Effective collision strengths for transitions of Ni XVII

Electron impact excitation collision strengths are required for the analysis and interpretation of stellar observations. This calculation aims to provide fine structure effective collision strengths for the Ni XVII ion using a method which includes contributions from resonances. A DARC calculation has been performed, involving 37 J pi states. The effective collision strengths are calculated by averaging the electron collision strengths over a Maxwellian distribution of electron velocities. The non-zero effective collision strengths for transitions between the fine structure levels are given for electron temperatures (T(e)) in the range log(10) T(e)(K) = 4.5 - 8.5. Data for several transitions from the ground state are discussed in this paper.

Dilute phosphoric acid-catalysed hydrolysis of municipal bio-waste wood shavings using autoclave parr reactor system

The visibility of using municipal bio-waste, wood shavings, as a potential feedstock for ethanol production was investigated. Dilute acid hydrolysis of wood shavings with H3PO4 was undertaken in autoclave parr reactor. A combined severity factor (CSF) was used to integrate the effects of hydrolysis times, temperature and acid concentration into a single variable. Xylose concentration reached a maximum value of 17 g/100 g dry mass corresponding to a yield of 100% at the best identified conditions of 2.5 wt.% H3PO4, 175 degrees C and 10 min reaction time corresponding to a CSF of 1.9. However, for glucose, an average yield of 30% was obtained at 5 wt.% H3PO4, 200 degrees C and 10 min. Xylose production increased with increasing temperature and acid concentration, but its transformation to the degradation product furfural was also catalysed by those factors. The maximum furfural formed was 3 g/100 g dry mass, corresponding to the 24% yield. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electron excitation of Ca XVII

Electron-excitation collision strengths have been calculated for transitions between the ten lowest levels of Ca XVII (2sS, 2s2p P, 2s2p P, 2pP 2p D, 2pS ). At high impact energies, where all the channels are open, the calculation was carried out in the LS-coupling approximation by means of the R-matrix method. Transitions between the fine structure levels were then determined by application of a unitary transformation to the LS-coupled K-matrices. At low impact energies, where some of the channels may be closed, an extension of the R-matrix method was employed to take account of relativistic effects directly in the scattering equations. In general, results are in good agreement with recent distorted-wave calculations. Electron-excitation rates are given for a range of electron temperatures.

A comparison of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) management strategies in Ireland and the Czech Republic and the lessons learned

In order to meet the recycling and recovery targets set forth by the European Union's (EU) Waste and Landfill Directives, both the Irish and Czech governments’ policy on waste management is changing to meet these pressures, with major emphasis being placed upon the management of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW). In particular, the EU Landfill Directive requires reductions in the rate of BMW going to landfill to 35% of 1995 values by 2016 and 2020 for Ireland and the Czech Republic, respectively. In this paper, the strategies of how Ireland and the Czech Republic plan to meet this challenge are compared. Ireland either landfills or exports its waste for recovery, while the Czech Republic has a relatively new waste management infrastructure. While Ireland met the first target of 75% diversion of BMW from landfill by 2010 and preliminary 2012 data indicate that Ireland is on track to meet the 2013 target, the achievement of the 2016 target remains at risk. Indicators that were developed to monitor the Czech Republic's path to meeting the targets demonstrate that it did not meet the first target that was set for 2010 and will probably not meet its 2013 target either. The evaluation reports on the implementation of Waste Management Plan of Czech Republic suggest that the currently applied strategy to divert biodegradable waste from landfill is not effective enough. For both countries, the EU Waste Framework and Landfill Directives will be a significant influence and driver of change in waste management practices and governance over the coming decade. This means that both countries will not only have to invest in infrastructure to achieve the targets, but will also have to increase awareness among the public in diverting this waste at the household level. Improving environmental education is part of increased awareness as it is imperative for citizens to understand the consequences of their actions as affluence continues to grow producing increased levels of waste.

Graphical abstract
Despite the differences in the levels of waste generation in both the Czech Republic and Ireland, each country can learn from each other in order to meet the recycling and recovery targets set by the European Union's (EU) Waste and Landfill Directives. Both countries will not only have to invest in infrastructure to achieve the targets, but will also have to increase awareness among the public in diverting this waste at the household level. In addition, there needs to be minimum safe standards when land-spreading organic agricultural and organic municipal and industrial materials on agricultural land used for food production, as well as incentives to increase BMW diversion from landfill such as the increased landfill levy implemented in Ireland and the acceptance of MBT and/or incineration as a means of treating residual waste.

Non-equilibrium modeling of the FE XVII 3C/3D Line Ratio in an Intense X-ray Free-electron Laser Excited Plasma

Recent measurements using an X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) and an Electron Beam Ion Trap at the Linac Coherent Light Source facility highlighted large discrepancies between the observed and theoretical values for the Fe XVII 3C/3D line intensity ratio. This result raised the question of whether the theoretical oscillator strengths may be significantly in error, due to insufficiencies in the atomic structure calculations. We present time-dependent spectral modeling of this experiment and show that non-equilibrium effects can dramatically reduce the predicted 3C/3D line intensity ratio, compared with that obtained by simply taking the ratio of oscillator strengths. Once these non-equilibrium effects are accounted for, the measured line intensity ratio can be used to determine a revised value for the 3C/3D oscillator strength ratio, giving a range from 3.0 to 3.5. We also provide a framework to narrow this range further, if more precise information about the pulse parameters can be determined. We discuss the implications of the new results for the use of Fe XVII spectral features as astrophysical diagnostics and investigate the importance of time-dependent effects in interpreting XFEL-excited plasmas.

Classificação automática de documentos de arquivo corrente: estudo de caso sobre a Câmara Municipal de Palmela

Esta dissertação tem como propósito averiguar a aplicabilidade das metodologias de categorização ou classificação automática à classificação em arquivo corrente nas Câmaras Municipais, partindo do Município de Palmela como estudo de caso. A classificação continua a ser de fundamental importância numa época de proliferação de documentos eletrónicos e de sistemas informáticos que os gerem e uma solução que a simplifique e agilize mantendo a sua eficiência seria uma mais-valia. Os objetivos, numa primeira parte, serão caracterizar a classificação em arquivo e a importância da sua definição e implementação desde a origem e incluída em sistemas informáticos, e numa segunda parte caracterizar a tarefa de categorização ou classificação automática, a sua possível relação com a classificação em arquivo e a possibilidade de a automatizar. Para tal, foi realizado um teste e avaliação de resultados. Os resultados experimentais permitiram validar a hipótese colocada. /ABSTRACT - This essay has as intention to inquire the applicability of automatic categorization or classification methodologies to the classification of current archives of the City councils, having the City council of Palmela as case study. Classification continues to be of basic importance at a time of proliferation of electronic documents and informatics systems that manage them and a solution that simplifies and speeds it maintaining its efficiency would be of major value. The purposes will be, in the first chapters, to characterize classification in archives and the importance of its definition and implementation since the origin, in City councils and enclosed in those systems, and in the last chapters, to characterize the task of automatic categorization or classification, its possible relation with archival classification and the possibility of automatizing it. A test and evaluation of its results were made. The experimental results validate the hypothesis placed.

«Los Albuquerque Coelho, siglos XVI-XVII. Prácticas sociales y retórica nobiliária»

Este estudo parte da hipótese de que os serviços militares, a linhagem e a cultura católica se mantiveram como os referentes centrais do ethos nobiliario em Portugal e em Espanha no século XVII, com pouca diferenças relativamente ao conjunto de valores elaborado pelo próprio grupo desde a época medieval. O estudo de caso incide sobre a família dos Albuquerque Coelho desde o século XVI até finais do XVII, acompanhando o seu multifacetado processo de ascensão social, onde pontuam a sua implantação no Brasil (Pernambuco) e as opções políticas por eles tomadas na sequência do 1º de Dezembro de 1640

Contribuição para o estudo das tipologias documentais na administração municipal portuguesa: a Câmara Municipal de Portalegre

O presente trabalho desenvolve-se em duas partes, a teórica e a prática. Resultando na introdução aos temas da diplomática contemporânea como metodologia para analisar os documentos de um arquivo concreto (a autarquia de Portalegre). Perspectivou-se a metodologia consubstanciada numa abordagem ascendente (Bottom up) sem, no entanto, esquecer o trabalho antecedente que preparou o terreno para a aplicação do método diplomático. Esse trabalho assentou numa consistente caracterização da organização em todos os seus parâmetros, orgânico, funcional, regional, legal, social, documental, que permitiu com segurança o preenchimento das fichas de recolha dos documentos escolhidos. A parte prática revela a aplicação da análise diplomática e sintetiza a sua utilidade nas conclusões e propostas de melhoria nas funções arquivísticas, de classificação e comunicação. Aflorou-se levemente a questão do manual de procedimentos, como subproduto deste tipo de análise, que pode verdadeiramente funcionar como elo de ligação entre o arquivo e a organização. ABSTRACT: This paper develops in two parts, theory and practice. Introduces the theme contemporary diplomatic as a method to analyze the documents for a specific archive (The municipality of Portalegre). Prospect of the methodology reflected in a bottom-up approach, without forgetting the previous work, which paved the way for the application of diplomatic methods. It was based on a consistent characterization of the organization in all of its parameters: organic, functional, regional, legal, social, documentary, allowing safe completion of the characterization form of the chosen documents. A practical application of diplomatic analysis reveals and summarizes the usefulness of the findings and proposals for improvement in archival functions - classification and communication. It was touched lightly the issue of the procedures manual, as a byproduct of this type of analysis, that can truly function as a link between the archive and the organization

Uma história do design do cartaz português do século XVII ao século XX

Constatada que foi uma lacuna na área da história do design gráfico português, a necessidade deste estudo surgiu naturalmente no sentido, se não de a colmatar pelo menos de a diminuir. Consequentemente, realizou-se a investigação desde o séc. XVII ao séc. XX. O trabalho baseou-se primeiramente na pesquisa de material, quer na Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, quer na colecção de Madeira Luís em arquivo na Universidade de Aveiro. Foram ainda realizadas entrevistas a designers no sentido de obter um conhecimento maior sobre a prática de projecto, nomeadamente do projecto do cartaz. Foi selecionada uma amostra que se considerou representativa e criou-se uma base de dados no sentido de sistematizar os conteúdos que interessavam ser estudados. Essa amostra foi posteriormente objecto de uma selecção por parte de dez especialistas convidados. Paralelamente, analisaram-se os cartazes dessa selecção do ponto de vista do design utilizando como metodologia a aplicação do modelo triangular (autoria, tecnologia, programa) de Francisco Providência. Concluiu-se que a história do design do cartaz português é resultado de um conjunto de interacções que se prendem com os acontecimentos políticos, económicos, culturais que se devem mesclar com a prática projectual realçando a importância e a intervenção da autoria nesse processo. Importou revelar uma visão interna da disciplina narrada pela autoria. Considerando as hipóteses de investigação e a abordagem metodológica utilizada, foi possível obter uma perspectiva centrada no design sobre a história do design do cartaz português.