A study of the impact of cigarette advertising on adolescent susceptibility to smoking among 5th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students in Hempstead and Hitchcock Independent School Districts

This study assessed the impact of cigarette advertising on adolescent susceptibility to smoking in the Hempstead and Hitchcock Independent School Districts. A convenience sample of 217 youths, 10-19 years of age was recruited in the study. Students completed both a paper-and-pencil and a computer-aided questionnaire in April 1996. Adolescents were defined as susceptible to smoking if they could not definitely rule out the possibility of future smoking. For the analysis, an index was devised: a 5-point index of an individual's receptivity to cigarette advertising. The index is determined by the number of positive responses to five survey items (recognizing cigarette brand logos, recognizing cigarette advertisement's pictures, recognizing cigarette brand slogans, evaluating adolescent attitudes toward cigarette advertising, and the degree to which adolescents were exposed to cigarette advertisements). Using logistic regression, we assessed the independent importance of the index in predicting susceptibility to smoking and ever smoking after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, perceived school performance and family composition. Of students surveyed, 54.4% of students appeared to have started the smoking uptake process as measured by susceptibility to smoking. Camel was recognized by the majority of students (88%), followed by Marlboro (41.5%) and Newport (40.1%). The pattern for recognition of the cigarette advertisements was the same as the pattern of market for cigarette. Advertisement featuring the cartoon character Joe Camel was significantly more appealing to adolescents than were advertisements with human models, with animal models, and with text only (p $<$ 0.001). Text only advertisement was significantly less appealing than other types of advertisements. The cigarette advertisement with White models (Marlboro) had significantly higher appeal to White students than to African-American students (p $<$ 0.001). The cigarette advertisement featuring African-American models (Virginia Slims) was significantly more appealing to African-American students than other ethnic groups (p $<$ 0.001). Receptivity to cigarette advertising was to be an important concurrent predictor of past smoking experience and intention to smoke in the future. Adolescents who scored in the fourth quartile of the Index of Receptivity to Cigarette Advertising were 7.54 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.92-29.56) times as likely to be susceptible to smoking, and were 4.56 (95% CI = 1.55-13.38) times as likely to have tried smoking, as those who scored in the first quartile of the Index. The findings confirmed the hypothesis that cigarette advertising may be a strong current influence in encouraging adolescents to initiate the smoking uptake process than sociodemographic variables, perceived school performance and family composition. ^

Die Stammtafeln der Familie Geiger : zusammengest. im Auftr. von Alfred S. Geiger

Daniel August Worms

Figures juives : Adolphe-Isaac Crémieux, la vraie Rachel, Henri Heine et son "Nationalisme", Alfred Naquet, Der Doktor Nordau, Joseph Reinach

par Robert Launay

Ergänzung zum Aufsatz von Alfred Stern über Friedrich II.

Raphael Strauß

Alfred Fürst zu Windischgrätz, k. k. Feldmarschall-Lieutenant und kommandirender General in Böhmen : eine treue, unpartheiische Darstellung der letzten Prager Ereignisse, nach authentischen Quellen bearbeitet ; nebst zwei Original-Aktenstücken und einer biographischen Lebensskizze des Fürsten

Boberach: Die Forderung des Wiener Sicherheitsausschusses, Windischgrätz abzusetzen, wird zurückgewiesen, die Verurteilung von Prager Aufständischen durch die Provisorische Untersuchungskommission gerechtfertigt. Den Ultraradikalen in Wien wird vorgeworfen, daß sie nicht merken, als Mittel zum Zweck mißbraucht zu werden, damit das Deutschtum im Slawentum aufgehen kann, [sowie] Polen, Tschechen und Italiener die Monarchie ruinieren können. Wer eine deutsche Flotte will, darf von Österreich nicht verlangen, Venedig und Italien aufzugeben

Vom Nationalgarde-Ober-Commando: An Se. Durchlaucht den k. k. Herrn Feldmarschall-Lieutenant Fürsten Alfred v. Windischgrätz, Befehlshaber der am linken Donauufer sich concentrirenden Truppen: Die Stellung, welche die Truppen Sr. Excellenz des Herrn Banus unter den Mauern Wiens einnahmen ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Dringende Bitte Messenhausers an Windisch-Graetz, die Zufuhr von Lebensmitteln nach Wien nicht zu unterbinden

Kundmachung: Erstens: Alfred Julius Becher, geboren zu Manchester in England, 45 Jahre alt, protestantischer Religion ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Verurteilung des Redakteurs Becher sowie des Journalisten Jellinek zum Tode wegen Hochverrats, Majestätsbeleidigung und "der öffentlichen Anreizung zur bewaffneten Empörung"

Alfred Stern : 1846 - 1936

Arnold Berney

Alfred Kirchhoff [Rezension]

M. T.