments. These results support the identification of the difference in linear dichroism seen at 681nm in Synechococcus spectra as a reorientation of PSll chromophores. Linear dichroism spectra were taken of thylakoid membranes isolated from winter rye grown at 20°C (non-hardened) and 5°C (cold-hardened). Differences were seen in the orientation of chlorophyll b relative to chlorophyll a. An increase in parallel absorption was identified at the long-wavelength chlorophyll a absorption peak, along with a decrease in parallel absorption from chlorophyll b chromophores. The same changes in relative pigment orientation were seen in the LD of isolated hardened and non-hardened light-harvesting antenna complexes (LHCII). It was concluded that orientational differences in LHCII pigments were responsible for thylakoid LD differences. Changes in pigment orientation, along with differences observed in long-wavelength absorption and in the overall magnitude of LD in hardened and non-hardened complexes, could be explained by the higher LHCII monomer:oligomer ratio in hardened rye (Huner et ai., 1987) if differences in this ratio affect differential light scattering properties, or fluctuation of chromophore orientation in the isolated LHCII sample.

ORGANOSILICON BIOTECHNOLOGY: A BIO-INSPIRED APPROACH TO THE HYDROLYSIS OF ALKOXYSILANES and THE LIPASE-CATALYZED SYNTHESIS OF SILOXANE-CONTAINING POLYESTERS AND POLYAMIDES

The first part of this thesis studied the capacity of amino acids and enzymes to catalyze the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane and phenyltrimethoxysilane. Selected amino acids were shown to accelerate the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane under ambient temperature, pressure and at neutral pH (pH 7±0.02). The nature of the side chain of the amino acid was important in promoting hydrolysis and condensation. Several proteases were shown to have a capacity to hydrolyze tri- and tet-ra- alkoxysilanes under the same mild reaction conditions. The second part of this thesis employed an immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym-435, N435) to produce siloxane-containing polyesters, polyamides, and polyester amides under solvent-free conditions. Enzymatic activity was shown to be temperature dependent, increasing until enzyme denaturation became the dominant pro-cess, which typically occurred between 120-130ᵒC. The residual activity of N435 was, on average, greater than 90%, when used in the synthesis of disiloxane-containing polyesters, regardless of the polymerization temperature except at the very highest temperatures, 140-150ᵒC. A study of the thermal tolerance of N435 determined that, over ten reaction cycles, there was a decrease in the initial rate of polymerization with each consecutive use of the catalyst. No change in the degree of monomer conversion after a 24 hour reaction cycle was found.

(A) Photoregulation of DNA Functions by Cyclic Azobenzene-tethered Oligonucleotides (B) Site-specific Fluorescent Labeling of DNA using Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reaction between trans-Cyclooctene Derivatives and BODIPY-Tetrazine Adducts

(A) Most azobenzene-based photoswitches require UV light for photoisomerization, which limit their applications in biological systems due to possible photodamage. Cyclic azobenzene derivatives, on the other hand, can undergo cis-trans isomerization when exposed to visible light. A shortened synthetic scheme was developed for the preparation of a building block containing cyclic azobenzene and D-threoninol (cAB-Thr). trans-Cyclic azobenzene was found to thermally isomerize back to the cis-form in a temperature-dependent manner. cAB-Thr was transformed into the corresponding phosphoramidite and subsequently incorporated into oligonucleotides by solid phase synthesis. Melting temperature measurement suggested that incorporation of cis-cAB into oligonucleotides destabilizes DNA duplexes, these findings corroborate with circular dichroism measurement. Finally, Fluorescent Energy Resonance Transfer experiments indicated that trans-cAB can be accommodated in DNA duplexes. (B) Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder reactions (IEDDA) between trans-olefins and tetrazines provide a powerful alternative to existing ligation chemistries due to its fast reaction rate, bioorthogonality and mutual orthogonality with other click reactions. In this project, an attempt was pursued to synthesize trans-cyclooctene building blocks for oligonucleotide labeling by reacting with BODIPY-tetrazine. Rel-(1R-4E-pR)-cyclooct-4-enol and rel-(1R,8S,9S,4E)-Bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-ene-9-ylmethanol were synthesized and then transformed into the corresponding propargyl ether. Subsequent Sonogashira reactions between these propargylated compounds with DMT-protected 5-iododeoxyuridine failed to give the desired products. Finally a methodology was pursued for the synthesis of BODIPY-tetrazine conjugates that will be used in future IEDDA reactions with trans-cyclooctene modified oligonucleotides.

Synthèse totale de la lépadine B : plate-forme pour la découverte de nouvelles tranformations chimiques

Dans ce document, serons détaillées les résultats de mes travaux de recherche d’études doctorales. Tout d’abord, nous discuterons de la synthèse totale de la lépadine B, la plus courte à paraître dans la littérature à ce jour. Cette synthèse, en plus de valoriser la synthèse asymétrique de pipéridines poly-substituées développée par l’équipe du professeur Charette, mettra à profit une utilisation originale d’une séquence de fermeture-ouverture de cycle par la réaction de métathèse d’alcènes. De plus, nous détaillerons une brève étude mécanistique de cette dernière nous ayant permis la proposition d’un mécanisme peu commun de ce type de séquence réactionnel et dont les conséquences expérimentales sont impressionnantes. Au cours de cette synthèse, nous avons identifié un synthon d’une grande valeur synthétique. En effet, ne comportant pas moins que quatre centres chiraux, ce synthon pouvait être obtenu énantiopure en seulement trois étapes à partir de la pyridine. Ainsi, nous avons effectué une analyse structurale de ce synthon et avons envisagé une valorisation supplémentaire par une utilisation originale de la fragmentation de Grob. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé une toute nouvelle synthèse de pipéridines 2,3,6-trisubstituées hautement régio- et diastéréosélective. Afin de pouvoir réaliser la précédente méthodologie, nous avons dû étudier la réduction d’une amide en présence de groupements fonctionnels sensibles dans les conditions usuelles. Heureusement, l’année précédente nous avions développée une réaction hautement chimiosélective d’amides tertaires. Cette nouvelle réaction, qui a été fondamentalement inspiré par une méthodologie du professeur Charette sur l’activation d’amides, a permis la réduction d’amides tertiaires en présence de fonctions telles les cétone, ester, nitrile, époxyde, insaturations, etc. Enfin, l’ensemble des connaissances acquises au cours de ces projets a permis l’élaboration d’une toute nouvelle stratégie de synthèse pour la préparation d’indolizidines et quinolizidines. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons développé la première séquence d’activation intramoléculaire et déaromatization asymétrique de la pyridine. Ceci permet d’avoir un accès aux squelettes indolizidine et quinolizidine avec des stéréosélectivités élevées, la nature insaturée de ces derniers laissant également place à une grande flexibilité synthétique. Dans ce contexte, nous allons détailler une très courte synthèse de trans-indolizidines.

Étude sur l’entreposage de la matière grasse chez des femmes obèses post-ménopausées présentant un taux élevé ou normal d’apolipoprotéine B.

CONTEXTE: L'inefficacité de captation des acides gras libres (AGL) par le tissu adipeux blanc (TAB) est connue pour favoriser la résistance à l'insuline (RI) dans les tissus périphériques, mais dans le foie, elle favorise également la production accrue de lipoprotéines contenant l'apolipoprotéine B100 (lipoprotéines apoB). Nous avons récemment démontré que les femmes post-ménopausées obèses avec un nombre élevé de lipoprotéines apoB à jeun (apoB plasmatique > 1,2 g/L) avaient plus de RI que les femmes avec un taux d’apoB normal. Notre objectif était donc d'examiner si l'inefficacité de captation des AGL pourrait être un mécanisme expliquant la RI, in vivo dans cette population. HYPOTHÈSES: Les femmes ménopausées en surpoids/obèses avec un taux d’apoB élevé ont moins d'efficacité à capter les AGL par le TAB que les femmes avec un taux d’apoB faible. MÉTHODES/RÉSULTATS: L'efficacité de captation des AGL a été examinée dans 22 femmes non diabétiques en surpoids/obèses. La population a été séparée selon la médiane d’apoB (0.9 g/L) en 2 groupes; les femmes ayant un taux d’apoB inférieur vs supérieur à la médiane (N=11/groupe). L'efficacité de captation des AGL par le TAB a été indirectement évaluée en suivant le sort d'un repas riche en gras (0.0162g 13C-trioléine/g de matières grasses, 66% de gras, 47g gras/m2 surface corporelle) marqué au 13C-trioléine, sur 6h en circulation ([13C]TG et [13C]AGL plasmatiques) et en oxydation (13CO2 dans l’air expiré [AE]). L’enrichissement en 13C des échantillons d’AE et du plasma a été mesuré par spectrométrie de masse pour ratio isotopique. Les femmes ayant un apoB élevé avaient une clairance plasmatique totale postprandiale des TG (p <0,05) réduite sans diminuer de la clairance plasmatique totale des AGL, par rapport aux femmes ayant un faible taux d’apoB. Cependant, en examinant le sort du 13C-trioléine, les femmes ayant un apoB élevé avait une réduction de la clairance des [13C]TG plasmatiques (44,78 μM vs 7,81 μM; p <0,05) et des [13C]AGL plasmatiques (2,64 uM vs 0,06 uM; p <0,05) à 6h, sans aucune différence en % récupéré de 13C-trioléine dans le CO2 de l’AE. Ces données suggèrent que les femmes ayant un taux d’apoB élevé ont une réduction postprandiale de la clairance et de la captation de 13Ctrioléine par le TAB. CONCLUSION: La captation inefficace des AGL par le TAB des femmes post-ménopausées en surpoids et obèses avec un surplus d’apoB peut être un mécanisme sousjacent à la RI chez ces sujets.