Caracterização dos óleos das sementes de limão rosa (Citrus limonia Osbeck) e limão siciliano (Citrus limon), um resíduo agroindustrial

A finalidade deste estudo foi caracterizar os óleos extraídos das sementes de limão rosa e limão siciliano, como aproveitamento de resíduos industriais. Foram determinados os índices de iodo, ácidos graxos livres (AGL,% em ácido oléico) e teor de peróxidos. Foram realizadas análises termoanalíticas (termogravimetria, TG; termogravimetria diferencial, DTG e calorimetria diferencial exploratória, DSC); espectroscópicas (infravermelho e ultravioleta) e cromatográficas (cromatografia gasosa). Foram identificados no óleo das sementes de limão rosa os seguintes ácidos graxos na forma de ésteres metílicos: caprílico (0,90%), palmítico (21,40%), esteárico (2,60%), oléico (21,20%), linoléico (43,00%), linolênico (7,60%) e araquídico (0,20%) e no óleo das sementes de limão siciliano: caprílico (1,00%), mirístico (0,10%), palmítico (19,60%), esteárico (3,00%), oléico (28,60%), linoléico (34,40%), linolênico (10,00%) e araquídico (0,20%). Os resultados indicaram que ambos os óleos apresentam estabilidade térmica até 250ºC, composição química semelhante e alto teor de ácidos graxos insaturados (71,80 e 73,00%). Pela composição de ácidos graxos também foi possível determinar a provável composição em triacilgliceróis dos óleos. Os resultados mostraram que os óleos apresentam características semelhantes a óleos comestíveis de boa qualidade.

Caracterização da composição química e do rendimento dos resíduos industriais do limão Tahiti (Citrus latifolia Tanaka)

A indústria de sucos utiliza apenas de 40% a 50% dos frutos, sendo o restante considerado resíduo industrial. Estes resíduos apresentam-se ricos em alguns componentes como pectina, vitamina C e fibras dietárias que o tornam matéria-prima para a indústria alimentícia, farmacêutica e de rações. Visando o aproveitamento dos resíduos industriais do limão Tahiti para tais fins, caracterizou-se a composição centesimal, os teores de fibras, de pectina e de vitamina C presentes nas frações flavedo, albedo e bagaço do fruto. A partir da avaliação dos dados pelo teste de Scott Knott 5% de probabilidade, observou-se que os teores de cinzas, pectina, proteína, vitamina C e fibra bruta foram diferentes no flavedo, albedo e bagaço. O resíduo industrial do limão Tahiti tem um grande potencial para uso em formulação de rações para animais, dada a sua composição química, assim como poderá ser usado para a extração de fibras, pectina, vitamina C e óleos.

Potencial antioxidante de extratos de sementes de limão (Citrus limon)

O presente trabalho teve como principais objetivos avaliar o comportamento do óleo de soja acrescido de extratos de sementes de limão (Citrus limon), em diferentes concentrações, por meio da estabilidade oxidativa e medir a atividade antioxidante através do método do radical livre DPPH e compostos fenólicos totais. A concentração de 2.400 mg.kg-1 para o extrato de sementes de limão, variedade galego, foi a que conferiu melhor estabilidade oxidativa ao óleo de soja. As atividades antioxidantes máximas e os valores da concentração de extrato natural suficientes para obter 50% do efeito máximo, estimado em 100% (EC50), determinados pelo DPPH para o extrato e ácido gálico foram 70,58%, 69,94 μg.mL-1 e 75,07%, 64,73 μg.mL-1, respectivamente. A concentração de compostos fenólicos totais, determinada pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu foi de 76 mg.g-1. Foi possível concluir que o extrato de sementes de limão galego possui ação antioxidante natural, podendo ser aplicado em alimentos.

Nutritional value of organic acid lime juice (Citrus latifolia T.), cv. Tahiti

Acid lime can be used as fresh fruit or as juice to increase the flavor of drinks. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze organic acid lime nutritional composition in order to evaluate if there are important differences among those conventionally produced. No significant differences in total titrable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid, sucrose, calcium, and zinc were found between the acid lime juice from organic biodynamic crops and conventional crops. However, the organic biodynamic fruits presented higher peel percentage than the conventional ones leading to lower juice yield. On the other hand, fructose, glucose, total soluble solids contents, potassium, manganese, iron, and copper were higher in the conventional samples. These results indicated few nutritional differences between organic and conventional acid lime juices in some constituents. Nevertheless, fruit juice from biodynamic crops could be a good choice since it is free from pesticides and other agents that cause problems to human health maintaining the levels similar to those of important nutritional compounds.

Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of minimally processed 'Champagne' oranges (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis) in different packgings

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the level of minimal processing and modified atmosphere on the quality of 'Champagne' orange stored under refrigeration. The fruits were subjected to the following processing: a) whole fruit without flavedo; b) whole fruit without flavedo and albedo; and c) segmented into wedges and packed as follows: uncoated packaging (control); polyethylene film; PVC film; gelatin-based edible films (3%); and polyesthyrene translucent plastic container with a lid. The minimally processed oranges were stored at 5 ± 1°C for 8 days and were subjected to physicochemical and microbiological analyses every two days. Greater weight loss occurred in fruits without flavedo and segmented, uncoated, and coated with the edible gelatin film During storage, there was a slight increase in Total Soluble Solids (TSS) for the treatments with greater weight loss and reduction in acidity and ascorbic acid, regardless of the packaging type. The microbial counts did not exceed the acceptable limits in the treatments; however, higher counts were observed at the end of storage. The minimally processed fruit packed in lidded polystyrene containers and polyethylene and PVC films kept their overall fresh visual appearance with a few physicochemical and microbiological changes up to the 8th day of storage.

Qualidade de sementes de limão-cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) durante o armazenamento

Um dos maiores problemas enfrentados na citricultura durante o processo de formação de mudas é a germinação lenta e a baixa longevidade das sementes. Fatores como o teor de água das sementes, temperatura do ambiente e tipo de embalagem podem influenciar na viabilidade das sementes, durante o armazenamento. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento das sementes de limão-cravo tratadas ou não com fungicidas, acondicionadas com quatro teores de água e em três tipos de embalagens durante o armazenamento. Após colhidos, os frutos foram despolpados mecanicamente e as sementes degomadas. Para atingir os teores de água desejados de 44, 27, 13 e 9%, as sementes foram submetidas à secagem na sombra. Parte das amostras das sementes foi tratada com a mistura dos fungicidas Tecto 100 (200g/100kg de sementes) e Captan 75 (300g/100kg de sementes) e a outra parte não recebeu tratamento. Em seguida, as sementes foram acondicionadas em embalagem impermeável, semipermeável e permeável e armazenadas em condições ambiente e de câmara fria por um período de nove meses. Em intervalos trimestrais foram realizados os testes de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teor de água e sanidade. As sementes de limão-cravo comportaram-se como recalcitrantes a partir de sexto mês de armazenamento, principalmente, para as amostras acondicionadas em embalagens semipermeável e permeável e armazenadas em condição ambiente. As melhores condições para a conservação das sementes de limão-cravo foram o acondicionamento com 44 e 27% de teor de água em embalagem impermeável e em câmara fria. Recomenda-se, também, o tratamento fungicida das sementes, no momento do armazenamento para maior segurança na manutenção da qualidade fisiológica.

Osmotic priming methodologies in relation to the physiological performance of rangpur lime seeds (Citrus limonia Osbeck)

Several mechanisms have been used to promote rapid germination of citrus seeds and uniform seedling emergence. We evaluated the effects of osmotic priming on the physiological performance of Rangpur lime seeds (Citrus limonia Osbeck). Seeds were treated with 30 g of Captan and 10 g of Tecto 600 in 20-litre batches and stored, without drying, at 10 ºC and 50% relative humidity for periods of 3, 6 and 9 months. After each period, seeds were primed at 25 ºC, in the light, by immersion in Poliethylenoglicol (PEG 6000), potassium nitrate (KNO3) and 70% PEG 6000 plus 30% KNO3, all at an osmotic potential of -1.1MPa, for priming periods of 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. Percentage germination, tray emergence and the emergence rate index (ERI) were evaluated. Priming in PEG 6000 solution, independent of priming period, or in KNO3 or PEG 6000 plus KNO3 for up to 9 days, were efficient at improving the physiological performance of seeds stored for up to 3 months. Osmotic priming appears to be a promising technique for improving the physiological quality of Rangpur lemon seeds.

Coping with globalization: Asian versus Latin American strategies of development, 1980-2010

When compared to Latin America, Asian economies since 1980 have grown faster and have done so with relatively modest inequalities. Why? A comparison of Asia and Latin America underlines the superiority of the nationalist capitalist model of development, which has often been pursued more explicitly in Asia, over that of a dependent capitalist model, which has often been pursued in Latin America. In comparison to Latin America, the Asian model has facilitated higher and less volatile rates of economic growth and a greater political room to pursue social democratic policies. The "tap root" of these alternate pathways is relative autonomy from global constraints: states and economies in Asia have been more nationalist and autonomous than in Latin America.

The impact of the Multicolor Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis) on wine quality /

The Impact of the Multicolor Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis) on Niagara Wine Quality The possible influence of Harmonia axyridis (the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle) on the sensory properties of wine was investigated. H. axyridis beetles were added to white and red grape musts at a rate of 0, 1 or 10 per L, and a trained panel evaluated the finished wines using flavor-profiling techniques. Significant modification of both wine aroma and flavor characteristics were observed in the 10 beetlelL treatments, with smaller effects noted at the 1 beetlelL rate. Vinification in the presence of H. axyridis gave higher intensity scores for peanut, bell pepper and asparagus aromas and flavors in the white wines, and peanut, asparagus/bell pepper, and earthy/herbaceous aromas and flavors in the red wines. In addition, sweet, acid and bitter tastes were affected in red wines, and a general trend of decreasing fruit and floral intensities with increasing beetle rate was observed in both white and red wines. 15 ngIL Isopropylmethoxypyrazine was added to control wines and sensory profiles similar to high beetle treatments were obtained, supporting the hypothesis that methoxypyrazines from beetles are implicated in the taint. A trained panel evaluated the treated wines after 10 months of aging using the same sensory methods described above. Sensory profiles were very similar. Fennenting in the presence of Harmonia Axyridis (HA) had little influence on the chemical composition of the ftnished wine. The notable exception IS Isopropylmethoxypyrazine content, which was assessed usmg GC-MS analysis and showed increased concentration with increasing beetle nwnber for both white and red wmes. The influence of potential remedial treatments on the sensory properties of white and red wines tainted by Harmonia axyridis were also investigated. Bentonite, activated charcoal, oak chips, de-odorized oak chips, and UV or light irradiation were applied to tainted wine, and these wines evaluated chemically and sensorially. Both white and red wines treated with oak chips had strong oak characteristics, which masked the Harmonia axyridis-associated aroma and flavour attributes. In red wine, asparagus/bell pepper characteristics were decreased by bentonite and charcoal treatments. Only activated charcoal significantly decreased methoxypyrazine levels and only in white wine.

The People's Republic of China and her relations with the countries of the association of Southeast Asian nations : 1969-1975

Phe Ihesis examines the evolution of the -policies of the People fs Jtenublie of China towards J?hail°nd, PTal ysia, Singapore, Iidonesia pad the Philip-pines, organised in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations from 1969 to 1975• 2ze first central point of this study is an *ir sumption that the foreign relations of The People's Tepublic of Chi la Towards Southeast ^sia have been motivated by a dynamic interplay of t^o main factors: (1) Farxist-Leninist ideology and ICao J^e-tung Ph^ught, which dictate to China to behave as a revolutionary Dover vhich must assist the insurgent movements in the area in their strug fle to overthrow the local governments; (2) national interest, vhich demands of China to safeguard the southern flank of her territory bordering on Southerst 'sia through Friendly relations, trade and ot*»er conventional inrtniments of diplomacy. hile the tvo main motive factors are nuTually antagonistic and exclusivet the Chinere leaders are nevertheless at te mi ting to oring them iirco a coherent policy under Mao's theory of tve {hniity of op-nosites," vhich believes that it is -possible to reconcile these co-posing tendencies into a dynamic enuibrium through vhich both opnosites could be promoted at the same time although not to the same extent* la other words, the Chinese leaders conceive the dynamic equilibrium as a continuum between them in a mix in which one or the other orientation predominates in different •periods* Bins we might see China1 s conduct motivated in one period by mostly ideological considerations at the expense of the staire-to-state relations, then ve might see her policy in the middle of the continuum and suf ering from immo bill sine and just muddling through, or finally ?fe might see her emphasising friendly ties at the expense of support of revolutionary movements at the other extreme -point of the spectrum* !fhe mechanism vhich enables Peking to move from one pole to the other of the spectrum is activated by the following elementsJ (1) the result of an internal power struggle within the leadership in Peking between ideologically radical and moderate elements, which enables the victorious faction to initiate nev policies; (2) Peking's assessment of the changing intentions and capabilities of the major powers in the area; (3) internal changes within the countries of the area and the changing attitudes of their governments towards China; (4) changing fortunes of revolutionary movements operating in the area* 'Phe second major point of this study is an assertion that while China's conduct toward Southeast *lsia after her foundation in 1949 was primarily based upon ideological considerations, the beginning of the seventies saw the national interest reasserting itself as the leading motive factor* Thus China talks with her neighbours in Southeast asia in terms of relevance of fllong historical ties," casting herself into the role of a benevolent "older brother11 who is entitled to reopect and deference in exchange for patronage and protection* Hence the traditional echoes of the past are emerging ever stronger and influencing her postures towards the region, while the open support to revolutionary moevments is underplayed at the moment.

South Asian Women's Identities: A Media and Personal Narrative Analysis

This study examines issues of racism and sexism through the lens of Critical Race Theory and the interaction of personal and composite narratives. Specifically, the study explores how mainstream media’s hegemonic portrayal of South Asian culture and the 2007 socalled honour killing of Aqsa Parvez contribute to post-9/11 Islamophobia. The researcher presents a personal narrative that draws upon her experiences growing up in Dubai, U.A.E., and in Ontario, Canada and critically analyzes majoritarian stories related to Parvez as well as “counter-perspectives” that challenge such views. Study findings highlight the impact of 9/11 and Parvez’s murder on the researcher’s identity formation, and how media portray Muslim women as oppressed beings who live under the yoke of patriarchy. Results also indicate that although certain articles offer a counter-perspective that challenge dominant narratives, most recent media representations of the Parvez story equate Islam with honour killings and thus foster continued Islamophobia.

Regeneración in vitro de naranja agrio (Citrus aurantium Linn)

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Química de Productos Naturales) UANL

Efecto de patrones de cítricos tolerantes al virus tristeza de los cítricos en el contenido nutrimental en naranja valencia (Citrus sinensis. Osbeck)

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Producción Agrícola) UANL

Producción forzada de naranja valencia (citrus sinensis) en la región de Montemorelos, Nuevo León

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Producción Agrícola) UANL